Handbook of Energy and Environmental Security

Front Cover
Handbook of Energy and Environmental Security
Handbook of Energy and Environmental Security
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 - Introduction to energy and environmental security
1. Climate change on the March
2. Energy and environmental security
2.1 Energy security
2.2 Environmental security
2.3 The energy–environment dilemma
3. Shared future
4. Global response
5. Conclusions
References
2 - Dynamics of energy security and its implications
1. Energy security
1.1 Components of energy security
1.2 Indicators of energy security
2. Energy security issues in developed and developing countries
2.1 World energy trilemma index
2.2 Developing countries’ perspective
3. Energy security policies and its implications in energy transitions
3.1 Energy transition index
3.1.1 Top 10 ETI ranking countries
4. Conclusion
References
3 - Sustainable energy transition in the 21st century
1. Introduction
2. Dynamics of the energy transition
3. Decarbonization
3.1 Renewable energy
3.2 Electric vehicles
3.3 Energy storage
4. Decentralization
5. Digitalization
6. Decreasing use of energy
7. Conclusions
References
4 - Energy security: role of renewable and low-carbon technologies
1. Introduction
2. Overview of global low-carbon technology status
2.1 Renewable energy technologies: global trends
2.2 Energy efficiency technology global developments
2.3 Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on renewable energy and energy efficiency
3. Roles of renewable and energy efficiency technologies for enhancing energy security
3.1 Renewable energy paving world sustainable electricity generation mix
3.2 Renewable energy microgrids for enhancing electrification
3.3 Low-carbon technologies through demand side management in buildings
4. Future roles of low-carbon technologies in decentralized energy market
4.1 Peer-topeer energy trading
4.2 Virtual power plant
4.3 Carbon pricing
5. Conclusion
References
5 - Overcoming the energy security challenges in developing countries
1. Energy scenario in developing countries
1.1 Current status of supply and demand
1.2 Energy challenges for developing countries
2. The nexus of supply, demand, and energy security
2.1 Parameters governing the nexus
2.2 Interrelationships between parameters
3. Holistic assessment of energy security and sustainable development
3.1 Energy security index development
3.1.1 Classifying countries
3.2 Energy security and energy independence: South Asia
4. Improving energy security and equity
4.1 Opportunities for an energy secure and sustainable future
4.2 A global framework for carbon economy
5. Conclusion
References
6 - Renewable energy in Latin America and scenarios to the Brazilian energy matrix by 2050
1. Introduction: energy and sustainability
2. Future scenarios, 2050 calculator, and renewables in Latin America and Brazil
2.1 Scenarios and the energy sector
2.2 The 2050 calculator tool
2.3 Renewable energy in Latin America and Brazil
3. Study methods
3.1 First step of Schwartz—definition of the central question
3.2 Second and third steps of Schwartz—list of the key factors and the driving forces
3.3 The fourth step of Schwartz—hierarchize the key factors and the driving forces
3.4 Fifth step of Schwartz—defining the logic of the scenarios
3.4.1 Logics for scenario “Most renewable”
3.4.2 Logics for scenario “Medium renewable”
3.4.3 Logics for scenario “Business-As-Usual”
3.5 Sixth step of Schwartz—embodying the scenarios
3.6 Seventh step of Schwartz—implications to the central question
3.7 Eighth step of Schwartz—definition of warning signs
4. Results and discussions
5. Conclusions
References
7 - Phase change: getting to a sustainable energy future in Vietnam
1. Background
2. The demand side
3. The supply side
3.1 PDP-7 revised
4. Recent developments
4.1 A view from the Vietnam business forum
5. Challenges and opportunities
5.1 Transmission issues
5.2 Auction markets
5.3 Costs of pollution
5.4 Pricing of electricity
6. Concluding observations
7. Lessons for other countries
References
Further reading
8 - Energy security challenges of developing countries: a pragmatic assessment
1. Introduction
1.1 South Asia
1.2 Regional overview
1.3 Energy, demand, and resources in South Asian countries
1.3.1 Bhutan
1.3.2 India
