Handbook of Child Maltreatment

Introduction from the First Edition
References
Introduction
Reference
Contents
About the Editors
Associate Editors
Editorial Assistant
Part I: Child Maltreatment: What Is It?
Chapter 1: Trends in Child Abuse Reporting
Introduction
Referrals to CPS and CPS Responses: Evidence from NCANDS
Incidence of Maltreatment and CPS Investigation Rates: Evidence from NIS
Nonreporting by Mandated Reporters
Current Trends in Reporting
Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Recent Research on Child Neglect
The Historical ``Neglect of Neglect´´ and Recent Advances
Definitions of Child Neglect
Conceptual Considerations
The Heterogeneity and Dimensions of Neglect
Measurement and Assessment
Incidence and Prevalence of Child Neglect
The Etiology of Neglect
Societal/Community Context
Family Context
Parent Factors
Child Factors
Summary of Etiology
Consequences of Child Neglect
Cognitive
Mental Health
Physical Health
Biological
Prevention and Intervention Regarding Neglect
Societal/System Level Prevention
Family-Focused Prevention
Summary and Conclusion
Key Points Related to Recent Research on Child Neglect
References
Chapter 3: Current Issues in Physical Abuse
Introduction
Definitions
History
Epidemiology
Administrative Data
Other Samples
Fatal Abuse
Impact and Costs
Diagnosis
Skin Lesions
Fractures
Head Trauma
Other Injuries
Fatality
Screening in Health Care Settings
Bias in Diagnosis
Preventing Physical Abuse
Parent Education
Improving Professional Practice
Multidisciplinary Teams
Economic Support
Summary and Future Research
References
Chapter 4: Psychological Maltreatment: A Threat to Children Not to Be Ignored
The State of Knowledge for Psychological Maltreatment
Nature, Definition and Forms of Psychological Maltreatment
Psychological Maltreatment Risk Factors
Prevalence
Harm and Potential for Harm
Psychological Treatment Interventions
Child Psychological Maltreatment Summit
Historical Context, Purpose and Priorities
Summit Structure and Processes
Summit Recommendations and Related Progress Toward Advances
Common Vision
Recommended Actions
Priorities for Advances and Suggested Paths Toward Achievement
Definition, Standards and Laws
Norms, Indicators and Measures of Adversity, Safety and Well-Being
Education and Training
School Community Policy
Discrimination, Bias and Prejudice
Child Participation and Agency
Concluding Comments
Child Psychological Summit Priorities for Major Intervention Themes
Children´s Voices and Cross-Cutting Issues
Definitions, Laws and Standards
Healthy Child Development
Social Norms
Public Health Approach
Interventions (Risk, Occurrence and Harm)
Education, Training and Learning
References
Chapter 5: Child Sexual Abuse: Progress Report on Current State of the Art and the Challenges for the Future
Appendix
References
Chapter 6: Child Trafficking and Exploitation
Introduction
Definitions and Prevalence
Dynamics of Trafficking/Exploitation
Risk Factors
Health Impact
Physical Health
Mental Health
Clinical Presentation
Screening and Universal Education and Resources
The Trauma-Informed Approach to Patient Interaction
Box 6.1 Critical child rights in the healthcare setting
Box 6.2 Components of a Comprehensive Examination and Diagnostic Evaluation of Trafficked and At-Risk Patients (Greenbaum and ...
Referrals and Reports
Documentation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Fatal Child Abuse
Background and History
Epidemiology of Fatal Child Maltreatment
Child Death Evaluation
Ideal Process for Child Death Investigation
Child Fatality Review Teams
Causes of Fatal Child Abuse Deaths
Abusive Head Trauma
Fatal Munchausen´s Syndrome by Proxy
Suffocation vs SIDS
Fatal Poisoning
Fatal Neglect
Prevention
References
Chapter 8: Dealing with Child Maltreatment Through Child Participation
Introduction
Child Maltreatment
Children´s Rights
Children´s Participation
Participation as a Right
The Importance of Participation
Participation in Cases of Risk
Challenge in Children Participation
Child Participation to Enhance Dealing with Child Maltreatment
Prevention: Individual Cases and the Phenomenon at Large
Identification: Defining and Identifying child Maltreatment
Protection and Care Procedures: Participation in Decision- and Policy-Making
Treatment: Involvement in Treatment and Shaping Services
Empowerment: Children as Individuals and as a Group
Summary
References
Part II: Child Maltreatment: What Are the Risks, Causes, and Consequences?
