Handbook Of Classical Sociological Theory:

Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 The ``Classics´´
1.2 The Problems with ``Classical´´ Theory
1.2.1 What Is ``Classical?´´
1.2.2 What Should We Get from Classical Theory?
1.2.3 Are There Alternatives to How We Currently Do it?
1.3 A Path Forward?
1.4 Organization of the Handbook
1.5 Overarching Concerns
1.6 Central Dynamics
1.7 Spheres of Social Life
1.8 New Social Forms
1.9 Interactions, Symbols, and Psyche
1.10 Identifying Conceptual Threads
1.11 In Closing
References
Part I: Overarching Questions
Chapter 2: The Methods and Surprises of Sociological Theory: Ideas, Postulates, Predictions, Distributions, Unification
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Givens: A Few Building Blocks
2.2.1 Two Theories-Status and Justice
2.2.2 Distribution of the Input in the Status Function and the Justice Evaluation Function
2.3 Ideas, Intuitions, Insights
2.4 Provenance and Properties of Postulates
2.4.1 Provenance of Postulates
2.4.2 Properties of Postulates
2.5 Predictions, and Novel Predictions
2.6 Deriving the Status Distribution and the Justice Evaluation Distribution
2.6.1 Methods for Deriving the Outcome Distributions
2.6.2 The Status Distribution
2.6.3 The Justice Evaluation Distribution
2.7 Theoretical Unification
2.7.1 Little Unification Surprises
2.7.2 New Unified Theory
2.7.3 Deeper Unification to Come
2.8 Concluding Note
Appendix
References
Chapter 3: Modernity as a Classical Problem in Sociological Theory
3.1 Introduction: Modernity and Sociology as Twin Concepts.
3.2 The Ambivalence of Modernity in Classical Theory
3.2.1 The Advent of the ``Social´´: Three Traditions of Inquiry
3.2.1.1 The ``Natural´´ Evolution of Society
3.2.1.2 The Problem of Social Solidarity
3.2.1.3 The Quest for Community
3.2.2 Economy and Society in Modernity
3.2.3 The Rise of Subjectivist Culture
3.2.4 Urbanization and Its Consequences
3.2.5 The Prospects for Individuality in Modernity
3.2.6 Modernity Beyond the Classical Canon
3.3 Modernity as Project: The Rise and Fall of Modernization Theory
3.3.1 From Modernity to Modernization
3.3.2 Modernization and Secularization
3.3.3 Contesting Modernization
3.4 After Modernization: Reworking Modernity
3.4.1 Overcoming Modernity? The Promise and Challenge of Postmodernity
3.4.2 Varieties of ``Modernity´´
3.4.2.1 Global Modernity
3.4.2.2 Late Modernity and Subjectivity
3.4.3 Multiple Modernities
3.5 Conclusion: What Lies Beyond? The Continued Ambivalence of Modernity
References
Chapter 4: ``Evolutionary Theorizing in Sociology´s Formative Period: Implications for Theorizing Today´´