1.3.3 Pakistan
1.3.4 Sri Lanka
1.4 Climate change—South Asia
1.4.1 Climate change in Bhutan
1.4.2 Climate change in India
1.4.3 Climate change in Pakistan
1.4.4 Climate change in Sri Lanka
1.5 Outlook for sustainable development in South Asia
2. Energy and development in South Asia
2.1 Human development index
2.2 Happiness index
3. Energy and social issues: South Asia
3.1 Cooking fuel in Bhutan
3.2 Cooking fuel in India
3.3 Cooking fuel in Pakistan
3.4 Cooking fuel in Sri Lanka
4. Energy security: South Asia
4.1 Challenges in energy security and sustainable energy use
4.1.1 South Asia's energy trade challenges
4.1.2 South Asia's energy cooperation challenges
4.2 Energy policies for sustainable development
4.2.1 South Asia should prioritize sustainable energy to close energy access gaps and speed up economic recovery
4.3 Energy security challenges in Bhutan
4.4 Energy security challenges in India
4.5 Energy security challenges in Sri Lanka
4.6 Pakistan: energy policy and actions
5. Recommendations for South Asian countries to overcome energy security challenges
6. Conclusions
References
9 - Buildings for sustainable energy future
1. Introduction
2. Buildings and sustainable development
3. Energy efficiency in buildings
3.1 Building retrofitting
4. Renewable energy in buildings
5. Energy use in commercial buildings in the USA: case study
5.1 Energy sustainability in shopping malls
6. Conclusions
References
10 - Wildfires, haze, and climate change
1. Introduction
2. Relationship between wildfires haze and climate
2.1 Direct radiative forcing
2.2 Indirect effect
3. Wildfire burning and haze formation conditions
3.1 Fuel types
3.2 Fire types
3.3 Fire spread
3.4 Weather anomaly
4. Wildfires haze conditions
4.1 Fire emission inventories
4.2 Case study: Peninsular Southeast Asia
4.3 Case study: Maritime continent
4.4 Case study: Australia bushfire
5. Fire prediction model
5.1 Historical and continual monitoring
5.1.1 Fire-risk area mapping
5.1.2 Detection of fire burning
5.2 Forest fire danger rating system
5.2.1 Fire weather rating system
5.2.2 Fire weather stability index
6. Conclusion and way forward
Acknowledgment
References
11 - Environmental experience design research spectrum for energy and human well-being
1. Overview of energy and human health and well-being in economically booming countries
1.1 Energy, housing, and urbanization in Bangladesh
1.2 Regional developments for climate mitigation in China
2. Indoor environmental quality on human well-being and productivity
2.1 IEQ effects on productivity
3. Human psychological responses to built environments
3.1 Environmental experience design research trajectory
4. Conclusions
References
12 - Environmental security in developing countries: a case study of South Asia
1. Highlights
2. Dynamics of environmental security
3. Environmental security and sustainable development
4. Climate change: vulnerable nations
4.1 Shreds of evidence of climate change in South Asia
5. Approach toward the development of case study
5.1 Multi-criteria decision analysis framework
5.1.1 Identification of goals
5.1.2 Selection of criteria
5.1.3 Weight determination and ranking
6. Climate change-anticipated environmental insecurity in South Asia
6.1 Technical aspects
6.2 Economic aspects
6.3 Environmental criteria
6.4 Social criteria
6.5 Political criteria
7. Environmental diplomacy as pursuance to cooperation
7.1 Institutional capacity for environmental diplomacy on climate change
8. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
13 - How Japan's international cooperation contributes to climate change
1. Introduction
2. Mitigation
2.1 Official development aid
2.2 Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries
2.2.1 Background
2.2.2 Japan's REDD+ activities
2.2.3 Challenges regarding REDD+
2.3 Clean development mechanism
2.3.1 Background
2.3.2 Challenges regarding CDM
2.4 Joint crediting mechanism
2.4.1 Background
2.4.2 The JCM system
2.4.3 Challenges regarding JCM
3. Adaptation
3.1 Background
3.2 Official development aid
3.2.1 The project for the seawall construction in Malé Island in the Republic of Maldives
3.2.2 The project for rural water supply in the Republic of the Gambia
4. Conclusion
5. Glossary list
References
14 - Environmental sustainability in Asia: insights from a multidimensional approach