Chapter 9: Neurobiological Consequences of Neglect and Abuse
Neurobiological Consequences of Neglect and Abuse
Characterizing Maltreatment
HPA Axis and Biological Regulation
Amygdala, Emotion Processing, and Anxiety
Hippocampus, Learning, and Memory
Prefrontal Cortex, Executive Functions, and ADHD
Corpus Callosum, White Matter Tracts, and Cortical Differentiation
Effects of Maltreatment on Broader Neural Networks
Neurobiological Plasticity and Interventions
Diurnal Cortisol Regulation
EEG and ERP
Functional and Structural Brain Imaging
Addressing Methodological Challenges in Future Research
Summary
References
Chapter 10: The Causes and Consequences of Racial Disproportionality and Disparities
Introduction
Defining and Identifying Disproportionality and Disparities
Disproportionality
Disparity
Early Understandings of Racial Disproportionality and Disparities
External Factors: The Role of Racism in Creating Risk for Maltreatment
Historical Overview of Racism Against Black Families
Racism and Poverty
Racism, Health, and Stress
Racism and Geographic Contexts
Internal Factors: Racism and Racial Bias in Child Welfare Systems
Institutional Racism and the Child Welfare System
Racial Bias in Child Welfare Decision-Making
The Consequences of Racial Disproportionality and Disparities
Individual Consequences of Racial Disparities
Intersectionality and the Life Course Perspective
Black Children in Foster Care Placement
Community Consequences of Racial Disparities
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Poverty and Child Maltreatment
Introduction
Poverty
Defining and Measuring Child Maltreatment
A Brief History of Child Maltreatment and Poverty
National and State Level Longitudinal Studies of Poverty and Maltreatment
Poverty and Child Maltreatment: Frameworks, Theories and Findings
Neighborhoods, Poverty and Child Maltreatment
Poverty, Race and CPS
Maltreatment, Poverty and Immigrants
Macro Level Effects
Child Welfare Services and Poverty
Child Welfare Policy and Poverty
Summary
References
Chapter 12: Substance Use and Child Maltreatment: Providing a Framework for Understanding the Relationship Using Current Evide...
Introduction
Availability of Alcohol and Drugs
Availability of Alcohol
Ecological Studies
Multilevel Studies
Availability of Illicit Drugs
Drug-Specific Risk for Child Harm and Contexts
Alcohol Use and Contexts
Marijuana-Specific Risks
Opioids
Stimulants
Sedative-Hypnotics
Polysubstance Use
Implications for Practice, Policy, and Research
Conclusions
References
Chapter 13: Social Networks and Child Maltreatment
What Are Social Networks? Why Are They Important?
What Is social support? When Does it Contribute to Preventing Child Maltreatment?
Distinguishing Informal from Formal Social Networks
The Potential Value, and Risks, of Online Social Networks
Concluding Comments
References
Chapter 14: Rural and Urban Child Maltreatment Considerations in the United States
Introduction
Child Maltreatment Rates in Urban versus Rural Areas
Community Characteristics Related to Maltreatment in Urban Areas
Structural Characteristics
Neighborhood Social Processes
Redlining
Unique Aspects of Rural Areas That May Affect Relations Between Neighborhood Characteristics and Maltreatment
Challenges in Researching Rural Child Maltreatment
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Child Maltreatment and Disabilities: Increased Risk?
