Handbook of Environmental Engineering

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
A Note to the Reader: Will it be Milk Toast or Hardtack?
Preface
About the Author
Chapter 1 Introduction
Environment
Pollution Defined
Key Terms
Pollution: Effects Easy to See, Feel, Taste or Smell
Unexpected Pollution
Pollution and Environmental Science/Health/Engineering
Environmental Pollution and Technology: The Connection
Environmental Administrative Laws and Regulations
Administrative Procedure Act (APA)
The Regulatory Process
Creating a Law
Putting the Law to Work
Creating a Regulation
NEPA: Environmental Impact Statements (EIS)
A Word about Machine and Deep Learning
The Bottom Line
Notes
References
Chapter 2 Units, Standards of Measurement, and Conversions
Units of Measurement: The Basics
Conversion Factors
Weight, Concentration, and Flow
Conversions
Typical Conversion Examples
Temperature Conversions
MKS System (SI Units)
Energy Units and Math Operations
Environmental Engineering: Perspective on Energy
The 411 on Energy
Types of Energy
Measuring Energy
Clean Energy Parameters, Calculations and References
Electricity Reduction (Kilowatt-Hours)
Gallons of Gasoline Consumed
Passenger Vehicles per Year
Miles Driven by the Average Passenger Vehicle per Year
Therms of Natural Gas
Barrels of Oil Consumed
Tanker Trucks Filled with Gasoline
Number of Incandescent Bulbs Switched to Compact Fluorescent Bulbs (CFLs)
Home Electricity Use
Home Energy Use
Number of Tree Seedlings Grown for 10 Years
Acres of U.S. Forests Storing Carbon for One Year
Acres of U.S. Forest Preserved from Conversion to Croplands
Propane Cylinders Used for Home Barbecues
Railcars of Coal Burned
Pounds of Coal Burned
Tons of Waste Recycled Instead of Landfilled
Number of Garbage Trucks of Waste Recycled Instead of Landfilled
Coal-Fired Power Plant Emissions for One Year
Number of Wind Turbines Installed
Notes
References
Chapter 3 Math Operations Review
Introduction
Basic Math Terminology and Definitions
Sequence of Operations
Sequence of Operations—Rules
Sequence of Operations—Examples
Percent
Significant Digits
Powers and Exponents
Averages (Arithmetic Mean)
Ratio
Dimensional Analysis
Threshold Odor Number (TON)
Geometrical Measurements
Geometrical Calculations
Perimeter and Circumference
Area
Volume
Force, Pressure, and Head Calculations
Force and Pressure
Head
Static Head
Friction Head
Velocity Head
Pressure/Head
Head/Pressure
Review of Advanced Algebra Key Terms/Concepts
Key Definitions Include
Quadratic Equations
The Quadrtic Equation and Environmental Practice
Quadratic Equations: Theory and Application
Derivation of the Quadratic Equation Formula
Using the Quadratic Equation
Trigonometric Ratios
Trigonometric Functions and the Environmental Practitioner
Trigonometric Ratios or Functions
References
Chapter 4 Environmental Modeling and Algorithms
Introduction
Basic Steps for Developing an Effective Model
What Are Models Used For?
Media Material Content
Material Content: Liquid Phases
Phase Equilibrium and Steady State
Math Operations and Laws of Equilibrium
Solving Equilibrium Problems
Laws of Equilibrium
Ideal Gas Law
Dalton’s Law
Raoult’s Law
Henry’s Law
Chemical Transport Systems
Algorithms: What Are They?