4.1 What Makes a Sociological Analysis Evolutionary?
4.2 Classical Evolutionary Theorizing in Sociology
4.2.1 Comte´s Evolutionary Analysis
4.2.1.1 Spencer´s Evolutionary Analysis
4.2.1.2 Durkheim´s Evolutionary Analysis
4.2.1.3 Marx´s Evolutionary Analysis
4.2.1.4 Weber´s Approach to Evolutionary Theorizing
4.3 The Dramatic Decline of Evolutionary Analyses in Sociology
4.4 The Renaissance of Biological and Evolutionary Analysis in the Social Sciences
4.4.1 The Revival of Cultural Evolutionary Models
4.4.1.1 Can Evolutionary Theory and Sociology be Reunited?
4.4.2 The Rise of Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology
4.4.3 Sociologists´ Reaction to Incursion from Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology
4.5 Conclusion
4.5.1 Reconceptualizing the Units of Selection and Types of Natural Selection
References
Chapter 5: Selfing: Integrating Pragmatism and Phenomenology to Develop a Multiprocessing Theory of the Self
5.1 Introduction
5.2 James
5.2.1 Nature of the Self
5.2.2 Experiences and their Perceptions
5.2.3 Self as Process of Experiencing over Time
5.3 Dewey
5.3.1 Nature of the Self
5.3.2 Experiences and their Perceptions
5.3.3 The Self as Experiences over Time
5.4 Mead
5.4.1 Nature of the Self
5.4.2 Self as Unfolding Experiences
5.5 Phenomenologists
5.6 Husserl
5.6.1 Experience and its Perceptions
5.6.2 The Management of Experience over Time
5.6.3 The Nature of the Self
5.7 Merleau-Ponty
5.7.1 Experience and its Perceptions
5.7.2 The Nature of the Self
5.8 Schutz
5.8.1 Nature of the Self
5.8.2 Experience and its Perceptions
5.8.3 Managing Experiences over Time
5.9 Selfing: The Self as Process
5.9.1 How Attention and Perception Emerge
5.9.2 Interpersonal Attention and Perception
5.9.3 The Interpenetration of Actor and Environment
5.10 Eddies of Effort and Emminding
5.11 Managing Lines of Information
5.11.1 Emotional Information
5.11.2 Somatic Information
5.11.3 Temporal Information
5.11.4 Nondeclarative and Declarative Cognitive Processing
5.12 Contextualizing
5.13 The Emminding Awareness of the Self Skims the Surface
5.14 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Racism, Colonialism, and Modernity: The Sociology of W.E.B. Du Bois
6.1 The Construction of Jim Crow Sociology
6.1.1 Exclusion of Critical Perspectives from Establishment Sociology
6.1.2 Institutionalizing the Dogma
6.2 The View from the Periphery
6.2.1 The Du Boisian Perspective: Insurgent Pioneering Sociology
6.2.2 Du Boisian Sociological Theory
6.2.3 Racial and Colonial Capitalism
6.2.4 Subjectivity and Agency
6.2.5 Emancipatory Sociology
6.3 The Du Boisian Legacy at Historically Black Colleges and Universities
6.4 Incomparable Scholarship from the Periphery
6.5 Conclusions
References
Part II: Central Dynamics
Chapter 7: Does Differentiation Matter to Sociology?
7.1 Differentiation in the Classical Era
7.1.1 A Master Process?
7.1.1.1 Society as a Supraorganism
7.1.1.2 Taking Stock of Structural Differentiation
7.1.2 The Roots of Social Stratification
7.1.2.1 Social Differentiation´s Long Shadow
7.1.2.2 Taking Stock
7.1.3 Symbolic Differentiation
7.1.4 A Typology of Differentiation
7.2 A General Theory of Differentiation
7.2.1 The Basic Feedback Loop
7.2.2 Symbolic Differentiation
7.2.2.1 The Differentiation of Culture
7.2.2.2 Affective and Cognitive Capacity
7.2.2.3 Cultural Abstraction
7.2.3 Structural Differentiation
7.2.3.1 Driving Forces
7.2.3.2 Institutional Differentiation and Selection
7.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Power, Regulation, and Social Order in the Intersection of Political and Social Theory
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Political Theory as Moral Theory: The Ancients
8.3 Power as Influence: From Early Modernity to Contemporary Political Science
8.4 The Rise of Modern Social Science: From Political Economy to the Three Basic Social Sciences
8.5 Positive Power in Marx, Parsons, Foucault, and Mann
8.6 The Usual Suspects in Current Social Theory: Habermas, Giddens, and Bourdieu on Power and Social Structures
8.7 Two Examples of Substantive Study of Power and Regulation in the Intersection of Political and Social Theory: The Notions ...