Introduction
Background
Conceptual Models
Stress
Poverty
Discipline and Corporal Punishment
Epidemiology
National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System
NCCAN 1993 Report
Nebraska Studies
2008 National Survey of Children´s Exposure to Violence
The Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS-4) Report to Congress
Texas Population-Based Birth Defect Study
Policy and Research Issues
References
Chapter 16: Addressing Intimate Partner Violence and Child Maltreatment: Challenges and Opportunities
Childhood Exposure to IPV
Health Consequences for Victims of Family Violence
Sensitive Development Periods and Periods of Unique Vulnerability to IPV
Co-occurrence of IPV and Child Maltreatment
Barriers to Help Seeking
Post Separation Abuse
Risk Factors for Family Violence
Historical and Structural Contexts of Family Violence and Family Separation
Prevalence Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups
Cultural Considerations
Intergenerational Transmission
Empirical Evidence of IGT
ACE Study
Limitations of Existing Research
Policy Implications
References
Chapter 17: Revisiting a Multidimensional Model of Intergenerational Transmission of Child Maltreatment
A Multidimensional View of Continuity
A Multidimensional View of Child Maltreatment
A Multidimensional View of IGTM Phenomenology
Homotypic and Heterotypic IGTM
Undifferentiated IGTM
A Multidimensional View of IGTM Etiology
Subtype-Specific IGTM Mechanisms
Subtype-General IGTM Mechanisms
Future Directions and Recommendations
References
Chapter 18: Longterm Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment
Introduction
Cascade of Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment
Cognitive and Academic Performance Outcomes
Social and Behavioral Consequences
Mental Health Outcomes
Intergenerational Transmission of Abuse and Neglect
Medical and Physical Health Consequences
Resilience and Protective Factors
Importance of Contextual Factors
Challenges and Controversies
What are the GAPS?
Conclusions
References
Chapter 19: Silenced No More! It´s Time We Talk About Abuse and Neglect: It´s the Way to EndCAN
A Field Built from Love
It Is Possible
References
Disruption Paper Citations
Child Maltreatment: What Can and Should We Do About It?
Chapter 20: Sustaining Progress in Preventing Child Maltreatment: A Transformative Challenge
Introduction
Key Accomplishments
Early Childhood Still Matters
Investing in Evidence-Based Programs
Understanding Program Replication and Expansion
Building Integrated Systems of Care
The COVID Challenge and Opportunity
Build a Universal Foundation
Foster Child Protection and Prevention Partnerships
Shift Emphasis from Strategies to Policies
Prevention Strategies for the Twenty-First Century
Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: The Alberta Family Wellness Initiative: Catalyzing Positive Change Based on Brain Story Understanding and Document...
Introduction
The Alberta Family Wellness Initiative (AFWI): A Brief Overview
The Brain Story and the AFWI Theory of Change
Box 21.1 The Brain Story (Harvard, 2014)
Two Examples of Innovative AFWI Projects
The Brain Story Certification Course: Scaling Access to the Standard of Knowledge
The Resilience Scale Metaphor Project: Applying the Brain Story in Practice
The Difference the Brain Story Can Make: Contributing to the Evidence Base
A Solid Foundation
Alberta Family Wellness Initiative Developmental Evaluation 2019-2020
Evaluation Methods
Changes as a Result of AFWI´s Work and the Brain Story Knowledge
Individual Changes
Organizational Changes
Systems Change
Box 21.2 System Leadership Example: Alberta Children´s Services (Tilghman et al., 2020)
Collaboration Outside Alberta
Box 21.3 Blackpool Better Start: The Universal Relevance of the Brain Story (Tilghman et al., 2020)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 22: Core Components of Public Health Approaches to Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect
Introduction
History of Child Protection
Failures and Challenges of Child Protection Systems
Core Components of Public Health Approaches
Prevention and Early Intervention Using the Public Health Model
Six Components of a Public Health Approach to Child Maltreatment Prevention
Component 1: What to Focus On
Component 2: Who to Intervene With
Component 3: When to Intervene
Component 4: What Works: Efficacious, Evidence-based Approaches
Component 5: Where to Base the Delivery of Supports and Interventions
Component 6: What Brings About Change at Scale
The Reform Roadmap: How Do We Get There?