Expressing Algorithms
General Algorithm Applications
The Problem
Environmental Practice Algorithm Applications
Dispersion Models
Screening Tools
References
Chapter 5 Statistics Review
Statistical Concepts
Probability and Statistics
Measure of Central Tendency
Symbols, Subscripts, Basic Statistical Terms and Calculations
The Mean
Median
Mode
Range
Distribution
Normal Distribution
Standard Deviation
Coefficient of Variation
Standard Error of the Mean
Covariance
Simple Correlation Coefficient
Variance of a Linear Function
Sampling—Measurement Variables
Simple Random Sampling
Standard Errors
Confidence Limits
Sample Size
Stratified Random Sampling
Sample Size
Sampling—Discrete Variables
Random Sampling
Sample Size
Cluster Sampling for Attributes
Transformations
Chi-Square Tests
Test of Independence
Test of a Hypothesized Count
Bartlett’s Test of Homogeneity of Variance
Comparing Two Groups by the t Test
The t Test for Unpaired Plots
Sample Size
The t Test for Paired Plots
Number of Replicates
Comparison of Two or More Groups by Analysis of Variance
Complete Randomization
Multiple Comparisons
F Test with Single Degree of Freedom
Scheffe’s Test
Unequal Replication
Randomized Block Design
Latin Square Design
Factorial Experiments
Sums of Squares
The Split Plot Design
Calculations
Date-Burning SS
Missing Plots
Regression
Simple Linear Regression
How Well Does the Regression Line Fit the Data?
Coefficient of Determination
Confidence Intervals
Multiple Regression
Tests of Significance
Coefficient of Multiple Determination
The c-Multipliers
Curvilinear Regressions and Interactions
Curves
Interactions
Group Regressions
Testing for the Common Regressions
Analysis of Covariance in a Randomized Block Design
Adjusted Means
Tests among Adjusted Means
Note
References
Chapter 6 Fundamental Engineering Concepts
Deep and Gloomy Woods
Introduction
Resolution of Forces
Slings
Inclined Plane
Properties of Materials and Principles of Mechanics
Properties of Materials
Friction
Pressure
Specific Gravity
Force, Mass, and Acceleration
Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces
Stress and Strain
Principles of Mechanics
Statics
Welds
Dynamics
Hydraulics and Pneumatics—Fluid Mechanics
Soil Mechanics
References
Chapter 7 Air Pollution
The 411 on Air
Definition of Key Terms
Definitions
Components of Air: Characteristics and Properties
Atmospheric Nitrogen
Nitrogen: Physical Properties
Nitrogen: Uses
Nitrogen Oxides
Atmospheric Oxygen
Oxygen: Physical Properties
Oxygen: Uses
Ozone: Just another Form of Oxygen
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Dioxide: Physical Properties
Carbon Dioxide: Uses
Atmospheric Argon
Argon: Physical Properties
Argon: Uses
Atmospheric Neon
Neon: Physical Properties
Neon: Uses
Atmospheric Helium
Helium: Physical Properties
Atmospheric Krypton
Krypton: Physical Properties
Krypton: Uses
Atmospheric Xenon
Xenon: Physical Properties
Xenon: Uses
Atmospheric Hydrogen
Hydrogen: Physical Properties
Atmospheric Water
Atmospheric Particulate Matter
Air for Combustion
Air for Power
Gas Physics
Material Balance
Compressibility
Gas Laws
Boyle’s Law
Charles’s Law
Ideal Gas Law
Flow Rate
Gas Conversions
Major Constituents
Both Major and Minor Constituents
Gas Velocity
Gas Stream Treatment (Residence) Time
Gas Density
Heat Capacity and Enthalpy
Heat and Energy in the Atmosphere
Adiabatic Lapse Rate
Viscosity
Flow Characteristics
Particle Physics
Characteristics of Particles
Surface Area and Volume
Aerodynamic Diameter
Particle Size Categories
Regulated Particulate Matter Categories
Size Distribution
Particle Formation
Collection Mechanisms
Atmospheric Chemistry and Related Phenomena
Photochemical Reaction—Smog Production
Air Quality
Earth’s Heat Balance
Insolation (EPA, 2005)
Solar Constant
Transparency
Daylight Duration
Angle of Sun’s Rays
Heat Distribution
Differential Heating
Transport of Heat
Global Distribution of Heat
Air Quality Management
Clean Air Act (CAA)
Title 1: Attainment and Maintenance of NAAQS
