Handbook of Green and Sustainable Nanotechnology: Fundamentals, Developments and Applications

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I: Synthesis of Nanomaterials
1 Biomimetic Route-Assisted Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Characterizations and Their Applications
Introduction
The Benefits of Using Biological Entities as Medium for Nanomaterial Preparations
Specific Modes of Synthesis for Bionanomaterials
Probable Mechanisms Involved in the Synthesis Processes
Unique Characterization of Bionanomaterials Synthesized via Biomimetic Routes
Applications of Nanomaterials in the Field of Modern Sciences and the Key Challenges Involved
Conclusions and Future Scope: Add Some Future Scope and Make Depth in Conclusion Required
References
2 Fabrication of Green Nanomaterials: Biomedical Applications and Ecotoxicology
Introduction
Green Nanotechnology
Green Synthetic Route
Radiolytic Reduction Method
Metallic Nanoparticles (Gold Nanoparticles)
Polymeric Nanomaterials
Hydrogel and Nanogels
Protein-Based Nanoparticles
Albumin Nanoparticles
Proteolytic Enzymes
Papain Nanoparticle
Plant-Mediated Synthesis
Phytochemical-Based Nanoparticles
Clinical Translation
Nanoradionutrapharmaceuticals
Nanoimmunotherapy
Ecotoxicology
Conclusion
References
3 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications
Introduction
Types of Metallic Nanomaterial
Methods of Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles
Physical and Chemical Synthesis
Green Biosynthesis of Metal Nanoparticles
Biosynthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles by Bacteria
Biosynthesis of Metallic Nanoparticle by Fungi and Yeast
Biosynthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles by Cyanobacteria
Biosynthesis of Metallic Nanoparticle Using Algae
Metallic Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Viruses
Metallic Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Plants
Factors Affecting Biosynthesis by Plant Extracts
pH of Reaction
Concentrations of Plant Active Principles
Reaction Time
Reaction Temperature
Characterization of Metal Nanoparticles
Biomedical Applications of Metal Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites in Biomedicine
Antimicrobial and Antiparasitic Activities
Mycotoxins and Bacterial Toxin Control
Diseases Diagnosis and Therapy
Cancer Detection and Therapy
Bioimaging
Drugs and Vaccine Delivery
Livestock Production, Reproduction, and Nutrition
Food Packing and Preservation
Mechanism of Action of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Composites
Mechanism of Cytotoxicity Risk of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Composites
Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
4 Chitosan: Postharvest Ecofriendly Nanotechnology, Control of Decay, and Quality in Tropical and Subtropical Fruits
Fruit Consumption Benefits
Diseases of Fruits
Factors Related to Infection Development
Environmental Conditions
Temperature
Humidity
Maturity
Wounds
Postharvest Pathogens
In Vitro Assessments
In Vivo Assessments
Conclusions
References
5 Green Synthesis and Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks
Introduction
Synthesis of MOFs via Green Methods
Green Solvent-Based Synthesis
Sustainable Precursor-Based Synthesis
Efficient Energy-Based Synthesis
Green MOF-Based Applications
Catalysis
Therapeutics
Adsorption
Sensing
Challenges Associated with Green MOFs
Conclusion and Future Scope
References
6 Nanotechnology for the Obtention of Natural Origin Materials and Environmentally Friendly Synthesis Applied to Tissue Engine...
Introduction
Advantages of Eco-Friendly Materials
Novel Naturally Derived Biomaterials
Plants
Fungi
Bacteria
Animals
Algae
Recycled Materials
Advantages of Eco-Friendly Synthesis Techniques
Engineered Living Materials (ELMs)
Decellularization
Biofactories
Solvent-Free Synthesis of Nanoparticles/Nanomaterials.
Clean
Non-solvent-Induced Phase Separation for Membrane Obtention
Electrospinning
Centrifugal Electrospin
Solid Free-Form Fabrication
Conclusion
References
7 Green Synthesis of Curcuminoid Nanostructure for White Light Emission Application
Introduction
Solid-State Lighting
White Organic LEDs
Concepts of Light Down-Conversion
Organic Dyes
Band Gap of Organic Materials
Electronic Excitation in Organic Molecules
Types of Absorbing Electrons
Fluorescent Layer Preparation
Material and Polymer Composite Technique
Electrospinning
Stress Test
White Light Generated by Curcuminoid Nanofibers Using Electrospinning
Preparation of Polymer PMMA
Extracting Curcuminoids Dye Using a Centrifuge
Cleaning of Glass Substrates
Electrospinning Setup
Annealing Processes
Colorimeter Measurement Setup
Conclusion
References
8 Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Salvia officinalis Extract
Introduction
Importance of Nanoparticle Synthesis
Polymers Effective on ZnO Nanoparticles
Hydrothermal Process
Synthesis Approaches of Metal Nanoparticles
Application of Nanoparticles Used in Various Fields
Zinc Oxide Synthesis and Applications
Green Synthesis of ZnO NPs Using Salvia officinalis Extract
Methodology
Nanoparticle Formation
ZnO NP Characterization
Conclusion
References
9 Top-Down Production of Nanocellulose from Environmentally Friendly Processes
Introduction
Green Fractionation Processes
Gamma-Valerolactone (GVL)
Supercritical Fluid (SF)-Based Processes
Subcritical Water (SBW)
Green Processes to Produce Nanocellulose
Enzymatic Pretreatment
Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) and Ionic Liquids (IL)
Oxidative Processes
Conclusion
References
10 Green Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Gamma Rays for Water Remediation
Introduction
Green and Sustainable Methods for Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Used for Pollutant Removal on the Water or Wastewater
Gamma Rays as Novel Eco-friendly Alternative for Nanoparticle Synthesis
Trends, Challenges, and Risk Management of the Green Nanoparticles as Promote of a Healthier World
Conclusions
Recommendations
References
11 Recent Progress on Doped ZnO Nanostructures and Its Photocatalytic Applications
Introduction
ZnO and Its Photocatalytic Mechanism
Improvement of ZnO´s Photocatalytic Activity via Doping Engineering
Doping with Nonmetal
Doping with Metal
Alkali and Alkaline Metal Doping
Transition Metal Doping
Rare Earth Metal Doping
Transition Metal-Doped ZnO Nanostructures and Their Photocatalytic Applications
Mn-Doped ZnO Nanostructures
Fe-Doped ZnO Nanostructures
Co-Doped ZnO Nanostructures
Ni-Doped ZnO Nanostructures
Cu-Doped ZnO Nanostructures
Ag-Doped ZnO Nanostructures
Other Transition Metal-Doped ZnO Nanostructures
Conclusion
References
12 Role of Green Nanomaterials for 3-Chloropropane-1,2-diol Ester (3-MCPDE) Reduction
Introduction
Green Nanomaterials
Approaches for Green Nanomaterials Synthesis
Green Synthesis Using Plant Extracts
Enzyme Immobilization on Green Nanomaterials
3-Chloropropane-1,2-diol Ester (3-MCPDE)
Toxicity of 3-Chloropropane-1,2-diol Ester (3-MCPDE)
Approaches for 3-Chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) Reduction
Parameters for 3-Chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) Reduction
Scientific Endeavor in the Reduction of 3-MCPD via Green Immobilization
Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
13 Fabrications from Renewable Sources and Agricultural Wastes and Characterization Strategies of Green Nanomaterials
Introduction
Synthesis and Characterization of Various Bio-based Nanomaterials
Introduction to Different Biomass and the Nanomaterials
Cellulose and Nanocellulose Based
Carbon Nanomaterials
Silica
Generalized Synthesis Techniques of Nanomaterials
Characterization Methods of Nanoparticles
Conclusion and Future Scope
References
14 Algal Extract-Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles: Biomedical Applications
Introduction
Biosynthesis of AgNPs Using Algae
Specific Properties of Algal-Produced AgNP
Biomedicinal Applications of AgNPs
Antibacterial Properties
Antifungal Activity
Antiviral Activity
Miscellaneous Activities
Conclusion and Future Recommendations
References
15 Green Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Introduction
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Green Synthesis Techniques
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
CuO Nanoparticles
TiO2 Nanoparticles
ZnO Nanoparticles
Green Mediated Synthesis for the Growth of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Plant-Based Method
Microorganism-Mediated Method
Microwave-Assisted Method
Mild Reducing Agent-Based Technique
Ultrasound-Assisted Method
Solar Energy-Mediated Method
Bacteria-Based Method
Fungus-Based Method
Factors Influencing the Synthesis of Various NPs
Temperature
pH
Reaction Time
Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles from Plant Extract
CuO Nanoparticle Synthesis by Plant Leaf Extract
ZnO Nanoparticle Synthesis by Plant Leaf Extract
TiO2 Nanoparticle Synthesis by Plant Leaf Extract