Conclusion
References
Chapter 23: Community-Level Prevention of Child Maltreatment
Theoretical Foundation
Community-Level Programs to Prevent Child Maltreatment
Examples of Community-Level Programs
Defining a Community-Level Approach
Challenge: Building Relationships with Communities
Challenge: Working with Culturally Diverse Communities
Challenge: Barriers
Challenge: Sustainability
Conclusion and Recommendations
Contextual Note
References
Chapter 24: Strong Communities for Children: A Community-Wide Approach to Prevention of Child Maltreatment
The Advisory Board´s Recommendations
Response to the Advisory Board´s Recommendations
Strong Communities for Children
The Logic Model
Strategies for Engagement
Results
Strong Communities in Israel
Conclusions
References
Chapter 25: Trauma-Informed Care for Maltreated Children: Evidence-Based Treatments from a Developmental Perspective
Trauma-Informed Care
Cultural and Racial Equity
Interventions
Interventions for Infants and Young Children
Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP)
Guiding Principles
Goals of Treatment
Strategies for Achieving Goals/Procedures
Trauma-Specific Adaptations
Adjustments to Improve Cultural and Racial Equity
Incredible Years (IY)
Guiding Principles
Goals of Treatment
Strategies for Achieving Goals/Procedures
Trauma-Specific Adjustments
Adjustments to Improve Cultural and Racial Equity
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)
Guiding Principles
Goals of Treatment
Strategies for Achieving Goals/Procedures
Trauma-Specific Adjustments
Adjustments to Improve Cultural and Racial Equity
The Triple P-Positive Parenting Program (Triple-P)
Guiding Principles
Goals of Treatment
Strategies for Achieving Goals/Procedures
Trauma-Specific Adjustments
Adjustments to Improve Cultural and Racial Equity
Brief Interventions for Infants and Young Children
Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC)
Guiding Principles
Goals of Treatment
Strategies for Achieving Goals/Procedures
Trauma-Specific Adjustments
Adjustments to Improve Cultural and Racial Equity
Parent-Child Care (PC-CARE)
Guiding Principles
Goals of Treatment
Strategies for Achieving Goals/Procedures
Trauma-Specific Adjustments
Adjustment to Improve Cultural and Racial Equity
Promoting First Relationships (PFR)
Guiding Principles
Goals of Treatment
Strategies for Achieving Goals/Procedures
Trauma-Specific Adjustments
Adjustments to Improve Cultural and Racial Equity
Interventions for Middle Childhood
Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT)
Guiding Principles
Goals of Treatment
Strategies for Achieving Goals/Procedures
Trauma-Specific Adjustments
Adjustments to Improve Racial and Cultural Equity
Alternatives for Families: A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (AF-CBT)
Guiding Principles
Goals of Treatment
Strategies for Achieving Goals/Procedures
Trauma-Specific Adjustments
Adjustments to Improve Racial and Cultural Equity
Child and Family Traumatic Stress Intervention
Guiding Principles
Goals for Treatment
Strategies to Achieve Goals/Procedures
Trauma-Specific Adjustments
Adjustments to Improve Racial and Cultural Equity
Interventions for Adolescents
Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Adolescents (DBT-A)
Guiding Principles
Goals of Treatment
Strategies for Achieving Goals/Procedures
Trauma-Specific Adjustments
Adjustments to Improve Racial and Cultural Equity
Multisystemic Therapy for Child Abuse and Neglect (MST-CAN)
Guiding Principles
Goals of Treatment
Strategies for Achieving Goals/Procedures
Trauma-Specific Adjustments
Adjustments to Improve Racial and Cultural Equity
Policy Considerations
Conclusions
References
Chapter 26: Foster Care and Child Well-Being
Foster Care and Child Well-Being
Foster Care and Child Welfare Legislation in the United States: A Brief History
Who Are the Children in Foster Care?
