Handbook of Global Urban Health

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
PART 1: Urban Health: An Introduction and Overview
Chapter 1: Global Urban Health: Inequalities, Vulnerabilities, and Challenges in the 21st Century
Living in an Urban World
Infectious Disease and the City
Social Unrest, Violence, and the 21st Century Refugee Crisis
Cities as Dynamic Entities, (Re)constructed through Social and Biophysical Processes
Cities as Both Producers of Vulnerability and Enablers of Support: Urban Mental Health and Substance Abuse
Structure of This Book
References
Chapter 2: Urban Health in the US and UK: The Long 19th Century
Introduction
Health and Disease in 19th Century Britain
Health and Disease in 19th Century US
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Sin in the City: An Urban History of Medicine and Modern Morality in Turkey
Introduction
Situating Sin and Sickness in the Cities of Early Republican Turkey
Modern Moralities of Sex and the City
Urban Intemperance
Combating the Sins of Uncleanliness, Greed, and Vanity
Summary and Conclusion
Note
References
Chapter 4: Healthcare and the City: A North American Perspective
An Overview of the Healthcare Systems of Canada, Mexico and the USA
Demographic and Health Trends
Urban Health and Healthcare
Emerging and Re-emerging Health and Healthcare Issues
References
Chapter 5: Delivering Urban Health through Urban Planning and Design
Introduction
Urban Environment and Health Stressors
Shaping Healthy Cities: Responses via Urban and Transport Planning
Importance of City Governance in Promoting Healthy Planning and Design
Conclusion: The Future Is Urban
Acknowledgements
References
PART 2: Healthcare Policy and Urban Health Services
Chapter 6: Cities, Immigration, and the Patient Protection and Affordable
Care Act
What Is the Affordable Care Act (ACA)?
The ACA’s Bumpy Implementation: State and Local Variation
Did the ACA Expand Access to Care?
Ongoing Challenges Facing the ACA
The Limits of the ACA: Access to Care for Undocumented Immigrants
Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Voluntary Sector and Urban Health Systems
Introduction
The Voluntary Sector and Urban Health Systems: From Panacea, to Paradox, to Precarity
Voluntarism in and of Cities at the Local Scale
Discussion and Concluding Comments
References
Chapter 8: Urban Policies and Health in Latin America and the Caribbean
Social and Physical Characteristics of LAC Urban Environments Relevant to Health
Health in LAC Cities
Urban Policies and Health: Promising Examples from the Region
Comprehensive Urban Development
Social Inclusion and Poverty Reduction Policies
Promotion of Healthy Behaviors
Urban Governance
Opportunities for Urban Health Promotion in the Region
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Access to Healthcare for the Urban Poor in Nairobi, Kenya: Harnessing
the Role of the Private Sector in Informal Settlements and a Human
Rights-Based Approach to Health Policy
Introduction
Health Status, Access and Utilization of Health Services by the Urban Poor in Nairobi
Status of Healthcare in Nairobi City County
Current Interventions to Improve Service Delivery for the Urban Poor
A Rights Approach to Health Systems Strengthening
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Medical Travel/Tourism and the City
Introduction
Understanding Cities through Their Relations
Mobilities Constituting Medical Travel/Tourism: Bodies, Standards and Capital
Urban Manifestations
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 11: The Health System and Immigrants: A Focus on Urban France
The Nexus between Urban Living and Health in France: The Effects of Precarity on Immigrants’ Access to Healthcare
Local Healthcare Initiatives: The Example of a Mother and Child Care Network in the Paris Area
Local Actions in ‘Squats and Slums’
Conclusion
Notes
References
PART 3: Mental Health and Wellbeing: An Urban Context
Chapter 12: Urban Mental Health
Introduction
Mapping Mental Health Distributions
The Role of the Welfare State
‘Neglect in a Bedsit’
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Children’s Resilience and Mental Health in the Urban Context
Introduction
Concepts of Health and Resilience
Children in an Urban Context: Interaction with Multiple Systems
How Children Function as Resilient Beings
Designing Urban Policies That Promote Children’s Health and Resilience
Children’s Resilience and Well-Being in a Context of Major Adversity: What Can Be Done
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 14: Welfare Facilities and Happiness of the Elderly in Urban Korea
Introduction
Literature Review: Elderly Happiness and Welfare Facilities
A Case Study—Seoul, South Korea