Title 2: Mobile Sources
Title 3: Air Toxics
Title 4: Acid Deposition
Title 5: Permits
Title 6: Ozone and Global Climate Protection
Title 7: Enforcement
Clean Air Act Amendments (EPA, 2005)
State Implementation Plans (SIPs)
New Source Review
Air Quality Monitoring
Visibility
Pollutant Dispersion
Vapor Plume Induced ICING
Air Pollution Mechanics
Atomopheric Disperson, Transportation and Deposition (EPA, 2005)
Weather
Turbulence
Air Parcels
Buoyancy Factors
Lapse Rates
Mixing
Topography
Inversions
Plume Behavior
Plume Rise Equation
Transport
Dispersion Models
Major Air Pollutants
Sulfur Dioxide (SO[sub(2)])
Nitrogen Oxides (NO[sub(x)])
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs—Hydrocarbons)
Ozone and Photochemical SMOG
Carbon Dioxide
Particulate Matter
Lead
Air Pollution Control Technology
Air Pollution Control: Choices
Air Pollution Control Equipment and Systems
Removal of Dry Particulate Matter
Gravity Settlers
Cyclone Collectors
Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs)
Wet (Venturi) Scrubbers
Baghouse (Fabric) Filters
Removal of Gaseous Pollutants: Stationary Sources
Absorption
Adsorption
Condensation
Combustion (Incineration)
Indoor Air Quality
Legionnaires’ Disease
Sick Building Syndrome
Indoor Air Pollution
Common Indoor Air Pollutants in the Home
Radon
Environmental Tobacco Smoke
Biological Contaminants
Combustion by-Products
Household Products
Pesticides
Asbestos in the Home
Building Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality
Types of Workplace Air Pollutants
Sources of Workplace Air Pollutants
Indoor Air Contaminant Transport
Indoor Air Dispersion Parameters
Parameters
Common Airflow Pathways
Major IAQ Contaminants
Asbestos Exposure (OSHA, 2002)
Permissible Exposure Limits
Exposure Monitoring
Competent Person
Regulated Areas
Methods of Compliance
Respirators
Labels
Protective Clothing
Training
Recordkeeping
Hygiene Facilities and Practices
Medical Exams
Silica Exposure
Guidelines for Control of Occupational Exposure to Silica
Formaldehyde (HCHO) Exposure
Lead Exposure
Health Effects of Lead
Lead Standard Definitions
Worker Lead Protection Program
Mold Control
Mold Prevention
Mold Remediation
Mold Cleanup Methods
References
Chapter 8 Water Pollution
Introduction
The 411 on Water
Surface Water
Lakes—Rivers and Streams—Estuaries—Wetlands
Surface Water Pollutants
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Nutrients
pH
Suspended Solids
Oil and Grease
Pathogenic Organisms
Toxic Pollutants
Nontoxic Pollutants
Emerging Contaminants
Endocrine Disruptors
Biological Effects
Reproductive Effects
Neurological Effects
Immunological Effects
PPCPs
Pharmaceuticals in the Environment
Wastewater Treatment and PPCPs
Landfills
Drinking Water
Domestic Animals
Drug Classes and Environmental Occurrences
Hormones/Mimics
Antibiotics
Blood Lipid Regulators
Nonopiod Analgestics/Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Beta-Blockers/β[sub(2)]-Sympathomimetics
Antidepressants/Obsessive-Compulsive Regulators
Antiepileptics
Antineoplastics
Impotence Drugs
Tranquilizers
Retinoids
Diagnostic Contrast Media
Personal Care Products in the Environment
Fragrances (Musks)
Disinfectants/Antiseptics
Preservatives
Sunscreen Agents
Nutraceuticals/Herbal Remedies
Illicit Drugs in Wastewater
Screening for Big Bucks
Surface Water Pollution: The Impact
Groundwater
Groundwater Uses and Sources
Aquifers
Groundwater Flow
Groundwater Pollution
Wetlands
Water Treatment
Purpose of Water Treatment
Stages of Water Treatment
Pretreatment
Hardness Treatment
Corrosion
Coagulation
Flocculation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Disinfection
Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water
Arsenic Exposure
Arsenic Removal Technologies
Prescriptive Processes
Adsorptive Processes
Membrane Processes
Alternative Technologies
Wastewater Treatment
The Wastewater Treatment Model
Wastewater Terminology and Definitions
Measuring Plant Performance
Plant Performance and Efficiency
Percent Volatile Matter Reduction in Sludge