A Trauma-Informed Framework for Child and Youth Well-Being
Well-Being Outcomes, Service Utilization, and Associated Costs for Youth in Foster Care
Evidence-Based Interventions Designed Specifically for Youth in Foster Care
Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Interventions for Youth in Foster Care
Educational Interventions
Independent Living Programs
Summary of Interventions for Foster Youth
Challenges to Adapting Existing Evidence-Based Programs for Youth in Foster Care
Adaptations of Evidence-Based Programs for use with Children in Foster Care
Conclusion
References
Chapter 27: Siblings in the Context of Child Abuse: Where Should We Go from Here?
Why Siblings?
Siblings and Individual Development
The Effects of Child Abuse on the Sibling Subsystem
Future Research Directions
Policies and Interventions
Policies
Therapeutic Interventions
After-Placement Interventions
Sibling Subsystem Interventions following Parental Abuse
Interventions Targeting Sexual, Physical, and Emotional Abuse within the Subsystem
Conclusions and Implications for Research and Policy
References
Chapter 28: Engaging Nonoffending Mothers of Sexually Abused Children
Caregiver Response to Abuse Disclosure
Mothers´ Culpability
Support/Belief of Child
History of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Parenting
Impact of Mother´s Own History of Sexual Abuse
Reaction to Disclosure
How to Support Caregivers
Conclusion
Theoretical Implications
Research Implications
Practice Implications
Policy Implications
Summary
References
Chapter 29: Protecting LGBTQ+ Children and Youth
Introduction
A Review of the Literature
An Overview of the Child Protection Issues for LGBTQ+ Youth
Welcome to New York
``You Don´t Know What I´ve Been Through´´
The Neglect of LGBTQ+ Youth by Families
A ``Different´´ Child
Toughening Up
``Setting Them Straight´´
Hungry and Homeless
``Ya´ll Can Take Him With You´´
Invisible
Abuse of LGBTQ+ Youth
Physical Abuse
Robert´s Physical Abuse
Maliyah´s Physical Abuse
Kayden´s Physical Abuse
Emotional Abuse
``Hey sissy boy!´´
``Less Of A Human Being´´
Sexual Abuse
Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect
``It´s Just Hairspray´´
Family Support as a Possible Antidote to Child Maltreatment
Implications for Practice and Policy Changes
Conclusions
References
Chapter 30: Beyond Investigations: Differential Response in Child Protective Services
Development and Evolution of Differential Response in Child Protective Services
Traditional Child Protective Service Systems
Development and Proliferation of Differential Response in Child Protective Services
Core Elements of Differential Response Child Protection Systems
Variations in Differential Response Child Protection Systems
Eligibility Criteria for Family Assessment Response
Initial Response Determinations
Staffing
Assessment and Service Provision
Evaluation of Differential Response Systems
Family Engagement
Service Provision
Child Safety
Child and Family Well-Being
Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 31: Decisions to Protect Children: A Decision-Making Ecology
Introduction
Decision Making Ecology Framework
The Psychological Process of Decision-Making: The General Assessment and Decision Making Model (GADM)
Decision Making Practice
Understanding and Prediction
Applications: The DME and Thresholds along the Continuum
Applications: The DME and Outcomes
Applications: Training in Threshold Placement and Threshold Differences
Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 32: Using Public Health Law and Legal Epidemiology to Respond to Child Maltreatment
Introduction
Origin, Theory and Strategies of Public Health
Origin of Public Health
Theory of Public Health
Strategies of Public Health
The Expansion of Public Health: Emerging Status as a Human Right, and Application to Contexts of Personal Violence and Child A...