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 15: Public Space and Pedestrian Stress Perception: Insights from
Darmstadt, Germany
Introduction
Research Approach
Results
Discussion
Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 16: Cities and Indigenous Communities: The Health and Wellbeing
of Urban Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand
Introduction
Urban Māori Identity and the Spatial Distribution of Urban Māori
Health Inequities and Māori
Urban Māori Health
Policy and Service Responses to Urban Māori
Models of Māori Health and Culturally Responsive Health Services for Urban Māori
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 17: Landscape Restructuring in the Shrinking City and Implications
for Mental Health
Introduction: Mental Health as a Public Health Priority
Mental Health and the Urban Environment
The Unique Context of the Shrinking American City and Mental Health Challenges
Contesting, Engaging, and Greening: How Community Responses to Shrinkage Could Benefit Mental Health
Repurposing Vacant Land: Examples from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Future Research to Explore Intentional Greening Approaches
References
PART 4: Vulnerable Urban Populations
Chapter 18: Challenges to Public Health in the Favelas of Metropolitan
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Introduction
Favelas in Brazil
A Brief History of the Favela
Democratization, Public Health, and Modern-Day Favelas in the State of Rio de Janeiro
Case Studies in Slum Health from Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State
Case 1: Maria and Prenatal Care
Case 2: Joana and HIV Care
Case 3: Jonas and Tuberculosis Treatment
Case 4: Michele and Zika Infection
The Future of Health in Brazil’s Favelas
References
Chapter 19: Taking Action to Improve Indigenous Health in the Cities of Québec and Elsewhere in Canada: The Example of the Minowé Clinic at the
Val-d’Or Native Friendship Centre
Introduction
Moving toward Indigenous-Oriented Health Services
The Native Friendship Centre Movement in Canada and Québec
The History and Strategic Positioning of the Minowé Clinic
Wellness, Worldview, and the Impacts of Colonialism
Cultural Safety and Social Transformation
Conclusion: Challenges of a Shared Governance and a Renewed Service Offer
References
Chapter 20: Refugees and Health: A European Urban Context
Toward Defining Refugees and Health
Assessing and Addressing Health Needs of Refugees in the Cities of Host Countries
Responding to the Health Needs of Refugees in Transit Cities: The Belgrade Experience
Policy Recommendations: Toward Inclusion of Refugees in the Host Societies
References
Chapter 21: Refugees and Health in Urban Africa
Introduction
Refugee Settlement Patterns in Africa
Health Challenges Faced by Refugees
Success Stories
Role of NGOs and Advocacy Groups
Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Chapter 22: The Urban Hierarchy and Spatial Relationships between Poverty and Cancer: Does Location Error Matter?
Introduction
Literature Review
Data
Methods
Results
Conclusions and Implications
Acknowledgement
Notes
References
Chapter 23: African Cities and Ebola
Introduction
Epidemiology of Ebola
Transmission and Risk Factors
The Deadly Ebola Outbreak in West Africa and Its Spread to Cities
Lessons Learned from the Urban Ebola Outbreak in West Africa
General Strategies for Controlling Ebola Epidemics
Conclusion
References
PART 5: Violence and Injuries
References
Chapter 24: Pedestrian Injuries in Cities: A Global Perspective
Pedestrians: Vulnerable Road Users Facing Increased Risk of Death and Injury in Cities
Risk Factors for Pedestrian Injuries in Cities around the World
Case Studies
Pedestrian Injuries in Cities: Interventions and Their Effectiveness
World Health Organization Framework
Evidence of Effectiveness of Pedestrian Interventions
Vision Zero
Conclusion
References
Chapter 25: Alcohol Availability and Crime in Post-Disaster Christchurch,
New Zealand: Implications for Health in Cities
Introduction
The Canterbury Earthquakes
Literature Review
The Current Study
Data
Analytical Methods
Results
Discussion
References
Chapter 26: Urban Gun Violence
Introduction
Major Sources of Information on Gun Crimes
National Trends in Gun Violence
Policy Initiatives to Reduce Urban Firearm Violence
Local-Level Study: Massachusetts
Conclusion
Note
References
Chapter 27: European Street Gangs and Urban Violence
Introduction
London
Brussels
Kazan
Moscow
Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö
Discussion
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 28: Neighbourhood Recovery and Community Wellbeing in Cities Following Natural Disasters: Findings from Christchurch, New Zealand
Introduction
Changing Places, Changing Wellbeing?