Hydraulic Detention Time
Hydraulic Detention Time in Days
Hydraulic Detention Time in Hours
Detention Time in Minutes
Wastewater Sources and Characteristics
Wastewater Sources
Classicaficion of Wastewater
Wastewater Characteristics
Wastewater Collection Systems
Gravity Collection System
Force Main Collection System
Vacuum System
Pumping Stations
Preliminary Wastewater Treatment
Screening
Shredding
Grit Removal
Preaeration
Chemical Addition
Equalization
Primary Wastewater Treatment (Sedimentation)
Types of Sedimentation Tanks
Sedimentation Calculations
Effluent from Settling Tanks
Secondary Treatment
Treatment Ponds
Trickling Filters
Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs)
Activated Sludge
Activated Sludge Terminology
Activated Sludge Process
Factors Affecting the Operation of the Activated Sludge Process
Microorganism Growth Curve
Activated Sludge Formation
Activated Sludge Modifications
Activated Sludge Process Control Parameters
Disinfection of Wastewater
Chlorine Disinfection
Wastewater Chlorination Process Description
Ultraviolet Irradiation
Advantages and Disadvantages
Ozonation
Advantages and Disadvantages
Applicability
Operation and Maintenance
Bromine Chloride
No Disinfection
Advanced Wastewater Treatment
Chemical Treatment
Microscreening
Filtration
Membrane Bioreactors
Advantages
Disadvantages
Biological Nitrification
Biological Denitrifcaition
Carbon Adsorption
Land Application
Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR)
Enhanced Biological Nutrient Removal (EBNR)
Wastewater Solids (Sludge/Biosolids) Handling
Background Information on Sludge
Sources of Sludge
Sludge Characteristics
Sludge Pathogens and Vector Attraction
Sludge Pumping Calculations
Estimating Daily Sludge Production
Sludge Pumping Time
Gallons of Sludge Pumped per Day
Pounds Sludge Pumped per Day
Pounds Solids Pumped per Day
Pounds Volatile Matter (VM) Pumped per Day
Sludge Production in Pounds/Million Gallons
Sludge Production in Wet Tons/Year
Sludge Thickening
Gravity Thickening
Flotation Thickening
Solids Concentrators
Process Calculations (Gravity/Dissolved Air Flotation)
Sludge Stabilization
Aerobic Digestion
Anaerobic Digestion
Composting
Sludge Dewatering
Process Control Calculations
Land Application of Biosolids
Process Control Calculations
Notes
References
Chapter 9 Soil Quality
Introduction
Soil: What Is It?
Soil Basics
Soil Properties
Soil Formation
Soil Fertility
Soil Pollution
Gaseous and Airborne Pollutants
Infiltration of Contaminated Surface Water
Land Disposal of Solid and Liquid Waste Materials
Stockpiles, Tailings, and Spoils
Dumps
Salt Spreading on Roads
Animal Feedlots
Fertilizers and Pesticides
Accidental Spills
Composting of Leaves and Other Wastes
Industrial Practices and Soil Contamination
Contamination from Oil Field Sites
Contamination from Chemical Sites
Contamination from Geothermal Sites
Contamination from Manufactured Gas Plants
Contamination from Mining Sites
Contamination from Environmental Terrorism
USTs: The Problem
Corrosion Problems
Faulty Construction
Faulty Installation
Piping Failures
Spills and Overfills
Compatibility of Contents and UST
Risk Assessment
Exposure Pathways
Remediation of UST Contaminated Soils
In Situ Technologies
In Situ Volatilization (ISV)
In Situ Biodegradation
In Situ Leaching and Chemical Reaction
In Situ Vitrification
In Situ Passive Remediation
In Situ Isolation/Containment
Non-In Situ Technologies
Land Treatment
Thermal Treatment
Asphalt Incorporation and Other Methods
Solidification/Stabilization
Chemical Extraction
Excavation
Note
References
Chapter 10 Solid and Hazardous Waste
Introduction
Solid Waste Regulatory History (United States)
Solid Waste Characteristics
Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW)
Residential Sources of MSW
Commercial Sources of MSW
Institutional Sources of MSW
Construction and Demolition Sources of MSW
Municipal Services Sources of MSW
Treatment Plant Site Sources of MSW
What Is a Hazardous Substance?