Characterization Techniques of Nanoparticles Prepared from Plant Extract
Mechanism of Nanoparticle Evolution with Plant Extracts
Advantages of Green Synthesis of NPs
Antimicrobial Activities
Textile Industry
Wastewater Treatment
Food Industry
Agriculture
Conclusion
References
16 Green Synthesis of Carbon Dot-Based Materials for Toxic Metal Detection and Environmental Remediation
Introduction
Green Synthesis of CDs
Optical Properties of CDs
Application of CD-Based Materials as Fluorescent Sensors
Sensing of Hg2+
Sensing of Pb2+
Sensing of Cd2+
Sensing of Cr (VI)
Sensing of Cu2+
Mechanism of Fluorescence Sensing
Static Quenching
Dynamic Quenching
Resonance Energy Transfer (RET)
Photoinduced Charge Transfer (PCT)
IFE
Application of CD-Based Materials as Photocatalysts
Organic Dye Degradation
Photocatalytic Heavy Metal Reduction
Mechanism of Photocatalytic Degradation
Conclusion
References
17 Green Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanomaterials and Photocatalytic Degradation of Toxic Dyes
Introduction
Principles of Green Chemistry
Advantages of Green Synthesis over Traditional Methods
Green Methods of Preparation of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Plant-Based Synthesis
Microbe-Mediated Synthesis
Ionic Liquid-Mediated Synthesis
Applications of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Photocatalytic Degradation of Toxic Dyes
Future Perspective
Conclusions
References
18 Green Synthesis of Hybrid Nanostructure for Wastewater Remediation by Photocatalytic Degradation
Introduction
Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
TiO2-Based Materials for Photodegradation of Pollutants
CuO-Based Materials for Photodegradation of Pollutants
ZnO-Based Materials for Photodegradation of Pollutants
ZrO2-Based Materials for Photodegradation of Pollutants
Conclusions
References
19 Natural Polymer-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels as Environmental Remediation Devices
Nanotechnology: Origin and Definitions
Hydrogels
Transformation of Hydrogels to Nanocomposite Hydrogels
Classification of Nanocomposite Hydrogels
Nanocomposite Hydrogels Based on Carbon
Nanocomposite Hydrogels Based on Carbon Nanotubes
Nanocomposite Hydrogels Based on Graphene
Nanocomposite Hydrogels Based on Carbon Quantum Dots
Nanocomposite Hydrogels Based on Crown-ethers
Nanocomposite Hydrogels Based on Polymer
Natural Polymer-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels
Synthetic Polymer-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels
Based on Metal and Metal Oxide
Methods of Synthesis of Nanocomposite Hydrogels
Synthesis of Nanocomposite Hydrogels Using Sol-Gel Method
Radiation-Assisted Synthesis of Nanocomposite Hydrogels
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis
Gamma-Ray Irradiation Synthesis
Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis
Free-Radical Co-polymerization
Grafting
Characterization of Nanocomposite Hydrogels
Applications of Natural Polymer-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels in Environmental Remediation
Adsorption
Degradation
Ion Exchange
Soil Conditioning
Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
20 Biogenic Metallic Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications Using Medicinal Plants
Introduction
Biogenic Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Algae
Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Fungus
Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Bacteria
Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Plants
Applications of Green Nanoparticles
Biomedical Applications of Nanoparticles
Role of NPs in Diagnostics and Drug Delivery
Application of NPs in Food Industry
Applications of Nanoparticles in Agriculture
Nanoparticles as Fungicides
Nanoparticles as Fertilizers
Nanoparticles as Pesticides
Applications of Nanoparticles in Bioremediation
Future Perspectives and Conclusions
References
21 Synthetic Nanoparticle-Based Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Introduction
Role of Nanomaterials in PAH Removal from Soil
Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI)
Metal Oxides
Other Synthesized Materials
Materials Based on Carbon
Polymer-Based Nanomaterials
Mechanism of PAH Degradation Using Synthetic NPs and By-Products Identification
Conclusions
References
22 Multifunctional Nanoprobes for the Surveillance of Amyloid Aggregation
Introduction
Types of Amyloidosis
Cross-beta Structure
Diseases Associated with Amyloid Deposits
Alzheimer´s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes
The Connection Between Alzheimer´s and Type 2 Diabetics
Amyloid Aggregation Mechanism in Alzheimer´s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes
Impacts of Alzheimer´s and Type 2 Diabetes
In Vivo Diagnosis for Amyloid Aggregation
In Vitro Diagnostics for Amyloid Aggregation
Nanomaterials for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer´s Disease
Quantum Dots for the Treatment of Alzheimer´s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes
Nanocarriers for Alzheimer´s Disease Treatment
Conclusion
References
23 Generation of Nanoparticles from Waste via Solvent Extraction Method
Introduction
An Overview on the Problem of Waste
Waste Management Strategies
An Overview on Nanoparticles and Its Applications
Recovery of Metals/Metal Oxide (NPs)
Liquid-Liquid Extraction (Solvent Extraction) Procedure
Solvent Extraction Procedure and Measurements
Literature Review on the Preparation of Metal Nanoparticles/Metal Oxides from Waste via Solvent Extraction Method
Characterization of End-Products
Conclusions
References
24 Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoscale Hydroxyapatite: Morphology Variability and Biomedical Applications
Introduction
Morphology Control: General Aspects
Surfactants
Surfactant Free
Nanoscale Synthesis
Synthesis Methods for Nanoparticles
Green Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles - Morphological Variability
Biomedical Applications
Conclusions and Remarks
Reference
25 Green and Sustainable Technology for Clean Energy Production: Applications
Introduction
Anthropogenic Emissions from Conventional Power Plants and Their Impact on Environment
Green and Sustainable Nanotechnology for the Reduction of Anthropogenic Pollution
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Hydropower
Geothermal Energy
Biomass
Thermoelectric Energy
Hydrogen Energy
Conclusions
References
26 Generation of Nanomaterials from Wastes
Introduction
Classification of Wastes
Biodegradable Wastes
Non-biodegradable Waste
Synthesis of Different Nanoparticles from Wastes
Nanoparticles from Biodegradable Wastes
Carbon Dots from Wastes
Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) from Wastes
Silver-Based Nanoparticles from Wastes
Other Nanoparticles from Wastes
Nanoparticles from Non-biodegradable Wastes
Nanoparticles from Industrial Waste
Nanoparticles from Spent Batteries
Nanoparticles from Plastics
Waste-Derived NM Applications
Catalytic Activity
In Energy Storage
In Biomedical Field
Other Applications
Conclusions
References
27 Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction: Perspective and Challenges
Introduction
Method for CO2 Reduction
Thermocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Photothermal CO2 Reduction
Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction
Designing Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction System
Photoelectrochemical Cell
Design of Photoelectrode Materials and Type of PEC Cell
Electrolyte
Design of Photoelectrocatalysts
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Parameters
Conclusion and Future Direction
References
28 Nanomaterial´s Safety Regulations in Food and Drug Industry
Introduction
Awareness with Respect to Nanomaterials in Food and Drug Products
Government-Sponsored Regulatory Science and Other Research Activities in Foods and Drug Products
The Food Sector
The Medical Products Sector
Some Efforts from Regulatory Agencies
The United States
The European Union (EU)
Japan
China
Australia and New Zealand
Canada
Necessity of Regulatory Development
Conclusion
References
Part II: Environmental Remediation
29 Role of Engineered Nanomaterials for Eradication of Endocrine Disrupting Phenols
Introduction
Sources of Phenolic-Based Compounds in Water
Toxic Effects of Phenolic Compounds on Living Beings
Removal of Endocrine Phenols Using Nanomaterials
Adsorption
Photocatalysis
Miscellaneous
Environmental Impact of Nanomaterials
Conclusion and Future Scope
References
30 Technologies for Treatment of Emerging Contaminants
Introduction
Physical Treatments
Membrane Technology
Adsorption
Physical Pretreatment Processes
Biological Treatments
Conventional Treatments
Bioremediation
Activated Sludge Process
Biological Nitrification and Denitrification
Nonconventional Treatment Technologies
Membrane Bioreactor
Constructed Wetlands
Biosorption
Chemical Treatments
Conventional Oxidation Processes
Ozonation Method
Photolysis