8.7.1 Democratic Articulation of Power/Hegemony: Laclau and Mouffe
8.7.2 The Notion of Governance as Both an Analytical as Well as Normative Concept of Power
8.8 Conclusion: The Need for Cooperation of Social and Political Theories
References
Chapter 9: Hermeneutics and Performance in Social Theories of Power
9.1 Power in Social Theory
9.2 The Instrumental Approach to Power
9.3 Marxism Meets Culture
9.4 The Bourdieusian Reinvention of the Cultural Marxist Tradition
9.5 Steven Lukes´ Three-Dimensional View of Power
9.6 The Dissenting Hermeneutic Tradition: Authority, Solidarity, Understanding
9.7 Enter the Performative: Judith Butler, Hannah Arendt, and Power´s Performative Dimension
9.8 Judith Butler
9.9 Hannah Arendt
9.10 Theorizing the Performative Dimension
References
Chapter 10: From Simmel to Relational Sociology
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Simmel´s Sociology
10.2.1 Simmel on Form
10.2.2 Simmel on Content
10.3 From Simmel´s Formal Sociology to Social Network Analysis
10.3.1 Social Circles and Their Intersections
10.3.2 Group Size: Dyads and Triads
10.3.3 Formal Sociology of Abstract Structures
10.4 From Simmel to Cultural Analysis to Relational Sociology
10.4.1 With Simmel from Micro/Macro to Meso
10.4.2 With Simmel from Substantialism to Processual Relationalism
10.5 With Simmel´s Formal Sociology Towards a Relational Sociology
10.6 Simmelian Ideas in Current Relational Sociology
10.6.1 Formally Measuring Meaning
10.6.2 Interpreting Meaning
10.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Reflections on Class and Social Inequality: Sociology and Intersectionality in Dialogue
11.1 Class Analysis in American Sociology
11.1.1 Class and Stratification Studies in American Sociology
11.1.2 Class Analysis in the Context of Classical Sociological Theory
11.1.2.1 Class Analysis in the Marxist Tradition
11.1.2.2 Class Analysis in the Weberian Tradition
11.2 Intersectionality, Power Relations, and Class
11.2.1 From Race/Class/Gender Studies to Intersectionality
11.2.2 Intersectionality´s Guiding Principles and Core Concepts
11.2.3 Social Class within Intersectionality: An Analytical Category Under Construction
11.3 Social Class and Intersectionality in Dialogue
References
Part III: Spheres of Social Life
Chapter 12: The Sociology of Kinship: A Case for Looking Back to the Future
12.1 Introduction: Why Write a Chapter on Kinship?
12.2 Kinship as an Institution
12.2.1 The Mechanics of Kinship
12.2.2 European/American Kinship
12.2.3 Aboriginal Kinship Systems
12.3 The Pioneers of Kinship
12.3.1 Louis Henry Morgan (1818-1881)
12.3.2 Johan Jacob Bachofen (1815-1887)
12.3.3 John Ferguson McLennan (1827-1881)
12.3.4 Sir Henry Maine (1822-1888)
12.3.5 Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges (1830-1889)
12.3.6 Edward Tylor (1832-1917)
12.4 Early Sociology Kinship Theorists
12.4.1 Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
12.4.1.1 Promiscuity and Maternal Kinship
12.4.1.2 Polyandry (One Female, Multiple Males)
12.4.1.3 Polygyny (One Male, Multiple Females)
12.4.1.4 Monogamy (One Male and One Female)
12.4.1.5 The Future of Domestic Relations
12.4.2 Edward Westermarck (1862-1939)
12.4.2.1 Westermarck on Kinship and Marriage
12.4.2.2 The Origin of Exogamy and the Incest Taboo
12.4.3 Émile Durkheim (1858-1917)
12.4.3.1 Durkheim on Marriage and the Family
12.4.3.2 Durkheim´s Kinship Theory
12.4.4 W.H.R. Rivers (1864-1922)
12.5 The Demise of Evolutionary Theory and a Shift in Prisms: The Kroeber-Rivers Controversy
12.6 Structural/Functional Kinship Theory
12.6.1 A. R. Radcliffe-Brown (1881-1955)
12.6.2 Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942)
12.6.3 Kingsley Davis (1908-1997) and Lloyd Warner (1898-1970)
12.6.4 Talcott Parsons (1902-1979)
12.7 George Peter Murdock (1897-1985) and the End of the Axial Age of Kinship
12.8 Epilogue
12.8.1 Kinship Theory and Anthropology
12.8.2 Kinship Theory and Sociology
12.9 Assessment of Classic Kinship Theory
References
Chapter 13: Mediating the Sacred: Thinking Through Religious Experience in the Classics and Beyond
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Place of Religious Experience in the Classics
13.2.1 Durkheim
13.2.2 Marx
13.2.3 Weber
13.3 Mediating the Classics: A Bergerian Interlude
13.4 Minding the Gap Between Subjectivity and Symbol: Mediators of the Sacred
13.4.1 Discursive Forms
13.4.2 Bodies, Embodied Practices, and Emotions
13.4.3 Material Objects and Environments
13.5 Into the Middle of Things: Toward a Renewed Sociology of Religious Experience
References
Chapter 14: Polity
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Why Polity?