1. Introduction
2. Literature review
2.1 The concept of environmental sustainability
2.2 Constructing a composite index for environmental sustainability
3. Methodologies
4. Empirical results
5. Concluding remarks
Appendix
Acknowledgment
References
15 - Pearls and perils of resources recovery and reuse technologies
1. Introduction
2. The development stages of waste and wastewater management and reuse
3. Waste and wastewater generation across the world
4. Available resources recovery and reuse options
4.1 General description
4.2 Treated wastewater as an economic asset: current status and potential options
4.3 Nutrients from waste: current status and potential options
4.4 Energy from waste: current status and potential options
4.5 Construction materials and protein from waste
5. Poverty alleviation and disease prevention effects of RRR
6. Health and environmental risks related with RRR technologies
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
16 - The macroeconomic impact of climate change
1. Introduction
2. Macroeconomic impact of climate change
2.1 Effects on economic growth
2.2 Impact on labor markets
2.3 Effects on labor productivity
2.4 Sectoral impact
2.4.1 Impact on agriculture and food sectors
2.4.2 Impact on the tourism sector
2.4.3 Impact on the energy sector
3. Evaluation and conclusion
4. Policy recommendations
References
17 - Sustainable development: a case for urban leftover spaces
List of abbreviations
1. Introduction
2. Urban leftover spaces
3. Visual preferences
4. The method
5. The findings
6. Conclusion
References
18 - Evaluating climate change towards sustainable development
1. Introduction
2. Causes of climate change
3. The impact of climate change
4. Understanding climate change in vulnerable nations through four dimensions
4.1 Social
4.1.1 Few cases of the social impact on climate change
4.2 Economic
4.2.1 Economy under pressure, especially for the industrial
4.3 Cultural
4.3.1 Cultural impacts on climate change cases
4.4 Environmental
5. Case of ASEAN countries
6. Relevant policies to mitigate climate change
7. Integration between climate change and sustainable development
7.1 “Sustainomics”—A practical framework for action
8. Summary
References
Further reading
19 - Response to energy and environmental challenges: drivers and barriers
1. Introduction: The main approaches to identification of grand challenges
2. Contemporary energy and environmental challenges and their implications for security
3. Key drivers for resolution of energy and environmental challenges
4. Key barriers for addressing energy and environmental challenges
5. Designing responses to grand challenges
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
20 - Engagement and relational governance
1. Transformation of the set of systems for living
2. The necessity of citizen engagement1
2.1 Insufficiency of engagement—the governance of electricity distribution
2.2 Investment incentives divergent from public interest
2.3 A current example of divergence
3. Sufficiency of engagement—some simple principles
3.1 Overcoming the barrier of complexity
4. Citizen engagement anywhere
4.1 Progress
4.2 Obstacles
5. The power of basic principles
6. How society can invest in its own future?
6.1 Government is our tool to serve the common interest
6.2 Using all the tools of governance to transform all systems
7. Sensible transition through joint envisioning instead of disruptive revolution
7.1 Transitioning from corporate competition to cooperative enterprise
8. Recognizing how primitive our vision has been
8.1 The fundamental nature of relationship
21 - Nationally determined contributions to foster water-energy-food-environmental security through transboundary c ...
1. Introduction
2. Study area
3. Climate change impacts, vulnerability, and adaptations in the Nile Basin
4. Analysis of the NDC–SDG synergies for the Nile Basin riparian countries
5. Analysis of priority climate actions and relevant SDGs
5.1 Climate actions and “affordable and clean energy” (SDG7)
5.2 Climate actions and “clean water and sanitation” (SDG6)
5.3 Climate actions and “zero-hunger” (SDG2)
5.4 Climate actions and improved “life on land” (SDG15)
5.5 Actions to support “partnership for goals” (SDG17)
6. Mobilizing financial resources
7. Key findings and recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
22 - Energy and environment: sustainable development goals and global policy landscape
1. Introduction: the process of shaping energy and environment policy landscape
2. The main international agreements with environmental and energy goals
2.1 Green growth and sustainable development agreements
2.2 Environment and climate agreements
2.3 Energy agreements
3. Harmonizing environmental and energy policies from the security perspective
4. Universalism, regionalism, or nation-state protectionism: what is the future of international relations around energy and e ...
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Further reading
23 - Energy and environment: sustainability and security
1. Introduction to environmental sustainability
2. The linkage between energy and environment
2.1 Environmental issues of fossil fuel
2.2 Environmental issues of renewables
3. Environmental security
4. Complementarities and conflicts issues of energy security and environmental security
5. Selected case studies on energy, environmental sustainability, and security
5.1 Renewable energy–powered desalination plant: Al Khafji in Saudi Arabia and the Chtouka Ait Baha in Morocco
5.2 Hydrogen economy of Iceland
5.3 Three Gorges of China
6. Summary
References
24 - Circular economy—A treasure trove of opportunities for enhancing resource efficiency and reducing greenhouse g ...
1. Introduction
2. “Circular economy” strategies and GHG emission reduction prospects
3. Circular economy prospects in agriculture
4. Circular economy prospects in textile industry
5. Circular economy prospects in manufacturing
6. Circular economy prospects in transport sector
7. Circular economy prospects in the built environment
8. Circular economy prospects in hotel industry
9. Circular economy prospects in MSW management
10. Conclusions
References
25 - Business climate for energy regaining and environmentally sustainable waste-to-resource technologies
1. Introduction
2. Review of business climate evaluation approaches
3. Conceptual-methodological framework
4. A study area
5. Environmental issues in wastewater and waste management sectors
5.1 Sanitation and wastewater management
5.2 Solid waste generation
6. Technology options and current capacities for resources recovery from wastewater and municipal solid waste
6.1 Wastewater treatment and reuses
6.2 Composting
6.3 Biogas
6.4 Waste to energy plants
7. Potential niches for RRR options to enhance food, energy, and water security
7.1 Demand for fertilizer
7.2 Energy demand and water availability
8. Enabling environment for RRR options
8.1 Affordability of technological change and access to credit
8.2 Business opportunities and financing arrangements along the sanitation chain
8.3 Regulation and policies
8.4 Institutions and stakeholders
8.5 Governance quality and business climate
9. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
26 - Climate change and sustainable energy systems
1. Global climate change and its impacts
2. Sustainable energy systems for mitigation of climate change
3. Sustainable energy systems for adaptation to climate change
4. Global and national initiatives
5. Conclusion
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
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