Fenton Oxidation Processes
Advanced Oxidation Approaches
Photo-Fenton Process
Photocatalysis
Ferrate
Electro-Fenton Method
Hybrid Treatments
Membrane Filtrations and Membrane Bioreactors
Membrane Filtrations, Adsorbents, and the Process of Activated Sludge
Miscellaneous Systems
Applications of Nanotechnology in the Treatment of Emerging Contaminants
Conclusions
References
31 Photocatalytic and Adsorptive Remediation of Hazardous Organic Chemical Pollutants from Waste Water
Introduction
Assessment of Publication
Adsorption
Activated Carbon
Biosorbents
Carbon Nanotubes
Clay
Zeolites
Photocatalytic Remediation
Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts
Type II Heterojunction Photocatalysts
S-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts
Tandem Heterojunction Photocatalysts
Remediation of Organic Pollutants by Green and Sustainable Nanomaterials
Conclusion and Perspective
References
32 Occurrence, Distribution, and Removal of Phthalates by Nanomaterials
Introduction
Background of Phthalates
Distribution, Application, and Physiochemical Properties of Phthalates
Occurrence of Phthalates in the Environment
Occurrence of Phthalates in the Atmosphere/Air
Occurrence of Phthalates in Fresh Water and Sediments
Occurrence in Soils
Occurrence in Landfills
Distribution, Exposure, and Transmission of Phthalates
Removal of Phthalates from Wastewater by Conventional Methods
Phthalate Degradation by Nanomaterials
Single Metal Oxide Nanomaterials (SMOs)
Doped and Composite Photocatalysts
Composite Photocatalysts
Conclusion
References
33 Functionalized Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation
Introduction
Methods of Surface Functionalization
Various Approaches to Surface Functionalization
In Situ Functionalization
Post-Synthesis Functionalization or Grafting
Functionalization Chemistry
Covalent Functionalization
Noncovalent Functionalization
Various Environmental Remediation Techniques
Nano-Adsorption
Nano-photocatalysis
Membranes and Membrane Processes
Nanosensing
Application of Functionalized Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation
Organic Dyes
Heavy Metal Ions
Pesticides
Virus
Pharmaceutical Drugs
Gases
Conclusion and Future Recommendations
References
34 Photocatalytic Degradation of Drugs
Introduction
Toxicity and Ecotoxicological Effects of Drugs on Environment
Methods for Removal of Drugs from Wastewater
Adsorption Process
Advanced Oxidation Process (AOPs)
Ozonation Method
Fenton and Photo-Fenton Method
Photolysis Method
Electrochemical Method
Photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) Method
Photocatalysis Method
Factors Affecting the Photocatalytic Removal of Drugs
Effect of pH
Effect of Amount of Catalyst
Effect of Initial Concentration of Drug
Effect of Operating and Calcination Temperature
Conclusions and Future Perspective
References
35 Environmental Remediation Through Metal Green Nanomaterials
Introduction
Synthetic Approaches of Metal Green Nanomaterials
Metal Green Nanomaterials from Microorganism
Metal Green Nanomaterials from Plant Extract
Metal Green Nanomaterials from Biomolecules
Factors Affecting the Synthesis of Metal Green Nanomaterials
Environmental Remediation Approaches Through Metal Green Nanomaterials
Antimicrobial Activity
Dye Eradication
Heavy Metal Ion Removal
Wastewater Treatment and Organic Pollutant Removal
Ongoing Challenges and Future Prospects
Conclusion
References
36 Implications of Green Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation
Introduction
Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Adsorption Potentials of Green Nanomaterials for Air, Water, and Soil Remediation
Green Nanomaterials as Adsorbents
Metal Nanoparticles
Silver and Gold Nanoparticles
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2NPs)
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
Cerium Oxide-Based Nanoparticles
Aluminum Oxide-Based Nanoparticles
Magnesium Oxide-Based Nanoparticles
Nanocellulose
Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials
Dendrimers
Conclusions and Future Scope
References
37 Eradication of Emerging Contaminants like Brominated Flame Retardants by Green Nanomaterials
Introduction
Classification of FRs
PBDEs
TBBPA
HBCD
PBBs
NBFRs
BTBPE
DBDPE
BEH-TEBP
TEBP-Anh
PBEB
PBT
HBB
TBP-AE
TBP
BB-209
TBBPA-BDBPE
Chlorinated Flame Retardants
Environmental Concern of Halogenated Flame Retardants
Remediation Techniques for BFRs
Conventional Techniques
Adsorption
Thermal Treatment
Photocatalytic Degradation
Direct Photolysis
Anaerobic Degradation
Removal Technique for TDCPP and TCEP
Advanced Techniques for Degradation of Halogenated Flame Retardants
Nanoparticles (NPs)
Copper Oxide (CuO) NPs
Titanium Oxide (TiO2)
Iron-Based NPs
Conclusion and Future Scope
References
38 Nanocatalysts for Advanced Oxidation Processes in Heterogeneous Systems
Introduction
Advanced Oxidative Processes: Heterogeneous Catalysis
Nanocatalysts
Green Synthesis of Nanocatalysts
Nanocatalysts Based on Natural Polymers
Synthesized Nanocatalysts with the Stabilization of Plant Extracts
Synthesis by Microorganisms
Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
39 Sustainable Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation
Introduction
Novel Methods of Synthesis of Sustainable/Green Nanomaterials
Green Synthesis of Inorganic (Metal, Metal Oxide, and Metal Sulfide) Nanomaterials
Green Synthesis of Silica Nanomaterials
Green Synthesis of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
Green Synthesis of Polymer-Based Nanomaterials
Water Pollution
Organic Contaminants in Water
Inorganic Contaminants in Water
Toxic Metal Ions in Water
Radionuclide´s Contaminants
Biological Contaminants in Water
Green Nanomaterials for Water Treatment
Removal of Organic Pollutant from Water
Metal Ion Removal from Water
Removal of the Biological Contaminant from Water
Removal of Inorganic and Radionuclide Impurities
Inactivation of Microorganism
Soil Pollution
Modes of Soil Pollution
Natural Soil Pollution
Anthropogenic Soil Pollution
Inorganic Pollutants in Soil
Heavy Metals in Soil
Organic Pollutants in Soil
Pesticides in Soil
Green Nanotechnology for Soil´s Contamination Remediation
Heavy Metal Removal from Soil
The Mechanism for Cd Removal
Conclusions and Future Recommendations
References
40 Green Nanomaterials as Photocatalyst/Catalyst: Exploration of Properties
An Introduction to Green Nanotechnology
Why Green Nanotechnology Is Needed?
Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Catalyst
Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Fundamental of Photocatalyst
Important Factors in Photocatalytic Activity
Structure/Surface Area
Oxygen Vacancies
Sacrificial Reagent
Band Gap Energy
Light Intensity
Temperature
pH
Types of Photocatalysts
TiO2
BiVO4
Carbon Dot
WO3
SnS
ZnO
SnO2
Zeolites
Metal Selenide
Metal Sulfide
g-C3N4
Polymeric Nanomaterials
Metal- and Metal Oxide-Incorporated Biopolymer Nanomaterials
Advantage and Disadvantage
Conclusion and Future
References
41 Photocatalytic Properties of Metal-Based Nanoparticles
Introduction
Semiconductors
Mechanism of Photocatalysis
Photocatalytic Reactions
The Requirements for an Ideal Photocatalyst
Synthesis of Semiconductors
Nanomaterial-Based Photocatalysis
Successful Examples of Photocatalysts
Bimetallic Structures: The Mixture of Plasmonic and Catalytic Elements for Photocatalysis
Applications of Metal Nanoparticles as Photocatalysts
Self-Cleaning Surfaces
Air-Water Remediation
Air Cleaning
Sulfur Family Pollutant
CO2 Photoreduction
Disinfection/Antimicrobial Surfaces
Hydrogen Production
Photoelectrochemical Conversion
Solar-Water Splitting
Lithography
Outlook and Prospectives
Conclusions
References
42 Green Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation
Introduction
Green Metals and Metal Oxides Nanoparticles
Removal of Toxic Metals
Removal of Organic Dyes
Bactericidal Activity
Flocculant Agents
Green Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
Green Nanoporous Carbons
Green Carbon Quantum Dots
Green Carbon Nanotubes, Fullerene, and Reduced Graphene Oxide
Green Carbon Nanofibers
Green Chitin and Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials
Green Chitin-Based Nanomaterials
Green Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials
Green Cellulose-Based Nanomaterials
Green NC Produced by TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation
Green NC Produced by Alternative Green Methods
Conclusions and Future Recommendations
References
43 Sustainable Doped Nanomaterials for Environmental Applications
Introduction
Photocatalysis Process with Nanomaterials
Mechanism of Metal-Doped Nanomaterials
Mechanism of Nonmetal-Doped Nanomaterials
Environmental Applications of TiO2- and ZnO-Based Nanomaterials
Removal of Pesticides
Organic Dye Removal
Removal of Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products (PPCPs), Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds (EDCs), and Other Toxic Aromatic Co...