14.3 The Implicit Sociology of Early Modern Political Theory
14.4 Political Economy and the Division of Labor
14.5 From the Philosophy of the State to Political Sociology: Hegel and Marx
14.6 The Relation of Society and Economy to the State in Classical Sociological Theory
14.7 The Question of Democracy
14.8 Classical Theory for the Politics of Our Times
References
Chapter 15: Theoretical Lineages and Contemporary Concerns in the Sociology of Economic Life
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Between Marx and the Economists: The Antinomy of Economic Sociology
15.3 1840s-1880s: Marx and the Birth of ``Economic Sociology´´
15.3.1 Marx´s Political Economy
15.3.2 The Birth of ``Economic Sociology´´
15.4 1890s-1920s: Foundations and Opportunities Missed
15.4.1 Foundations
15.4.2 Opportunities Missed
15.5 1930s-1940s: Economic Sociology in the Shadow of Parsons
15.5.1 The Parsonsian Eclipse
15.5.2 Schumpeter and Polanyi
15.5.3 Possibilities for a Decolonial/Deracialized Economic Sociology
15.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 16: Law in Classical Sociological Theory: Coercion, Ideology, and Change
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Émile Durkheim
16.2.1 Ideology
16.2.2 Change
16.2.3 Coercion
16.3 Max Weber
16.3.1 Coercion
16.3.2 Change
16.3.3 Ideology
16.4 Karl Marx
16.4.1 Change
16.4.2 Ideology
16.4.3 Coercion
16.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Why Study Schools?
17.1 Introduction
17.2 The Sociology of Education and Its Problems
17.3 What Might Have Been: The Three D´s on Education
17.4 The Moral and Political Spaces of Schools
17.5 Against the Veneer of Meritocracy and Toward Internal Goods
References
Chapter 18: Art or the Aesthetic? The Relevance of the Classical Sociology of Art for the Current Sociology of Culture
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Classical Social Theory: The Modernity and Specificity of Art
18.2.1 Durkheim: Art as Incarnation of Social Order
18.2.2 Weber: Rationalization and the Emergence of the Esthetic Sphere
18.2.3 Simmel: Form and the Temporality of Cultural Change
18.2.4 Marx and Critical Theory: Art, the Epitome of Production
18.3 Recent Responses: More Art, More Worlds
18.3.1 The Widened Scope of ``Art´´
18.3.2 An Altered View of Art and Power
18.3.3 Studying the Local Circumstances of Art
18.4 Art or the Esthetic? Suggestions for Two Theoretical Agendas
18.4.1 An Agenda for Art: Study What ´s New
18.4.1.1 Art and the University
18.4.1.2 Technological Change and New Models of Production and Distribution
18.4.1.3 Revisiting the Genesis of Artistic Fields
18.4.2 An Agenda for the Esthetic: Read What Is Old
18.5 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Theorizing New Social Forms
Chapter 19: Urbanization Theorizing
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Theorizing Urbanization: Overview
19.2.1 Human Ecological Approach
19.2.2 Neo-Marxists Political Economy
19.2.3 World-System and Global City Theory
19.2.4 Urban Cultural Analysis
19.3 Reconceptualizing Global Urban Process
19.4 Introducing a Scenic Approach
19.4.1 Cities as Scenes
19.4.2 Scenic Urbanization
19.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: Crowd and Collective Behavior
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Crowds Everywhere
20.2.1 The Pro-social Aspects of Crowds
20.3 Durkheim as a Classical Crowd Theorist
20.3.1 The Crowd in Rules
20.3.2 The Crowd in Elementary Forms
20.4 Synthesizing Classical Crowd Sociology: The Role of the Leader
20.5 Bringing Classical Sociology of Crowd and Collective Behavior to the Present
20.5.1 Neo-Durkheimian Theory and Mediated Crowds
20.5.2 Digital Crowds
20.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Strands of Classical Theory in the Study of Social Movements