Health as a Human Right
The Emergence of Violence Against Children as a Public Health Concern
Responding to Child Maltreatment as a Public Health Concern
Public Health Law
Seven Broad Types of Legal Measures
Public Health Law Responses to National Issues
Public Health Law and International and Global Issues; Legal Determinants of Health
Public Health Law Research: Legal Epidemiology
An Example of a Program of Legal Epidemiological Research: Mandatory Reporting Laws
Tensions and Challenges in Using Public Health, Public Health Law and Legal Epidemiology to Respond to Child Maltreatment
The Duty of the State
Conclusion
References
Chapter 33: Judicial Issues in Child Maltreatment
Introduction
Legislative Initiatives Impacting Juvenile Dependency Court
Current Issues
Extension of Dependency Court Jurisdiction Beyond Age 18
Trauma-Informed Courts
Substance Abuse and Family Drug Treatment Courts
Family Time (Visitation)
Relative Placement and Family Finding
Point in Time Data
Reasonable Efforts
High Quality Legal Representation in Dependency Cases
The Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA)
Engaging Fathers in the Dependency Process
Psychotropic Medications and Children in Care
Conclusion
Resolution Regarding Judicial Oversight of Psychotropic Medications for Children Under Court Jurisdiction
Definition of Active Efforts: Federal Regulations
§ 23.2 Definitions
A Judicial Checklist Regarding Engaging Fathers In Dependency Cases
Chapter 34: Law Enforcement´s Evolving Mission to Protect Children: A Multi-disciplinary Perspective Years Later
Introduction
Best Practices
Child Abuse Is Global
Emerging Practices
Forensic Medical Evaluations
Facing the Future
Conclusion
References
Chapter 35: Beyond CPS: Building a System to Protect the Safety and Basic Development of Children Experiencing Problematic Par...
Introduction
Choosing Outcomes for Parenting Policies
Protecting Children´s Current Physical Safety and Mental Health
Protecting Children´s Basic Emotional and Social Development Over Time
Scope of Problem Parenting
Alternatives for Responding to Problem Parenting
The Proper Role of CPS: Responding to Imminent Threats to Safety
Other Forms of Harm
Situations Involving Substance Abuse and Domestic Violence
Current Alternatives to CPS for Addressing Problem Parenting
Differential Response
Community-Based Programs Focused on Higher-Risk Parents and Children
Developing a New System
Prevention Plus Assessment, Referral, and Treatment: An Integrated System
Children 0-3
Older Children
Moving Forward: Core Issues
Funding Services, Universal v. Targeted
Multiple Models v. Limited Number of Evidence Based Programs
Coordination Across Agencies
Engaging Parents
Community Engagement/Control
Legal Changes
Conclusion
References
Part IV: Child Maltreatment: What Is a Global Perspective?
Chapter 36: Child Maltreatment as a Problem in International Law
Child Maltreatment as a Problem in International Law
The International Framework for Protecting Children
Challenges in Protecting Children Through International Law
The Scope of the Right to Protection
A Reluctance to Intrude into the Family
Conflicts with Culture
International Law Applies to Governments, Not Individuals
Rethinking Child Protection
Positive Right to Protection
A Focus on Prevention
Conclusion
Appendix 1
Selected Provisions of Key Human Rights Documents
References
Chapter 37: Child Maltreatment and Global Health: Biocultural Perspectives
Cultural and Biocultural Approaches
Definitions of Culture
Biocultural Approaches
Biological Factors in Culture and Child Maltreatment
Sex and Maltreatment
Disabilities, Epilepsy, and Neglect in Low-Income Countries
HIV, Malnutrition, and Other Biological Risk Factors
Sequelae of Child Maltreatment in Cross-Cultural Context
Health Consequences of Other Cultural Practices
Macro-cultural Context
Maltreatment of Girls in South Asia
Global Poverty and Disruptive Behavioral Disorders
Corporal Punishment and Mental Health
Alleviation of Profound Stress Through Biomarker Measurement in Jordan
Conclusion
References