Heavy Metal Ion Removal
Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
44 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Water Remediation Applications
Introduction
Green Synthesis of 3D-GBNs: Hydrothermal Route
Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation Properties of GBNs
Synthetic Dye Molecules
Heavy Metal Ions
Emerging Pollutants
Oil
Antibacterial Disinfection Properties of GBNs
Conclusion and Prospects
References
45 Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites for Elimination of Hazardous Pesticides
Introduction
Classification of Pesticides
Type A
Insecticide
Herbicide
Fungicide
Antimicrobials
Acaricide
Rotenticides
Type B
Organochlorine Pesticides
Organophosphate Pesticides
Carbamate Pesticide
Substituted Ureas
Techniques for Remediation of Pesticides
Different Kinds of Metal Oxides Synthesized via Greener Approach
Titanium-Based Engineered Nanomaterials
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Silver Oxide Nanoparticles
Miscellaneous Metal Oxide Nanocomposite
Environmental and Human Risks of Pesticides
Banned Pesticides in India
Photocatalytic Degradation of Pesticides
Conclusion and Future Scope
References
46 Nanophotocatalysis for Degradation of Organic Contaminants
Introduction
The Nanophotocatalysts
Metallic and Non-metallic Nanophotocatalysts
Ti- and Zn-Based Nanophotocatalysts
Nanophotocatalysts Based on Carbon Nitride
Use of Sunlight and Sustainability
Additives for Enhancing Photocatalysis Efficiency
Effect of the Experimental Variables on Photocatalysis
Morphology of the Catalyst
pH
Catalyst Dosage
Photocatalytic Degradation Rate and Initial Concentration
Light Wavelength and Intensity
Temperature
Conclusion and Future Work
References
47 Remediation of Chromium Heavy Metal Ion by Green Synthesized Nanocomposites
Introduction
Environmental Concern of Heavy Metals
Synthetic Methods for Green Composite Nanostructures
Carbothermal
Microwave
Solvothermal
Coprecipitation
Hydrothermal
Sol-Gel
Reduction
Impregnation Method (Incipient Wetness, Capillary, or Dry)
Micelle and Reverse Micelle
Miscellaneous
Heavy Metal Treatment Methods
Removal of Cr
Conventional Technologies
Green Adsorbent
Cr Adsorption Mechanism
Mechanism I
Mechanism II
Conclusion
References
48 Abatement of PAHs by Engineered Nanomaterials
Introduction
EPA Priority PAHs
Degradation Techniques for PAHs
Photocatalysis
Photocatalysis-Based Degradation of PAHs by Engineered Nanomaterials
TiO2-Based Photocatalysts
ZnO-Based Photocatalysts
Green Synthesized Nanomaterials in Degradation of PAHs
Conclusion
References
49 Quantum Dots: Applications in Environmental Remediation
Introduction
Prolonged Library of 2D-QDs: Diversity in 2D-QDs
2D-QDs Composed of a Single Element
Carbon Dots (CDs)
Phosphorene (P) Dots
Other Quasi-2D-QDs Composed of a Single Element (Si, B, Ge, Pb, and Sn Dots)
2D-QDs Containing Two Elements
Silicon Carbide (SiC) Dots
Carbon Nitride (C3N4) Dots
Boron-Nitride (BN) Dots
Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs): Quantum Dots
Oxides of Transition Metals: Quantum Dots
Carbon Quantum Dots
Green Synthesis of Carbon Quantum Dots
Environmental Applications
Photocatalysis
Super Capacitors
Adsorption
Environmental Concern
Conclusion and Future Scope
References
50 Removal of Organic Dyes by Functionalized Nanomaterials
Introduction
Detail Discussion of Different Hazardous Dyes
Azo Dyes
Anthraquinone Dyes
Triarylmethane Dyes
Details of Dyes Based on their Source and Complex Structure
Cationic Dyes
Malachite Green (MG)
Methylene Blue (MB)
Methyl Violet (MV)
Rhodamine B (RB)
Brilliant Blue R (BBR)
Brilliant Green (BG)
Crystal Violet (CV)
Basic Fuchsin (BF)
Anionic Dyes
Indigo Carmine (IC)
Eriochrome Black T (EBT)
Rose Bengal (RB)
Acid Orange II (AO)
Eosin Y (EY)
Alizarin Red S (ARS)
Congo Red (CR)
Methyl Orange (MO)
The Environmental Concern of Hazardous Dyes
Methods of Nanomaterials´ Functionalization
Direct Functionalization
Covalent Functionalization
Noncovalent Functionalization
Inorganic Functionalization
Functionalization by Heteroatom Doping
Functionalization by Immobilization
Indirect or Post-Synthetic Functionalization (Grafting)
Polymer Coating
The Necessity of Functionalization of Nanomaterials for Remediation of Organic Contaminants
Working Mechanism of Functionalization of Nanomaterials
Degradation of Dyes by Functionalized Materials
Titanium-Based Functionalization of Nanomaterials
Zinc Oxide-Based Functionalization of Nanomaterials
Carbon-Based Functionalized Nanomaterials
Iron-Based Functionalization of Nanomaterials
Miscellaneous Functionalization of Nanomaterial-Based Degradation Studies
Application of Green Synthesized Functionalization of Nanomaterials for Dye Removal
Toxicity and Functionalized Nanoparticles
Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
51 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Environmental Applications
Introduction
Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
Chemical Method
Physical Method
Biological Technique
Role of Coupling/Doping
Characterization Techniques
Importance of Silver Nanoparticles
Environmental Concern and Assessment
Future Scope and Viewpoints
Conclusions
References
52 Polymer Nanocomposites in Wastewater Treatment
Introduction of Polymer Nanocomposites
Polymer Nanocomposites
Methods for the Synthesis of Polymer Nanocomposites
Type of Nanofillers
Carbon Nanomaterials
Graphene Oxide
Carbon Nanotubes
Activated Carbon/Charcoal
Nanoclays
Nanometal Oxides
Natural Polymer Nanocomposites
Chitosan Polymer Nanocomposite
β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) Polymer Nanocomposite
Alginate Polymer Nanocomposite
Cellulose
Starch
Polyacrylic Acid
Conclusions
References
53 Zinc-Based Nanomaterials for Sustainable Environmental Remediation
Introduction
Synthesis Methodologies for Zn-Based Nanomaterials
Environmental Concerns of Pollutants
Application of Zn-Based Nanoparticles
Utilization of Green Synthesized Zn-Based Nanomaterials
Conclusion and Future Scope
References
54 Applications of Green Nanomaterials in Environmental Remediation
Introduction
Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Green Synthesis of Nanoparticle by Microorganism
Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Plant
Use of Green Solvent/Green Methodology
Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials from Waste
Characterization of Nanoparticles
UV-Visible Spectroscopy
FTIR Spectroscopy
Powder X-Ray Diffraction
Electron Microscopic Techniques
Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy
Properties of Nanomaterial
Physical and Mechanical Properties
Optical Properties
Electrical and Magnetic Properties
Water Remediation by NMs Synthesized by Green Route
Removal of Heavy Metals from Water
Removal of Organic Compounds from Water
Removal of Dyes from Water
Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Water
Photocatalytic Degradation of Pollutants in Water by Green NM
Nanotechnology for Adsorption of Toxic Gases
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensors
Graphene Gas Sensors
Graphene Metal Oxide Gas Sensors
Adsorption of Gases on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
Nanomaterials as Sensors and Detectors for Water Remediation
Nanomaterial-Based Electronic Sensors for Water Pollution
Heavy Metal Detection
Microorganism Detection
Nanomaterial-Based Optical Sensors
Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Sensors
Nanotechnology for Pollution Prevention
Carbon Nanotubes in the Removal of Organic Pollutants
Metal Oxide-Based Nanomaterials