21.1 The Durkheimian Tradition
21.1.1 Mass Society Theory
21.1.2 Collective Behavior
21.1.3 Whither Durkheim?
21.2 Marx and Post-Marxism
21.2.1 Marx and Class Conflict
21.2.2 Leadership, Organization, and the Political Process
21.2.3 Post-Marxism
21.2.4 World Systems Theory
21.3 The Weberian Tradition
21.3.1 The Evolution of Social Movements
21.3.2 The Rationalization of Contention
21.4 Comparative-Historical Approaches
21.4.1 Social History After Marx
21.4.2 Comparative Historical Sociology
21.4.3 The Comparative Persuasion
21.5 Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter 22: Organizations: Theoretical Debates and the Scope of Organizational Theory
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Questions that Dominate the Field
22.3 Three Strands of Organizational Theory
22.4 The Convergence Around Rational Adaptation
22.5 Reactions to Rational Adaptation
22.6 Economic Theories and Mechanisms
22.7 Sociological Theories of Organization
22.8 The Problem of Incompatible Theories
22.9 Subsequent Theoretical Developments
22.10 The Future of Organizational Theory
References
Chapter 23: The Road to a Sociological Theory of Civil Society
23.1 Conceptually Freeing Society from the State
23.2 Voluntary Associations as Civil Society
23.3 Thematic Elements of Civil Society in American and European Sociology
23.4 The Contemporary Turn to Civil Society: A Third Sector
23.5 From the Societal Community to the CST
23.6 Open Questions and Some Further Development
References
Chapter 24: The Other as Real, Imagined, and Political
24.1 Introduction
24.2 The Stranger
24.3 Internalizing the Other/The Self as Other
24.4 The Me and the I
24.5 Double Consciousness
24.6 Conclusion
References
Part V: Interactions, Symbols, and Psyche
Chapter 25: Empathy, Intersubjectivity, and the Self
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Empathy in Classical Sociology
25.2.1 From Sympathy to Empathy: Charles Cooley´s Theory
25.3 Cooley´s Sociology of Empathy
25.3.1 Imaginative Empathy
25.3.2 Interactional Empathy
25.3.3 Purposive Empathy
25.4 Post-classical Developments
25.4.1 Chicago Sociology After Mead
25.5 Contemporary Sociological Perspectives on Empathy
25.5.1 New Developments Across Disciplines
25.6 Conclusion
References
Archival Collections
Other References
Chapter 26: Symbol Systems and Social Structures
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Symbol Systems
26.3 Social Structures
26.4 Symbol Systems and Social Structures: Classical Sociological Foundations
26.5 Symbol Systems and Social Structures: The Legacy of Classical Sociological Foundations in Contemporary Scholarship
26.5.1 Field Theory
26.5.2 Neo-Institutionalism
26.5.3 Culture and Cognition
26.6 The Current Status of Symbol Systems and Social Structures
References
Chapter 27: Consciousness and Unconsciousness
27.1 By Way of Introduction
27.2 Unconscious Tapping of Unconsciousness in Sociology
27.3 A History of Explicit Theorizations of Unconsciousness
27.3.1 Freud´s Account of the Unconscious Mind
27.3.2 The Collective Unconscious of Carl Jung
27.3.3 Relational Unconsciousness in Frommian Critical Theory
27.3.4 The Structured Subject of Lacanian Unconsciousness
27.3.5 Frantz Fanon and the Colonial Unconscious
27.4 Applying Unconsciousness to Sociological Concerns