Hazardous Materials
Hazardous Substances
Extremely Hazardous Substances
Toxic Chemicals
Hazardous Wastes
Hazardous Chemicals
Again, What Is a Hazardous Substance?
What Is a Hazardous Waste?
EPA Lists of Hazardous Wastes
Where Do Hazardous Wastes Come from?
Why Are We Concerned about Hazardous Wastes?
Hazardous Waste Legislation
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
CERCLA
Waste Control Technology
Waste Minimization
Substitution of Inputs
Process Modifications
Good Operating Practices
Recycling
Steps to Recycling Materials
Collection and Processing
Manufacturing
Purchasing New Products Made from Recycled Materials
Recycling Hazardous Wastes
Treatment Technologies
Biological Treatment
Thermal Processes
Activated Carbon Sorption
Electrolytic Recovery Techniques
Air Stripping
Stabilization and Solidification
Filtation and Separation
Ultimate Disposal
Deep-Well Injection
Surface Impoundments
Waste Piles
Landfilling
References
Chapter 11 Industrial Hygiene
What Is Industrial Hygiene?
Industrial Hygiene Terminology
Industrial Hygiene Terms and Concepts
History of Industrial Hygiene (OSHA, 1998)
OSHA/NIOSH and Industrial Hygiene
Industrial Hygiene: Workplace Stressors
Industrial Hygiene: Areas of Concern
Industrial Toxicology
What Is Toxicology?
Air Contaminants
Routes of Entry
Industrial Health Hazards
Environmental Controls
Engineering Controls
Work Practice Controls
Administrative Controls
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Hazard Communication
HAZCOM and the Environmental Professional
Modification of the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS)
Occupational Environmental Limits (OELS)
OELs
Air Monitoring/Sampling
Air Sample Volume
Limit of Detection (LOD)
Limit of Quantification (LOQ)
Precision, Accuracy, and Bias
Calibration Requirements
Types of Air Sampling
Analyltical Methods for Gases and Vapors
Air Monitoring Versus Air Sampling
Air Sampling for Airborne Particulates
Dusts
Duration of Exposure
Particle Size
Stoke’s Law
Airborne Dust Concentration
Particulate Collection
Analysis of Particulates
Health and Environmental Impacts of Particulates
Control of Particulates
Air Sampling for Gases and Vapors
Types of Air Samples
Methods of Sampling
Air Sampling Collection Processes
Calibration of Air Sampling Equipment
Direct Reading Instruments for Air Sampling
Types of Direct Reading Instruments
Calibration of Direct-Reading Instruments
Air Monitoring: Confined Space Entry
Noise & Vibration
OSHA Noise Control Requirements
Noise and Hearing Loss Terminology
Occupational Noise Exposure
Determining Workplace Noise Levels
Engineering Control for Industrial Noise
Audiometric Testing (OSHA, 1998)
Noise Units, Relationships & Equations
Industrial Vibration Control
Radiation
Radiation Safety Program Acronyms and Definitions
Abbreviations Typically Used in Radiation Safety Programs
Typical Radiation Program Definitions
Ionizing Radiation
Effective Half-Life
Alpha Radiation
Alpha Radiation Detectors
Beta Radiation
Beta Detection Instrumentation
Shielding for Beta Radiation
Gamma Radiation and X-Rays
Gamma Detection Instrumentation
Shielding for Gamma and X-Rays
Radioactive Decay Equations
Radiation Dose
Non-Ionizing Radiation
Optical Density (OD)
OSHA’s Radiation Safety Requirements
Radiation Exposure Controls
Radiation Exposure Training
Thermal Stress
Thermal Comfort
The Heat Index
The Body’s Response to Heat
Heat Disorders and Health Effects
Cold Hazards
Wind-Chill Factor
Cold Stress Prevention
Ventilation
Concepts of Ventilation
Local Exhaust Ventilation
General and Dilution Ventilation
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
OSHA’s PPE Standard
OSHA’s PPE Requirements
Hazard Assessment
PPE Training Requirement