Silica-Based Nanomaterials
Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials
Conclusions
References
55 Green Nanomaterials for Remediation of Environmental Air Pollution
Introduction
Sources of Air Pollution
Particulate Matter
Black Carbon
Surface Ozone
Nitrogen Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Air Pollution Control with the Help of Green Nanotechnology
Detection of Air Pollutants
Remediation/Treatment of Air Pollutants
Green Nanomaterials as Adsorbents
Filtration/Separation of Air Pollutants
Filtration/Separation by Green Nanofilters
Filtration by Nanofiber Net
Degradation (Photocatalyst) of Air Pollutants
Transformation of Air Pollutants Via Chemical Reactions
Conclusions
References
56 Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for the Removal of Personal Care Products
Introduction
Classification of Polymeric Nanoparticles
Natural Polymer-Based Nanoparticles
Biosynthesized Polymer Nanoparticles
Chemically Synthesized Polymer Nanoparticles
Surface Modification
CNT/Polymer Functionalization
Metal-Polymer Nanoparticles
Metal Oxide/Polymer Functionalization
Silica Grafted Polymer
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
Toxicity of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products
Application of Polymer-Coated Surface
Environmental Concern
Conclusion
References
57 Metal Oxides-Based Nanomaterials: Green Synthesis Methodologies and Sustainable Environmental Applications
Introduction
Classification of Metal Oxides Nanoparticles
(I) Monometallic Oxides
(II) Bimetallic Oxides
Trimetallic Oxides
Synthesis of Metal Oxides Nanoparticles Using Green Methodology
Using Plant Extracts
Using Microorganisms
Removal of Traditional Pollutants Using Metal Oxides-Based Nanoparticles
Conclusion
References
58 Environmental Occurrence and Degradation of Hexabromocyclododecanes
Introduction
Types of HBCD Isomers and Physicochemical Properties
Production and Application of HBCDs
Plastic
Textile
Possible Emission Sources and Environmental Concerns of HBCDs
Release During Production
Release During Use
Release at the Time of Disposal
Recycling
Risk Management and Evaluation
Biodegradation of HBCDs
Biodegradation of HBCDs Using a Microorganism
Degradation of HBCDs Using Nanoparticles
Conclusion and Upcoming Challenges
References
59 Sustainable Green-Doped Nanomaterials for Emerging Contaminants Removal
Introduction
Leaves Based
Fruit, Seed, and Root Based
Microbes-Mediated Methods
Algae
Bacteria
Fungi
Biochar
Green Polymeric Nanomaterials
Carbon-Based
Graphene
CNTs
Doping of Nanomaterials and Their Significance
Pollutants
Classification of Emerging Pollutants
Discuss Here Typical Mechanism of Degradation by Doped Nanomaterials
Removal of Pharmaceuticals Pollutants
Removal of Plastic Additives
Future Scope and Perspectives
Conclusion
References
60 Nanotechnology in Veterinary Sector
Introduction
Types of Nanoparticles
Polymeric Nanoparticles
Liposomes
Solid Lipid NPs
Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
Nanoshells
Polymeric Micelles
Dendrimers
Metallic Nanoparticles
Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Ceramic Nanomaterials
Quantum Dots
Nanoemulsion
Nanobubbles
Respirocytes, Microbivores, and Clottocyte
Nano-/Microrobots
Aluminosilicate NPs
Use in Veterinary Sector
Nanotechnology-Based Feed Additives
Nanotechnology for Feed Safety
Nanotechnology for Disease Diagnosis
Nanotechnology for Animal Treatment
Nanotechnology for Nanovaccines
Nanotechnology for Breeding and Reproduction
Challenges and Limitations
Nanotoxicity and Stability of Nanoparticles
Spermatotoxic Effects and Immunosuppression
Feed Safety Concerns, Economics, and Environmental Effects
Inadequate Literature, Research Bias, and Risk Assessment
Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
61 Consumer Nanoproducts for the Remediation of Environmental Problems
Introduction
Benefits of Environmental Nanotechnology
Classification of Nanomaterials
Environmental Risk Management
Health Risk Assessment (Theodore et al. 2008; Theodore and Hoboken, 2006)
Hazard Risk Evaluation Process (Mnestudies.com/Disaster Management, Online)
Nanotechnology for Sterilization of Water
Pollutant Removal Using Different Nanomaterials
Nanotechnology for Decontamination of Polluted Air and Soil
Conclusion
References
62 Properties of Green Nanomaterials as Catalysts and Photocatalysts
Introduction
Green Approaches for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Conventional Synthetic Route
Green Synthetic Route
Catalytic Applications of Green Nanomaterials
Photocatalytic Applications of Green Nanomaterials
Conclusion
References
Part III: Coatings Applications
63 Applications of Green Nanomaterials as Surfaces and Coatings
Introduction
Antimicrobial Coatings
Self-Cleaning: Dirt and Water Repellent Coatings
Photocatalytic Self-Cleaning Coatings
Anticorrosive Coatings
Self-Healing (or Scratch-Resistant) Coatings
Other Coating with Green Nanoparticles
Current State of Research and Development
Conclusions and Future Recommendations
References
64 Green Coatings: Materials, Deposition Processes, and Applications
Introduction
Materials
Waterborne and Oil-Based Coatings
Chitosan
Cellulose and Lignin
Re-use of Polymers in Coatings
Deposition Methods
Sol-Gel
Electrophoretic Deposition
Casting
Layer-By-Layer Assembly (LBL)
Applications
Anticorrosion Coatings
Superhydrophobic Coatings
Coatings for Food
Coatings in Energy Applications
Other Applications
Conclusions
References
65 Green Nanomaterials as Surfaces and Coatings
Introduction
Green Nanomaterials
Application of Green Nanomaterial as Surfaces and Coatings
Ultraviolet (UV) Light Protective Coatings
Anticorrosion Coatings, Water Beading, and Water Sheeting Coatings
Building Coatings
Antifogging Coatings and Antifouling Coatings
Nanocoatings for Energy Storage and Conversion: Supercapacitors, Solar Cells, and Fuel Cells
Self-Cleaning Coatings
Nanocoatings in Textile Manufacturing
Nanocoatings in Drug Delivery
Nanocoatings in Sensor and Space Exploration
Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Part IV: Biomedical and Biological Applications
66 Biomedical Applications of Green Nanomaterials
Introduction
Physicochemical Properties of Green Nanomaterials
Anticancer Applications of Green Nanomaterials
Microbicidal Applications of Green Nanomaterials
Drug Delivery Applications of Green Nanomaterials
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
67 Biomedical Applications of Nanomaterials
Introduction
Carbon Dots (CDs): Synthesis and Toxicity Evaluation
Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO): Synthesis and Toxicity Evaluation
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs): Synthesis and Toxicity Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
References
68 Emerging Roles of Carbon Nanohorns as Sustainable Nanomaterials in Sensor, Catalyst, and Biomedical Applications
Introduction
Properties of CNHs
Functionalization
Covalent Functionalization
Noncovalent Functionalization
Biomedical Applications
CNHs As Drug Delivery Systems
Carbon Nanohorns As Anticancer Drug Carriers
CNHs in Cancer Imaging
Carbon Nanohorns As Gene Delivery Vectors
Biosensing Application
Other Applications
Nanohorns As Catalyst
Gas Storage Media
Toxicity to the Cells
Conclusion
References
69 Green Synthesis and Fabrication of Nanomaterials: Unique Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications
Introduction
Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Green Synthesis and Characterization of Nanomaterials Using Plant Extracts
