This book reviews the history and evolution of district heating networks, with a focus on current and future issues of the district heating sector. Novel developments in the field of low temperature district heating are studied, limitations for safe operation and avoidance of bacteria are considered, and the associated improved performance of the system with fewer network losses is presented.
This book showcases how the evolution of district heating networks is linked to the increased use of renewables and de-carbonized heat sources with specific focus to waste heat streams and solar energy systems. Considering the novelty of these technologies, technological developments and funding schemes for these investments are still immature to some extent. For that reason, a comprehensive review of the main aspects of energy planning as well as district heating economics and financing schemes for large-scale investments in renewable energy systems for district energy systems is performed.
In the light of digitalization, networks are increasingly monitored, allowing for a drastic change in the approach for network operation. This book also explores the increased digitization and monitoring of networks and how this impacts network operation.
This book is of interest to engineers, academics and officials interested in energy systems, presenting readers with the key concepts and tools to adapt to the evolution of district heating into an integrated, digitized and higher performing system.
Author(s): Roberto Garay-Martinez, Antonio Garrido-Marijuan
Series: Green Energy and Technology
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 233
City: Cham
Preface
Acknowledgments
About This Book
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
Introduction
1 How to Keep Society Comfortable in a Decarbonized World
2 Evolution of District Heating
2.1 Initial Systems
2.2 Second Generation
2.3 Third Generation
2.4 New Generations
3 District Cooling
4 Energy Sources
5 New Concepts and Technologies
6 Integrated and Long-Term Energy Planning
7 Digitalization
8 Economics, Finances and Policymaking
9 Content of This Book
References
Decarbonization of District Heating. Waste Heat Streams and Solar District Heating
1 Introduction
2 Waste Heat Streams
2.1 Quality of Heat Supply Stream. Temperature Levels and Stability of Heat Source
2.2 High Temperature Heat Sources. Steel Mills
2.3 Utilities. Electricity and Heat Production Plants
2.4 Industrial Cooling Processes
2.5 Low Temperature Cooling Processes. Data Centres
3 Solar District Heating
4 Technologies at Building Scale
4.1 Building-Deployed Solar Thermal Systems
4.2 Heat Pumps
4.3 DHW Production and Microboosters
4.4 Updated Configurations for Substations
5 Conclusions
References
Integrated Energy Planning at City Level
1 Introduction to Energy Planning at City Level
2 Methodological Framework and Tools for City Energy Planning
2.1 Assessment of Energy Technologies
2.2 Modelling City Energy Systems
2.3 Definition of Long-Term Energy Scenarios
3 Building Stock Energy Modelling and Its Use for Planning Low Temperature District Heating Systems
3.1 Building Stock Energy Modelling
3.2 GIS Tools for Building Stock Modelling in the Context of City Energy Planning
3.3 Alternatives for Low Temperature DH Implementation—Zone Selection
4 Case Study for the Selection of Optimal Districts for the Deployment of Low Temperature District Networks in Bilbao City
5 Conclusions
References
System Level Planning of Heat Production Technologies
1 Introduction
2 Economic Overview of DHNs—Key Challenge, DH Cost Models, and Tariff Structure
3 Cost Structure for Heat Plants and Heat Production
4 Fuel Sources
4.1 Fuel Sources and Factors that Can Impact Their Cost
5 Heat Production Sources
5.1 Cogeneration Heat Plants
5.2 Heat Only Boilers
5.3 Solar Thermal Plants
5.4 Heat Pumps
5.5 Waste Heat Sources
6 Heat Tariffs for the Transition into LTDH
7 Long-Term System Level Planning of DH Networks
7.1 District Heating Demand
7.2 Production Plants’ Capacity
7.3 DH Supply and Return Temperatures
7.4 Efficiency Levels of Production Plants
7.5 Theoretical Example of Long-Term Energy Planning for the DHN of Tartu
8 Summary and Main Takeaway
8.1 Fuel and Energy Sources Should Be Carefully Considered Based on Their Accessibility
8.2 Lowering the Supply Temperature in a DHN—Understanding the Impact on Heat Production Technologies
8.3 DH Development Intervention Should Return a Fair ROI
References
Technical Planning of Low Temperature District Heating Networks
1 Introduction
2 System Level Design
2.1 Long-term Planning of Heat Production Sources
2.2 Decentralised DH Network Topology
2.3 Escalation
3 Engineering Considerations
3.1 Temperature of Operation
3.2 Baseline Considerations for Network Upgrades
3.3 Design of Building Installations
3.4 Standardization of Customer Interfaces and Technical Solutions
3.5 Adaptation of Substation Hydraulics
3.6 Supervision and Continuous Improvement
3.7 Heat Loss
4 Energy Assessment Tools for DHNs Design
4.1 Physics Driven Methods for Dynamic Simulation
4.2 Data Driven Models
4.3 Hybrid Models
5 Duties of a DH Operator
6 Study Case: Vinge
6.1 System Level Design
6.2 Engineering Considerations
6.3 Economy
6.4 Issues
6.5 Lessons Learnt from the First Phase of Vinge
References
Data-Driven Methods for Efficient Operation of District Heating Systems
1 Introduction
2 Forecasting for DHS
2.1 Heat Load Forecast
2.2 Electricity Price Forecast
2.3 Further Heat Load Forecast Models
3 City Weather Forecasting
3.1 Localizing Numerical Weather Predictions
4 Temperature Optimization
4.1 DHN Characteristics for Control
4.2 Controlling the Supply Temperature
4.3 Temperature Control: Demo Case
4.4 Further Temperature Optimization Methodologies
5 Smart Buildings in DH Network
5.1 Value Propositions by Smart Building to District Heating
5.2 Implementation of MPC in a Smart Buildings
5.3 Hierarchical Control
References
Data Driven Supervision of District Heating Systems
1 Introduction
2 Context
3 Energy
4 Quality of Supply
4.1 Comfort and Health Requirements Are not Met
4.2 Distribution Temperature is Higher Than Required
5 Performance of Consumers
6 Opportunities and Remedial Measures
References
Optimization of Heat Production for Electricity Market Participation
1 Introduction
2 Mathematical Optimization for Operational Production Planning
3 Bidding to Electricity Markets
3.1 Unit-Switching Prices
3.2 Generating Sets of Possible Bids
3.3 Selection of Bids to Submit
4 Demo Case
4.1 Optimal Dispatch Without Electricity Market
4.2 Optimal Dispatch Including Block Bidding
References
District Energy: Investment Project Appraisal
1 Introduction
2 The Utility Model
2.1 Key Players or Stakeholders
2.2 Business/Ownership Models in the District Energy Sector
2.3 Financial Sources
3 Financial, Economic, and Social Analysis of Projects
3.1 Financial and Economic Analysis
3.2 Social Analysis
3.3 Project Selection
4 Financial Criteria for Investment Project Appraisal
4.1 Coefficient—Indicator Method
4.2 Static Criteria
4.3 Dynamic Methods
4.4 Sensitivity Analysis
5 District Energy and Project Appraisal—Some Specifics
5.1 Use of Net Present Value
5.2 The Role of Some Coefficients
6 Conclusions
7 Further readings
References