Head Protection
Hand Protection
Eye and Face Protection
Foot Protection
Full Body Protection: Chemical Protective Clothing
Description of Protective Clothing
Protective Clothing Applications
The Clothing Ensemble
Levels of Protection
Clothing Selection Factors
Classification of Protective Clothing
Material Chemical Resistance
Decontamination Procedures
Types of Contamination
Decontamination Methods
Inspection, Storage, and Maintenance of Protective Clothing
Inspection
Storage
Maintenance
Respiratory Protection
Engineering Design and Controls for Safety
Codes and Standards
Plant Layout
Illumination
High Hazard Work Areas
Personal and Sanitation Facilities
Note
References
Chapter 12 Green Engineering
Introduction
Wind Energy
Environmental Impact of Wind Turbines
The Good, Bad, and Ugly of Wind Energy
Air Quality (Including Global Climate Change and Carbon Footprint)
Cultural Resources
Ecological Resources
Water Resources (Surface Water and Groundwater)
Water Use
Water Quality
Flow Alteration
Land Use
Soils and Geologic Resources (Including Seismicity/Geo Hazards)
Paleontological Resources
Transportation
Visual Resources
Socioeconomics
Environmental Justice
Hazardous Materials and Waste Management
Wind Energy Operations Impacts
Air Quality (Including Global Climate Change and Carbon Footprint)
Cultural Resources
Ecological Resources
Water Resources (Surface Water and Groundwater)
Land Use
Soils and Geologic Resources (Including Seismicity/Geo Hazards)
Paleontological Resources
Transportation
Visual Resources
Socioeconomics
Environmental Justice
Hazardous Materials and Waste Management
Impact on Wildlife
Energy from the Sun
Environmental Impacts of Solar Energy
Land Use/Siting Impact
Water Use Impact (Water Footprint)
Hazardous Waste Impact
Ecological Impact
Hydropower
Ecological Impact of Hydropower
Physical Barrier to Fish Migration
Flow Alteration, Flow Fluctuation, Regulated and Unregulated Rivers and Salmonids
Biological Impact of Flow Fluctuations
Increases in Flow
Stranding
Increased Predation
Aquatic Invertebrates
Redd Dewatering
Spawning Interference
Hydraulic Response to Flow Fluctuations
Types of Hydropower Activity that Fluctuate Flows
Biomass/Bioenergy
Impact of Biomass Construction, Production and Operation
Air Quality
Cultural Resources
Ecological Resources
Water Resources
Land Resources
Soils and Geologic Resources
Paleontological Resources
Transportation
Visual Resources
Socioeconomics
Environmental Justice
Biomass Feedstock Production Impact
Air Quality
Cultural Resources
Ecological Resources
Water Resources
Land Resources
Soils and Geologic Resources
Paleontological Resources
Transportation
Visual Resources
Socioeconomics
Environmental Justice
Biomass Energy Operations Impact
Air Quality
Cultural Resources
Ecological Resources
Water Resources
Land Use
Soils and Geologic Resources
Paleontological Resources
Transportation
Visual Resources
Socioeconomics
Environmental Justice
Geothermal Energy
Environmental Impact of Geothermal Power Development
Geothermal Energy Exploration and Drilling Impact
Air Quality
Cultural Resources
Ecological Resources
Water Resources
Land Use
Soils and Geologic Resources
Paleontological Resources
Transportation
Visual Resources
Socioeconomics
Environmental Justice
Geothermal Energy Construction Impact
Air Quality
Cultural Resources
Ecological Resources
Water Resources
Land Use
Soils and Geologic Resources
Paleontological Resources
Transportation
Visual Resources
Socioeconomics
Environmental Justice
Geothermal Energy Operation and Maintenance Impact
Air Quality
Cultural Resources
Ecological Resources
Water Resources
Land Use
Soils and Geologic Resources
Paleontological Resources
Transportation
Visual Resources