Gold Nanoparticles
Silver Nanoparticles
Iron and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Palladium and Platinum Nanoparticles
Copper and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles
Tin Oxide, Zinc Oxide, and Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles
Green Synthesis and Characterization of Nanomaterials Using Microorganisms
Using Bacteria
Using Fungi
Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications
Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery
Nanomaterials for Biosensing Applications
Nanomaterials for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Nanomaterials Used Antibacterial Agents
Nanomaterials for Cancer Treatment
Conclusion
References
70 Natural Polymer-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications
Introduction: Development of Nanocomposite Hydrogels
Biomedical Importance of Natural Polymers Used for Synthesis of Hydrogels
Alginate
Gelatin/Collagen
Carrageenan
Cellulose
Chitin/Chitosan
Dextrin
Fibrin
Gellan Gum
Guaran
Hyaluronan
Karaya Gum
Pectin
Starch
Xanthan Gum
Synthesis of Nanocomposite Hydrogels
Biomedical Properties of Different Types of Nanocomposite Hydrogels
Carbon Nanoparticle-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels
Nanocomposite Hydrogels Based upon Metallic Nanoparticles
Nanocomposite Hydrogels Based upon Polymeric Nanoparticles
Silica and Calcium Nanoparticle-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels
Biomedical Applications of Nanocomposite Hydrogels
Wound Dressing
Tissue Engineering
Drug Delivery
Antibacterial Activity
Status of Compatibility and Toxicity of Nanoparticles, Biopolymeric Hydrogels, and Nanocomposite Hydrogels
Conclusions and Future Remarks
References
71 Application of Nanoclusters in Environmental and Biological Fields
Introduction
Application of Metal NC in Environmental Monitoring
pH Sensing
Metal Ion Sensing
Copper Ion Detection
Mercury Ions
Anion Sensing
Explosive Sensing
Application of Metal Nanocluster in Biological Fields
Other (Cu/Pt) Nanoclusters
Theoretical Studies on Nanoclusters
Conclusions and Future Prospective
References
72 Amylose-Based Green Nanoparticles as Carriers in Drug Delivery and Controlled Release Applications
Introduction
Green Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery for Biomedical and Health Applications
Nanomaterials: Sustainability and Toxicity
Development of Nanocarriers from Renewable and Green Materials such as Natural Polymers
The Use of Nanomaterials from Polysaccharides
Nanomaterials Based on Starch
Amylose-Based Nanocarriers
Mechanism of Inclusion Complexes Formation in Amylose
Administration Route of Drug Inclusion Complexes of Amylose
Limitations Associated with Amylose-Based Nanocarriers Production Such as Low Water Solubility and Retrograde
Modification of Amylose by Acetylation and Investigation of Inclusion Capacity Behavior
Preparation and Characterization of Amylose Inclusion Complexes with Rhodamine B
Synthesis of the Acetylated Amylose
Preparation of Amylose-Rhodamine B (AM-RB) and Acetylated Amylose-Rhodamine B (AMA-RB) Inclusion Complexes
Characterization of Inclusion Complexes
Conclusion
References
73 Biopolymeric Nanohydrogels as Devices for Controlled and Targeted Delivery of Drugs
Introduction: History, Definition, and Applications of Nanotechnology
The Journey from Hydrogels to Nanohydrogels
Classification of Nanogels
Based on Their Behavior to an External Stimuli
Based on the Structure
Methods of Synthesis of Nanohydrogels
Direct Polymerization Method
Precursor Polymerization
Physical Self-Assembly of Interactive Polymers
Fabrication Methods for the Synthesis of Biopolymeric Nanogel
Photolithographic Technique
Characterization of Nanogels
Applications of Nanogels in Various Routes of Drug Administration
Oral Route of Drug Delivery
Nasal Route of Drug Delivery
Topical Route of Drug Delivery
Transdermal Route of Drug Delivery
Parenteral Route of Drug Delivery
Drug Release Mechanism and Bioelimination of Nanogels
Clinical Approach
Patent Status
Conclusion and Future Scope
References
74 Advances in Medical Applications: The Quest of Green Nanomaterials
Introduction
Type of Nanomaterials
Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Use of Green Nanomaterials in the Biomedical Field
Green Nanomaterials in Biomedicine
Biomedical Imaging
Implants
Tissue Engineering
Biosensors
Drug Delivery
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
75 Metrics for the Sustainability Analysis of Nano-synthesis in the Green Chemistry Approach
Introduction
Nanotechnology Under the Green Chemistry Approach
Green Chemistry Metrics Applied to Nanotechnology
Metrics Based on Mass
Atom Economy and Reaction Mass Efficiency
E-Factor and Process Mass Intensity
Metrics Based on Energy
EQZ-Factor
Conclusions
References
76 Modulation of the Bioactivity of Inorganic Nanomaterials by Controlling Nanobiointerface
Introduction: The Interface as Interaction Key Point Between Nanomaterials and Biosystems
Nanobiointerface
Manufacturing Strategies
Strategies of Control
Characterization Techniques
Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Thermogravimetric Analysis
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Raman Spectroscopy
Conclusions and Remarks
References
77 Role of Nanomaterials in Combating COVID-19
Introduction
Diagnostic Tests and Equipment During COVID-19
Nanomaterials and COVID-19
Environmental Impact of COVID-19
Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
Part V: Sensing Applications
78 Sustainable Nanotorus for Biosensing and Therapeutical Applications
Introduction
Synthesis and Characteristics of Carbon Nanotorus
Properties of Carbon Nanotorus
Electronic Properties
Magnetic Properties
Mechanical Properties
Chemical Modification of Carbon Nanotorus
Toxicity of CNT-based Nanostructures
Biomedical Applications of CNT-based Nanostructures
Controlled Drug Delivery Applications
Targeted Drug Delivery Applications
Biosensor Applications
Biomedical Imaging Applications
Conclusion
References
79 Nanogels and Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Sensing Applications
Introduction: Need of Nanotechnology for Sensing Applications
Types of Nanomaterials Used for Designing Nanocomposite Hydrogel/Nanogel Based Sensors
Zero-Dimensional Nanomaterials
Metal Nanoparticles
Fluorescent Nanoparticles and Nanocrystals
One-Dimensional Nanomaterials
Nanofibers, Nanorods, and Nanowires
Carbon Nanotubes
Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials
Graphene Oxide Nanosheets
MXene Nanosheets
Three-Dimensional Nanomaterials
Bionanomaterials
Polymeric Nanomaterials
Fabrication Techniques for Designing Nanocomposite Hydrogels and Nanogels
Status of Natural and Synthetic Polymer Based Sensors
Mechanism of Response in Nanocomposite Hydrogels and Nanogels
Mechanism of Response in Temperature Sensitive Sensors
Mechanism of Response in pH Sensitive Sensors
Mechanism of Response in Light Sensitive Sensors
Mechanism of Response in Fluorescent Sensitive Sensors
Mechanism of Response in Chemical, Drug, and Enzyme Sensitive Sensors
Sensing Applications of Nanocomposite Hydrogels and Nanogels
Biological Sensing
Chemical Sensing
Physical Sensing
Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
80 Two-Dimensional (2D) Nanostructures for Hazardous Gas Sensing Applications
Introduction
Motivation of Gas Sensor
Mechanism of Gas Sensor
Adsorption Mechanism
Charge Transfer Mechanism
Sensor Parameters
The Key Factors Influencing the Sensor Performance
What Are 2D Materials?
Why 2D Materials?
