This handbook covers tested and proven DNA forensic testing methodologies, forensic bioinformatics techniques, case studies and current forensic legal framework for investigation of variety of crimes and provides a clinching evidence for speedy justice. DNA testing is widely used for forensic purposes and is changing the paradigm of (crime) investigation. The book contains chapters on usage of ultramodern DNA collection kits, presents era evidence collection and preservation, high-end DNA sample analysis in laboratory, DNA legislation, expert evidences, challenging and successful case studies, data generation and application of AI and IoT techniques for DNA data analysis, DNA databanks and training manpower to facilitate timely reporting to the requesting agencies. This handbook equips and enables police, investigators and crime analysis laboratories with knowhow of high-end tools, procedures and techniques to link or exclude a criminal to a crime. It is expected that this will be used by first responders, police, forensic analysts, judiciaries, evidence handlers and students and scholars of criminology and forensic sciences worldwide. The intention to write this handbook is to make DNA technology and its importance reach every common man and professional for correctly using it as a tool as and when required. This is quite evident that awareness of DNA technology has increased at a reasonable pace. Courts and investigating agencies are convinced and confident with its accuracy, reliability and unmatched peace delivered by various techniques of DNA fingerprinting and DNA profiling.
Author(s): Amit Kumar, G. K. Goswami, Edwin Huffine
Edition: 1
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Commentary: TruePDF
Pages: 190
Tags: Forensic Science; Bioinformatics; Biomedical Engineering And Bioengineering; Computational And Systems Biology; Forensic Medicine; Crime Control And Security
Preface
Contents
Part I Insights and Advancements in DNA Forensics
1 DNA: The Master Molecule
Introduction of DNA
The Master Molecule in Witness Box (with Some Case Studies)
DNA Forensic Investigation
Developing DNA Databases and Revolutionizing the Forensic Investigation
References
2 Attaining State of the Art in DNA Tests
Forensic Bioinformatics
LIMS
RFID
Biometrics
AI and IoT in Forensic Investigations
Technical Challenges to DNA Profiling and Forensic Analysis
Challenging, Degraded and Unusual Samples
Touch DNA/Trace DNA
DNA from Harsh Environmental Samples
Obtaining DNA from Challenging Sources
References
3 Inscription from Author’s Diary
References
4 DNA Sample Collection and Packaging: Chain of Custody
DNA Sample Identification and Its Integrity in Crime Scene
Contamination and Elimination Sample
Sources to Obtain DNA from Crime Scene
Sample Collection for DNA Profiling
Packaging and Storing Biological Evidence
Precautions While Sample Collection and Packaging
Hazards in Biological Evidence Collection
Other Technical Challenges in DNA Forensics
Maintaining the Chain of Custody
Importance of Chain of Custody
Steps in Maintaining the Chain of Custody
Sample Packaging and Coding in Chain of Custody
Dos and Don’ts
Advantages of Maintaining Chain of Custody
References
Part II Extraction and Analysis of DNA Samples in Laboratory
5 DNA Extraction from Biological Samples
Extraction of DNA from Blood Sample
Extraction of DNA from Buccal Cells
DNA Extraction from Hair Follicles
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
6 Post Extraction Processing of DNA for Profiling and Understanding Reports
Amplification of DNA at Specific Selected STR Loci Using PCR
DNA Profiling/Fingerprinting
Report Generation and Its Interpretation, Reporting Standards (ISO 17025 and Others)
Paternity/Maternity Test Report
Combined Paternity Index
DNA Test and Report Generation in Sexual Assault Cases
Reporting Standards (ISO 17025 and Others)
Standardization of Reporting Format
Number of Loci Used in DNA Testing
Extended Marker Test
Siblingship Test
Paternity DNA Test Among Biological Siblings as Alleged Fathers
References
Part III DNA in Courtrooms
7 DNA in Criminal Adjudication
Rape and Murder of Two Adolescent Girls in United Kingdom (1980s): Birth of Forensic DNA
Dr. Merilyn Sheppard Murder Case
DNA Stamping on Deceased Sam’s Exoneration
O. J. Simpson Case
Paul Gray: The First Woman Exoneration by DNA