Neighbourhood Amenities and Businesses as Health-Related Resources
Rapid Changes in Christchurch Business Locations
From Business Recovery to Neighbourhood and City Recovery
Measuring Neighbourhood Recovery over Time
Comparing Neighbourhood Recovery Trajectories in Christchurch
Trajectories of Recovery?
Implications for Long Term Community Recovery and Wellbeing
Conclusion
References
PART 6: Pollutants, Environmental Contamination and Urban Health
References
Chapter 29: Urban Slums, Drinking Water, and Health: Trends and Lessons
from Sub-Saharan Africa
Introduction
Urban Slum Ecology and Health in Sub-Saharan Africa
Water Access in Sub-Saharan African Slums
Water Contamination Pathways in Slums
Water and Health in African Slums
Sachet Water Comes of Age in West Africa
Conclusion
References
Chapter 30: A Greening but Unequal City: Environmental Exposure Disparities, Gentrified Inequities, and Public Health in Seattle, Washington
Sustainability in Urban Environments
Methods and Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 31: Fighting for Urban Environmental Health Justice in Southside (Los Sures) Williamsburg, Brooklyn: A Community-Engaged Pilot Study
Preface
Introduction
Air Pollution and Asthma Background
Approach and Conceptual Framework
Study Design
Objectives and Methods
Preliminary Results
Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Notes
References
Chapter 32: Ambient Air Pollution and Health Effects in Shanghai: Trend,
Challenges, and Opportunities
Introduction
Shanghai
Level and Trend of Ambient Air Pollution
Health Impacts of Ambient Air Pollution
Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
Abbreviations
PART 7: Public Health and the Role of the Built Environment
Chapter 33: Transport, Urban Regeneration and Health
Introduction
Transport and Health: The Conceptual Links
Health Implications in Making Urban Space
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 34: Rice, Men, and Other Everyday Anxieties: Navigating Obesogenic
Urban Food Environments in Osaka, Japan
Introduction
Obesogenic Urban Environments in Asia: Food Jungles rather than Food Swamps
Obesity in Japan
Everyday Eating in Japan
The case of Osaka, Japan
Our Ethnographic Process
Discussion and Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 35: The Built Environment, Physical Activity, and Obesity: Exploring Burdens on Vulnerable U.S. Populations
Introduction
Suburbanization and the Evolving Urban/Suburban Built Environment
Urban Form, Travel Behavior, and Public Health Outcomes
Building Walkable Communities
From Emphasizing Urban Form to Stressing the Role of Socio-Demographic Composition
Exploring the Urban Built Environment, Physical Activity, and Obesity/Overweight: The Lansing Capital Region
Consistency in Outcomes: The Built Environment, Class, Race, and Obesity/Overweight in the Detroit Region
Conclusion
References
Chapter 36: Public Health Challenges with Sub-Saharan African Informal Settlements: A Case Study of Malaria in Yaoundé
Introduction
Malaria in Informal Settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa: Demographic Trends and Geographic Insights
Infectious Diseases and Malaria in SSA’s Informal Settlements: What Do We Know?
Malaria in the Informal Settlements of Yaoundé
What Lessons Can We Learn from the Example of Yaoundé?
Conclusion
References
Chapter 37: Health-Oriented Urban Planning in Germany: Urban Planning and Design Approaches Going beyond Professional Boundaries
Introduction
European and German City Context
Aspects of Health-Oriented Urban Planning
The Healthy City Guidelines—Guidance for Interdisciplinary Cooperation
Master-Planning a “Healthy” City—The Tempelhofer Feld in Berlin
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 38: Flint, Michigan’s Food Crisis: Retail Abandonment, Social and Economic Burdens, and Local Food-Oriented Solutions
Introduction
Retail Restructuring
Racism and Deindustrialization in the American Rust Belt
Local Food Systems as a Response
Conclusions
References
Chapter 39: Housing and Urban Health: A Los Angeles Study
Introduction
Housing and Urban Health in the U.S.: A Brief History
Housing Conditions and Urban Health Today
Housing and Urban Health: The Case of Los Angeles
Conclusion
Notes
References
Notes on Contributors
Index