2D Materials Used in Gas Sensing
Classification of 2D Materials
Graphene
Graphene Oxide (GO)
Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO)
Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN)
Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs)
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2)
Tungsten Disulfide (WS2)
Phospherene (Black Phosphorus)
Tin Sulfide (SnS2)
Rhenium Disulfide (ReS2) and Rhenium Diselenide (ReSe2)
Metal Oxide
Applications of Gas Sensors
Safety Applications
Indoor Air Quality
Medical Applications
Industrial Applications
Agriculture Applications
Aerospace Applications
Transportation Applications
Food Industry
Other Applications
Environmental Monitoring
Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
81 Electrochemical Sensing and Biomedical Applications of Green Nanomaterials
Introduction
Approaches for the Synthesis of Green Nanomaterials
Various Biological Components in the Synthesis of Green Nanomaterials
Plant Extracts-Based Green Nanomaterials
Microorganism-Based Green Nanomaterials
Bacteria
Fungi
Yeasts
Algae
Mechanism of Green Synthesis
Applications of Green Nanomaterials in the Fabrication of Electrochemical Sensors
Green Nanomaterials in Biomedical Applications
Conclusions and Future Aspects
References
Part VI: Energy Applications
82 Metal- and Carbon-Based Nano-frameworks as Catalysts for Supercapacitance and Fuel Industry
Introduction
Clean Energy Production
Photocatalytic Splitting of Water
Materials for Water Splitting Applications
Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
Clean Energy Storage
Supercapacitors
Materials for Supercapacitor Applications
Covalent Organic Frameworks
Metal-Organic Frameworks
Mixed-Metal Metal-Organic Frameworks (M-MOFs)
Conclusion
References
83 Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials and Their Applications for Passive Cooling in Buildings
Introduction
Classification of Phase Change Materials
Organic Phase Change Materials
Inorganic Phase Change Materials
Eutectic Phase Change Materials
Comparison Between Different Phase Change Materials
Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials
Organic Shells
Inorganic Shells
Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Shells
Synthesis Techniques of Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials
Physical Methods
Spray Drying
Solvent Evaporation
Chemical Methods
In Situ Polymerization
Interfacial Polymerization
Suspension Polymerization
Emulsion Polymerization
Physical-Chemical Methods
Coacervation
Solgel Method
Conclusions and Future Scopes
References
84 Porous Nanomaterials for CO2 Remediation for a Sustainable Environment
Introduction
Sources of Carbondioxide (Azarkamand et al. 2020; Hermawan et al. 2015)
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Industry
Heat and Electricity Production
Transportation
Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use
Effects of Carbon Dioxide
Effects of Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
Effects on Human Health
Advance Diseases and Pandemics
Shortage of Food
Effects on Environment and Living Conditions
Flooding of Seaside Cities and Islands
Desertification of Fertile Land
Migration of Species
Influence on Agriculture
Destructive Cyclones
Thawing of Glaciers
Treatment Technologies
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Techniques
Pre-combustion Carbon Dioxide Capture
Oxy-Fuel Combustion Technique
Post-combustion Carbon Dioxide Capture
Absorption Technique
Membrane Technique
Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Technique
Mineral Carbonation Technique
Materials for CO2 Adsorption
Zeolites
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
Porous Organic Polymers (POPs)
Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)
Adsorbents Based on Carbon
Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
85 Nanocatalysts for Environmental Benign Biofuel Production
Introduction
Homogeneous Base Catalysts
Homogeneous Acid Catalysts
Heterogeneous Base Catalysts
Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst
Biocatalysts (Enzyme) for Transesterification
Nanocatalysts Used for Transesterification
Metal Oxide-Based Nanocatalysts
Magnetic Nanocatalysts
Layered Double Hydroxides Nanocatalysts or Nanohydrotalcites
Nanozeolites as Catalyst
Conclusion and Future Scope
References
86 Heterojunction Photocatalysts for Solar Energy Conversion
Introduction
Type II Heterojunction Photocatalysts
Oxide-Based Heterojunction
Sulfide-Based Heterojunction
g-C3N4-Based Heterojunction
Others
The Disadvantages of Type II Heterojunction
Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts
Oxide-Based Heterojunction
Sulfide-Based Heterojunction
g-C3N4-Based Heterojunction
Others
The Disadvantages of Z-Scheme Heterojunction
S-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts
Oxide-Based Heterojunction
Sulfide-Based Heterojunction
g-C3N4-Based Heterojunction
Others
The Disadvantages of S-scheme Heterojunction
Tandem Heterojunction Photocatalysts
Oxide-Based Heterojunction
Sulfide-Based Heterojunction
g-C3N4-Based Heterojunction
Others
The Disadvantages of Tandem Heterojunction
Conclusion and Perspective
References
87 Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Nanoparticle Coating on Copper Substrate
Introduction
Pool Boiling Heat Transfer
Overview
Pool Boiling Curve
Critical Heat Flux and Heat Transfer Coefficient
Formula to Calculate Critical Heat Flux (q) and Heat Transfer Coefficient (h)
Porosity and Wettability
Surface Coating for Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement
Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Coating
Nano-porous Metal Coating
Wettability: Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Coatings
Carbon-Based Nanoparticle Coating
Graphene Coating
Carbon Nanotube (CNT) and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) Coatings
Nanowire Coating
Microscale Surface Modification
Microporous Metallic Coating
Microstructured (Microgrooves/Micro-Fin) Surface
Flow Boiling
Overview
Surface Coating for Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement
Conclusion
References
88 Sustainable Clean Energy Production from the Bio-electrochemical Process Using Cathode as Nanocatalyst
Introduction
Necessity for Clean Energy
Energy and Environment
Economy
World Renewable Energy Prospects
Renewable Energy Production Technologies
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Hydropower
Geothermal Energy
Electrochemical Energy
Photo-electrochemical Energy
Bioenergy
Employment of Nanotechnology for Engendering Clean and Sustainable Energy
Use of Nanofluids in Energy Applications
Thermal Energy Storage (TES)
Nanocrystals
Applications of Nanomaterials in the Clean Energy Generation from Waste and Wastewater
Use of Nanomaterials in the Feedstock Pretreatment for the Aerobic Digestion
Nanomaterials with Algae Membrane-Based Bioreactor
Use of Nanotechnology in the Bio-electrochemical System for the Hydrogen Production
Conclusion
References
89 Renewable Resource-Based Green Nanomaterials for Supercapacitor Applications
Introduction
Nanomaterials for Supercapacitor Applications
Traditional Methods and Feedstocks
Sustainable Platform for Nanomaterials
Biosynthesized Metal and Metal-Based Nanomaterials
Metal and Metal Chalcogenides
Metal Oxide Nanostructures
Biomass-Derived Carbon Nanostructures
Zero-Dimensional
One-Dimensional
Two-Dimensional
Three-Dimensional
Nanocomposites Fabricated Using Renewable Resources
Metal-, Metal Hydroxide-, and Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites
Renewable Carbon-Based Nanocomposites
Cellulose Nanofiber-Based Nanocomposites
Future Directions
Conclusions
References
90 An Investigation on Mechanical Characteristics of Carbon Nanomaterials Used in Cementitious Composites
Introduction
Nanomaterials Typically Used in Cement-Based Materials
Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Cementitious Composites
Graphene
Graphene Oxide
Mechanical Strength
Reduced Graphene Oxide
Mechanical Strength
Graphene Nanoplatelets
Mechanical Strength
Carbon Nanotubes
Mechanical Strength
Carbon Nanofibers
Mechanical Strength
Effects of CNMs as Cement Nanoreinforcement
Conclusions and Future Scope
References
91 Zinc Batteries: Basics, Materials Functions, and Applications
Introduction
Operation of Zinc Battery
Zinc-Ion Battery
Zinc-Air Battery
Aqueous Zinc Battery
Performance Controlling Factors
Zinc-Ion Battery
Zinc-Air Battery
Advantages of Zinc-Based Batteries
Challenges Associated with Zinc-Based Batteries
Zinc-Ion Battery System
Low Conductivity
Reversible Stripping
Irreversible Consumption and Corrosion of Zinc
Zinc-Air Battery System
Limited Discharge Capacity of Zinc Anode
Formation of Carbonates
Water Loss
Failure of Zinc Electrode
Electrode Materials for Zinc-Based Batteries
Anode Materials
Cathode Materials
Manganese (Mn) Oxide-Based Cathodes
Tunnel Structured MnO2
Spinel Structured MnO2 (λ-MnO2)
Layered Structured MnO2 (δ-MnO2)
Vanadium Oxide-Based Cathodes
Prussian Blue Analogs (PBAs)
Applications of Zinc-Based Batteries
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Part VII: Industrial Applications
92 Importance of Waste to Wealth and Renewable Energy Toward Sustainable Development
Introduction