Identification of the Skeletal Remains of Dr. Josef Mengele
S and Marper Case on Privacy Issues
Identification of Le Grêlé, the Serial Killer in France
Michael Shirley: First DNA Based Exoneration in the United Kingdom
Maryland v. King
Rajiv Gandhi Assassination Case
Priyadarshini Mattoo Murder Case
Tandoor Murder Case
Madhumita Shukla Murder Case
Nithari Mass Killing Case
Sheena Bora Murder Case
Diana Routley Murder Case in Varanasi
Nirbhaya Gang-Rape Case in Delhi
Conclusion
References
8 Legal Contours for DNA Evidence
Introduction
Limitations of Human Testimony: Needs for Scientific Corroboration
Scientific Standards for Forensic Evidence
Consent and the Right Against Self-incrimination
DNA Databank and Privacy
The Doctrine of the Fruit of Poisonous Tree
Chain of Custody of DNA Samples
Legal Regime on Expert Opinion in India Including DNA
Conclusion
9 Forensic DNA in Exonerations
Wrongful Conviction and Miscarriage of Justice
DNA and Innocence Project: US Initiative
The United Nations Response for Wrongful Convictions
Handling Wrongful Conviction in United Kingdom
Projects on Exonerations in Australia and Other Countries
Indian Perspective Exonerations
Nature and Scope of Wrongful Conviction
Approximation of Erroneous Conviction
Domino Effect of Unjust Convictions
Factsheet of DNA Exoneration in the United States
A Foucauldian Perspective on Unfair Conviction
Conclusion
Reference
10 DNA Legislations, Challenges, and Opportunities
Introduction
International Guidelines
Global Laws Related to Admissibility of Evidence
Frye v. United States
Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Helpfulness Test
Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
The A. P. Shah Committee Report
Criminal Law Amendment Act, 2018
Amendment Added Three New Sections in the Indian Penal Code 1860
The Criminal Amendment Act, 2018 Amends Two Sections of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Amendment in Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
The Indian Evidence Act, 1872
DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill—2019
The Process for Collection of DNA Samples
DNA Profile Management
Offences and Penalties
Legal Challenges of Forensic Techniques
In Nandlal Wasudeo Badwaik V. Lata Nandlal Badwaik and Another
Mohd. Amir Kasab Versus State of Maharashtra
Dipanwita Roy Versus Ronobroto Roy
Chaman Lal Versus The State of Himachal Pradesh
Shailendra Rajdev Pasvan Versus The State of Gujarat
Kathi David Raju Versus The State of Andhra Pradesh and Anr.
Priyadarshini Mattoo (Santosh Kumar Singh v. State thr. CBI)
Mukesh and Anr v. State of NCT of Delhi and Others
Ethical Challenges
DNA Data Base and Related Laws of Other Countries
11 DNA-Based Human Identification in Mass-Disaster Cases
Introduction
Importance of Identification
Disadvantages of Visual Method of Identification
Importance of DNA Analysis in DVI
Contribution of DNA to DVI
Airbus A320 Air Crash/Mount Sainte-Odile (France), January 20, 1992
Waco Disaster/Waco (Texas), April 19, 1993
Argentine-Israeli Association Explosion/BuenosAires (Argentina), July 18, 1994
Spitsbergen Civil Aircraft Disaster/Spitsbergen (Norway), August 29, 1996
Taoyuan Airbus Crash Accident/Taoyuan 202 (Taiwan), February 16, 1998
Air Crash Accident/Philippines, February 2, 1998
Swissair Flight 111 Crash/Coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, September 2, 1998
Yugoslavia Conflict/1991–2001
Terrorist Attack on World Trade Center/New York (USA), September 11, 2001
Kaprun Disaster/Kaprun (Austria), November 11, 2000
Yakolev-42 Air Crash Accident/Trabzon (Turkey), May 26, 2003
Madrid Train Attack/Madrid (Spain), March 11, 2004
South East Asian Tsunami Incident, December 26, 2004
Black Saturday Bushfires/Victoria (Australia), February 2009
Typhoon Morakot/Taiwan, 2009
Air India Express Flight 812 Crash, Mangalore (India), May 22, 2010
Trenggalek Shipwreck Case/Trenggalek, (Indonesia), 2011
DANA Air Crash/Iju-Ishaga, Lagos (Nigeria), June 3, 2012
Challenges Faced During DVI
Conclusion
References
12 DNA as Tool for Revealing Truth in Civil as Well as Criminal Cases
Introduction
Various Techniques of DNA Profiling
Importance of DNA Testing in Medical Science
DNA Fingerprinting
Genetic Fingerprints
DNA Parentage Testing
DNA and Criminal Justice Administrations
Conclusion