Socioeconomics
Environmental Justice
Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy
Ocean Tides, Currents, and Waves
Tides
Currents
Waves
Wave Energy
Wave Energy Conversion Technology
Point Absorber
Terminator
Attenuator
Tidal Energy
Tidal Energy Technologies
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Potential Environmental (General) Impacts
Alteration of Current and Waves
Alteration of Substrates and Sediment Transport and Deposition
Impact of Habitat Alternation on Benthic Organisms
Displacement of Benthic Organisms by Installation of the Project
Alteration of Habitats for Benthic Organisms during Operation
Impact of Noise
Impact of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF)
Effect of Electromagnetic Fields on Aquatic Organisms
Toxic Effect of Chemicals
Toxicity of Paints, Anti-Fouling Coatings, and Other Chemicals
Interference with Animal Movement and Migration
Collision and Strike
Effect of Rotor Blade Strike on Aquatic Animals
Impact of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
Potential Environmental (Specific) Impacts
Hydrokinetic Energy Site Evaluation Impact
Air Quality (Including Carbon Footprint and Global Climate Change)
Cultural Resources
Ecological Resources
Water Resources (Surface Water and Groundwater)
Land Use
Soils and Geologic Resources
Paleontological Resources
Transportation
Visual Resources
Socioeconomics
Environmental Justice
Acoustics (Noise)
Hazardous Materials and Waste Management
Hydrokinetic Energy Facility Construction Impact
Air Quality (Including Global Climate Change and Carbon Footprint)
Cultural Resources
Ecological Resources
Water Resources (Surface Water and Groundwater)
Land Use
Soils and Geologic Resources
Visual Resources
Paleontological Resources
Transportation
Socioeconomics
Environmental Justice
Acoustics (Noise)
Hazardous Materials and Waste Management
Hydrokinetic Energy Facility Operations & Maintenance Impact
Air Quality (Including Global Climate Change and Carbon Footprint)
Cultural Resources
Ecological Resources
Water Resources (Surface Water and Groundwater)
Land Use
Soils and Geologic Resources
Paleontological Resources
Transportation
Visual Resources
Socioeconomics
Environmental Justice
Acoustics (Noise)
Hazardous Materials and Waste Management
Fuel Cells
Hydrogen Fuel Cell
Hydrogen Storage
How a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Works
Environmental Impact of Fuel Cells
Carbon Capture and Sequestration
The 411 on Carbon Capture and Sequestration
Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration
Geologic Carbon Sequestration
Potential Impact of Terrestrial Sequestration
Potential Impact of Geologic Sequestration
Geologic Sequestration Exploration Impact
Air Quality
Cultural Resources
Ecological Resources
Water Resources (Surface Water and Groundwater)
Land Use
Soils and Geologic Resources
Paleontological Resources
Transportation
Visual Resources
Socioeconomics
Environmental Justice
Acoustics (Noise)
Hazardous Materials and Waste Management
Geologic Sequestration Drilling/Construction Impact
Air Quality
Cultural Resources
Ecological Resources
Water Resources (Surface Water and Groundwater)
Land Use
Soils and Geologic Resources
Paleontological Resources
Transportation
Visual Resources
Socioeconomics
Environmental Justice
Acoustics (Noise)
Hazardous Materials and Waste Management
Geologic Sequestration Operations Impact
Air Quality
Cultural Resources
Ecological Resources
Water Resources (Surface Water and Groundwater)
Land Use
Soils and Geologic Resources
Paleontological Resources
Transportation
Visual Resources
Socioeconomics
Environmental Justice
Acoustics (Noise)
Hazardous Materials and Waste Management
The Bottom Line
Notes
References
Index