Literature Review and Discussion
Bioenergy
Wind Energy
Solar Energy
Issues, Recommendations, and Conclusion
References
93 Nanotechnology for Green and Clean Technology: Recent Developments
Introduction: Nanotechnology- A Door to Revolution
Milestones of Nanotechnology
Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Silver Nanoparticles
Physical Approach
Chemical Approach
Bio-stimulated Nanoparticles
Novel Techniques of Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Green Technology
Microwave-Assisted Irradiations
Sonochemical-Induced Reduction
Benefits of Green Nanotechnology
Complications to Green Nanotechnology Adoption
Conclusion
References
94 Nanobiochar-Based Formulations for Sustained Release of Agrochemicals in Precision Agriculture Practices
Introduction
Biochar-Based Nanoformulations
Synthesis of Biochar-Based Nanoformulation
Characteristics of Biochar-Based Nanoformulation
Characterization of Biochar-Based Nanoformulations
Nanobiochar as Carrier for Sustained Delivery of Agrochemicals
Neat nanobiochar versus engineered nanobiochar
Biochar-Based Nanocomposites
Nanobiochar as Slow-Release Fertilizer
Other Applications of Biochar-Based Nanoformulation
Biocompatibility of Biochar-Based Nanoformulation
Other Applications of Nanoformulations
Plant Growth Improvement
Heavy Metal Immobilization in Soil
Soil Remediation
Future Scope
Conclusion
References
95 Nitrate and Phosphate Recovery from Contaminated Waters Using Nanocellulose and Its Composites
Introduction
Types of Nanocellulose
Nanocrystalline Cellulose
Nanofibrillated Cellulose
Bacterial Nanocellulose
Preparation of Nanocellulose
Chemical Methods
Physical Methods
Biological Method
Removal of Nitrate and Phosphate by Nanocellulose and Its Composites
Mechanism of Removal
Application of phosphorous (P)/nitrogen (N)-Laden Nanocellulose as Slow Release Fertilizer
Conclusion
References
96 Mediation of Nanotechnology and Biotechnology: An Emerging Pathway for the Treatment of Environmental Pollution
Introduction to Environmental Pollution and Its Key Negative Impacts
Water Pollution: A Major Culprit for the Deoxygenation of Water Bodies
Key Functions of Nanotechnology in Treating Water and Wastewater Pollution
Photocatalytic Degradation and Treatment of Toxic Water and Wastewater
Mechanism of Photocatalysis
Photocatalytic Degradation and Rapid Treatment of Wastewater
Nanoadsorbents and Membranes for the Treatment of Wastewater
Optimum Microbial Diversity in Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes
Role of Biotechnology in Water and Wastewater Treatment
Nitrification and Denitrification: A Definite Biotechnology for WWTPs
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors: An Emerging Biotechnology for WWTPs
Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (Anammox): A Great Innovation for WWTPs
Partial Nitrification-Anammox Process: Technology for Nitrogenous Pollution
Design and Development of Nanobiotechnology for Wastewater Treatment
Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
97 Application of Nanomaterials for Precious Metals Recovery
Introduction
Types of Nanomaterials
Metallic Nanomaterials
Nonmetallic Nanomaterials
Silica-Based Nanomaterials
Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
Organic Nanomaterials
Metal Organic Frameworks
Recovery of Precious Metals
Methods
Mechanisms
Physical Adsorption
Chemical Adsorption
Gold
Silver
Platinum Group Metals
Reusability of Nanomaterials
Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
Part VIII: Safety, Toxicity, and Legal Aspects of Nanomaterials
98 Toxicity Aspects of Nanomaterials
Introduction
Environmental Applications of Green Nanomaterials
Interaction of NPs with Plants
Use of Nanomaterials in the Remediation of Water
Use of Nanomaterials in the Detection of Environmental Pollution
Safety and Health Applications of Green Nanomaterials
Antimicrobial Activity of Nanomaterials
Wound-Healing Effects of Nanomaterials
Absorption and Toxicity of Nanomaterials
Ecotoxicity of Nanomaterials
Mammalian Toxicity of Nanomaterials
Conclusion and Future Scope
References
99 Health Issues and Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials
Introduction
Source of Contamination
Exposure in Air
Exposure in Water
Exposure in Food
Human Exposure Assessment
Respiratory Exposure
Gastrointestinal Exposure
Dermal Exposure
Bio-Uptake and Bioaccumulation in Humans
Physicochemical Properties Inducing Biological Activity
Human´s Biomarker
Nanomaterial Toxicity
Respiratory System Damage
Gastrointestinal System Damage
Skin Damage
Liver Damage
Heart Damage
Kidney Damage
Toxicity Testing Methods
In Vitro
In Vivo
Mechanisms of Toxicity
Factors Affecting Nanomaterial Toxicity
Strategies to Mitigate the Toxicity of Nanomaterials
Risk Assessment of Nanomaterial Toxicity
Risk-Assessing Parameters: Bio-Persistence and Bio-Durability
Mass Concentration
Appropriate Route of Exposure and Duration of Tests
Acute to Chronic Extrapolation and Partition Coefficient
Risk Characterization
Risk Management
Case Studies
Health Surveillance
Current Status of Regulatory Guidelines
Conclusions and Future Scope
References
100 Toxicological Effects of Nanomaterials in Terrestrial and Aquatic Insects
Introduction
Environmental Behavior and Uptake Pathway of Nanomaterials
Mode of Action of Nanomaterials
Conclusion
References
101 Environmental Risk Assessment of Plastics and Its Additives
Introduction
Plastic Additives
UV Stabilizers
Flame Retardants
Plasticizers
Dyes and Organic Pigments/Colorant
Leaching Process of Plastic Additives
Environment Risk Assessment of Plastics and Their Additives
Importance of Analysis of Plastic
Degradation of Plastics and Their Additives
Photooxidative Degradation
Ozone-Induced Degradation
Mechanochemical Degradation
Degradation of Plastics with Engineered Nanomaterials (ENMs)
Conclusion and Future Scope
References
102 Toxicity of Nanomaterials
Introduction
Classification of Nanomaterials
Synthetic Approaches
Physical Approaches
Lithography
Photolithography
Electron Beam Lithography
Scanning Probe Lithography
Nanoimprint Lithography
Nanoparticle Lithography
Colloidal Lithography
Vapour-Liquid-Solid (VLS) and Solution-Liquid-Solid (SLS)
Chemical Approaches
Green Synthesis Approaches
Plant-Based Nanomaterials
Microorganism-Based Nanomaterials
Bacteria-Based
Fungi-Based
Actinomycetes-Based
Yeast-Based
Algae-Based
Factors Affecting Nanoparticles Synthesis
Applications of Nanomaterials
Medicine
Agriculture
Sports
Toxicity of Nanomaterials in Organisms
Toxicity Assessment
Conclusion and Future Remarks
References
103 Impacts of Metal Nanoparticles on Fish
Introduction
Metal-Based Nanomaterials
Impacts of Metal Nanoparticles on Fish
Tissue Accumulation and Histopathology
Blood Biochemical Parameters
Antioxidant Enzymes
Impacts of Various NPs in Different Fish Species
Conclusions and Future Recommendations
References
104 Toxicological Evaluation of TiO2 Engineered Nanoparticles in Soil Invertebrates: A Cue for Revisiting Standard Toxicity Te...
Introduction
Detection and Characterization of TiO2 Nanoparticles in the Environment
Toxicity Assessment of Engineered Nanoparticles
Toxicity Evaluation of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Invertebrates as Sentinels/Indicators
The Earthworm as a Sentinel for TiO2 Ecotoxicity Assessment
Conclusion
References
105 Toxicity, Legal, and Health Aspects of Nanomaterials
Introduction
Nanomaterials
Historical Aspects
Classification of the Nanomaterials
Dimensions-Based Classification
Zero-Dimensional Nanomaterials
One-Dimensional Nanomaterials
Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials
Three-Dimensional Nanomaterials
Classification on the Basis of Composition
Inorganic-Based Nanomaterials
Ceramic Nanomaterials
Metallic Nanomaterials
Quantum Dots
Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
Graphene
Fullerenes/Buckyballs
Nanotubes
Nanowires
Nano-Cones
Organic-Based Nanomaterials
Dendrimers
Liposomes
Micelles
Composite-Based Nanomaterials
Properties of Nanomaterials
Physical Properties
Mechanical Properties
Optical Properties
Spectrum and Color of Nanomaterials
Chemical Properties
Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Top-Down Approach
Ball Milling
Planetary Milling
Attrition Milling
Horizontal Milling
Rotatory Milling
Thermal Evaporation
Laser Ablation
Sputtering
Chemical Vapor Deposition
Bottom-Up Approach
Hydrothermal Method
Coprecipitation Method
Sol-Gel Method
Hydrolysis
Condensation
Growth and Agglomeration
Microemulsion
Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Toxicity of Nanomaterials
In Vitro Toxicity of the Nanomaterials
In Vivo Toxicity of Nanomaterials
Cytotoxicity of the Nanomaterials
Neurotoxicity of the Nanomaterials
Hepatotoxicity of Nanomaterials
Cardiovascular Toxicity of the Nanomaterials
Nephrotoxicity of Nanomaterials
Genotoxicity of Nanomaterials
Dermal Toxicity of Nanomaterials
Legal Aspects of Nanomaterials (Rules and Regulation)
Health Aspects of Nanomaterials
Inorganic Nanoparticles
Gold Nanoparticles
Nonporous Silica Nanoparticles
Magnetic Nanoparticles
Nano-Patches
Organic Nanoparticles
Liposomes
Polymeric Nanoparticles
Dendrimers
Micelles
Detection of the Genetic Disorders
Future Aspects
Conclusion
References
Index