27.4.1 Race, Gender, and Class
27.4.2 Contemporary Politics
27.4.3 Crime and Violence
27.5 Conclusion
References
Part VI: Identifying Conceptual Threads
Chapter 28: The Cognitive-Historical Origins of Conceptual Ambiguity in Social Theory
28.1 Introduction
28.1.1 Outline of the Argument
28.2 The Two Notions of Structure
28.2.1 The Organicist Conceptualization
28.2.1.1 The Organism (Conceptual) Metaphor
28.2.1.2 From Organisms to Networks
28.2.1.3 Elements of the Organicist Analogy
28.2.2 The Semiotic Conceptualization
28.2.3 Putting Organicism and Semiotics Together: Structure as a Complex Category
28.3 Origins of the Complex Category of Structure: A Usage-Based Analysis
28.3.1 The Roots of Ambiguity in Theoretical Concepts
28.3.2 Organization of Meaning in a Schematic Network
28.3.3 Dynamic Meaning Elaboration and Extension Processes
28.3.3.1 Downward Growth Via Elaboration
28.3.3.2 Horizontal Growth Via Categorization
28.3.4 The Organism Metaphor Revisited
28.3.4.1 The Organism Metaphor in Functionalism
28.3.4.2 Organisms Versus Systems
28.3.4.3 Moving up the Level of Systemic Abstraction
28.3.5 The Semiotic Metaphor Revisited
28.3.5.1 The Emergence of the Notion of ``Linguistic Structure´´
28.3.5.2 On the Incoherence of a Meta-Structuralism
28.3.5.3 Explaining the Straightforward Cognitive History of Semiotic Structuralism
28.4 Conclusion
28.4.1 Summary of the Argument
28.4.2 Implications of the Argument
References
Chapter 29: Morality and Sociological Theory
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Defining Morality
29.3 Morality in the Classics: A Whirlwind Tour
29.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 30: Cognition, Practice, and Learning in the Discourse of the Human Sciences
30.1 Introduction
30.2 A Genealogy of Pure Cognition
30.2.1 Kant´s Rupture, or Discovering the Island
30.2.2 Islanders: Parsons, Husserl, Schutz, Levi-Strauss
30.2.2.1 The Cultural Appropriation
30.2.2.2 The Phenomenological Appropriation
30.2.2.3 The Structuralist Appropriation
30.3 Psychology Versus Logic in Classical Theory
30.3.1 Weber, The Protestant Ethic and Habitus
30.3.2 Durkheim, the Tacit Dimension and the Source of Categories
30.3.3 Marx and The Practical Question
30.4 Varieties of Empirical Cognition
30.4.1 Practical Cognition
30.4.2 Social Differentiation and Cognitive Differentiation
30.4.3 On the Social Possibility of Autonomous Symbols
30.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 31: On the Other Side of Interests: The Rise of Values and Their Transformation into Disinterest
31.1 Introduction
31.2 The Rise of Values
31.2.1 The Is and the Ought
31.2.2 Lotze and Values
31.2.3 The Revaluation of Values
31.2.4 Values and the Human Sciences
31.3 The Introduction of Values to the United States
31.3.1 The First Generation
31.3.2 Values and Disinterest
31.3.3 The Parsons Project
31.3.4 Stratification and Abstraction
31.3.5 Professions and Modernization
31.3.6 Disinterested Doctors
31.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 32: The Cognitive Dimension
32.1 The Standard Social Science Account of Mind
32.2 Comte and Spencer: Physiological Phrenology and the Evolved Mind
32.3 Spencer´s Psychology
32.4 Neo-Kantianism: An Excursion
32.5 Evolutionary Psychology in the Classics
32.6 The Return of the Repressed
References