Handbook of Biofuels Production: Processes and Technologies, Third Edition provides a comprehensive and systematic reference on a range of biomass conversion processes and technologies. In response to the global increase in the use of biofuels as substitute transportation fuels, advanced chemical, biochemical and thermochemical biofuels production routes are quickly being developed. Substantial additions for this new edition include increased coverage of emerging feedstocks, including microalgae, more emphasis on by-product valorization for biofuels’ production, additional chapters on emerging biofuel production methods, and co-production of biofuels and bioproducts.
The book's editorial team is strengthened by the addition of an extra member, and a number of new contributors have been invited to work with authors from the first and second edition to revise existing chapters, with each offering fresh perspectives. This book is an essential reference for professional engineers in the biofuel industry as well as researchers in academia, from post-graduate level and up.
Author(s): Rafael Luque, Carol Sze Ki Lin Karen Wilson, Chenyu Du
Series: Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy
Edition: 3
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 562
City: Cambridge
Cover
Front Matter
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Introduction: An overview of biofuels and production technologies
Introduction
Biofuel production processes and technologies
Biofuel production from various feedstocks
Physical, chemical, and biochemical processes and technologies
Microbes involved in biofuel production processes
Technoeconomic and environmental assessment
Challenges, opportunities, and future prospects in biofuel production
Challenges: Socioeconomic and technological challenges
Opportunities and future prospects in biofuel production: Replacement of fossil fuels
Conclusion
References
Biofuels: Technology, economics, and policy issues
Introduction
Moving from fossil fuel to biofuels: Insights from sociotechnical transition theory
Assessment of first- and next-generation biofuels
First-generation: Bioethanol, biodiesel, and other biofuels
Bioethanol
Biodiesel
Other biofuels
Beyond the first-generation biofuels
Integrated biorefineries: Making biofuel along with other high-added-value products
Economic, environmental, and social issues
Socioeconomic issues
Socioenvironmental issues
Policy actions and regulatory frameworks
Brazilian incentive and regulatory systems
United States incentive and regulatory systems
European Union incentive and regulatory systems
Conclusions
References
Further reading
Feedstocks and challenges to biofuel development
Introduction
First-generation (1G) feedstocks
Sugar feedstocks
Starch feedstocks
Edible oil feedstocks
Second-generation (2G) feedstocks
Lignocellulosic feedstocks
Non-edible oil feedstocks
Third-generation (3G) feedstocks
Conclusions and future outlook
Disclaimer
References
Production of biofuel via catalytic upgrading and refining of sustainable oleaginous feedstocks
Introduction: Renewable diesel
Overview of biodiesel production and feedstock
The advantages of biodiesel
Oil feedstocks for biodiesel production
Catalytic biodiesel production
Recent advances in low-cost catalysts for biodiesel production
Waste-derived catalysts and oil feedstocks
Carbon-based catalysts
Natural catalysts
Effect of pore networks and surface functionality
Hierarchical macroporous-mesoporous solid acid and solid base materials
Production of green diesel
Fatty acid deoxygenation
Reaction pathways
Factors affecting reaction rate
Catalyst formulation
Impact of reaction conditions
Deoxygenation of palm fatty acid distillate
Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Biotechnological production of biofuels
Introduction
Lipases
Enzymatic production of biodiesel
Extracellular and intracellular lipases
Lipase immobilization
Lipase immobilization via physical adsorption
Lipase immobilization via ionic bonding versus covalent bonding
Lipase immobilization via entrapment or encapsulation
Lipase immobilization via cross-linking
Commercialization of immobilized lipase for biodiesel production
Variables affecting the enzymatic transesterification reaction
Lipid source
Acyl acceptor
Temperature
Water content
Inhibition by alcohol
Inhibition by glycerol
Pretreatment for improving lipase stability.
New tendencies in the enzymatic production of biodiesel
Novel immobilization techniques
Use of a combination of lipases from different sources
Ionic liquids as a solvent in enzyme-catalyzed transesterification
Enzyme-catalyzed transesterification under a supercritical CO2 medium
Statistical approaches for reaction optimization
Enzyme-catalyzed transesterification for low-cost and high free-fatty-acid feedstocks
Biofuels similar to biodiesel produced using acyl acceptors other than methanol
Biodiesel produced together with glycerol triacetate in the same transesterification process as oils and fats
Biodiesel produced with fatty acid glycerol carbonate esters in the same transesterification process as oils and fats
Biodiesel produced together with monoacylglycerol in the same transesterification process as oils and fats
Industrial biodiesel production using enzymes
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Biodiesel production from microbial lipids using oleaginous yeasts
Introduction
Oleaginous yeasts
SCO metabolism in oleaginous yeasts
SCO synthesis
TAG and fatty acid degradation
Regulation of TAG and fatty acid synthesis
Oleaginous microorganism engineering
Enhancing the synthetic pathway
Blocking competitive pathways
Lipid synthesis regulation
Feedstock for SCO production
Lignocellulose
Nonfood biomass
Industrial and agricultural by-products
Industrial and urban wastewater
SCO production techniques
High-value-added polyunsaturated fatty acids
Conclusions and future prospects
References
Biochemical production of bioalcohols
Introduction
Types of bioalcohols
Biomethanol
Bioethanol
Biobutanol
Biopropanol
Bioalcohol production from lignocellulose hydrolysate
Processing of biomass
Bioalcohol production from lignocellulose via CBP using single microbes
Bioethanol production from cellulose via CBP
Biobutanol production from lignocellulose via CBP
Bioalcohol production from lignocellulose via CBP through co-cultivation
Acknowledgments
References
Production of biogas via anaerobic digestion
Introduction
Process steps of anaerobic digestion
Factors affecting the AD process
Temperature
pH, volatile, and long-chain fatty acids, free ammonia
Feedstock composition
Trace elements
Feedstocks used for biogas and fertilizer production
Sewage sludge
Food waste
Agro-industrial wastes
Lignocellulosic biomass
Algae biomass
Co-digestion
Anaerobic bioreactor technology
Complete mixed anaerobic digester: Anaerobic contact process
Fixed-bed reactors
Expanded-fluidized bed reactors
Anaerobic baffled reactors (ABRs)
Up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors (UASBRs)
Plug flow reactor (PFR)
Anaerobic membrane digesters (AnMBRs)
Leach bed reactors (LBRs)
Anaerobic digestion modeling
Biological biogas upgrade
Integration of biogas plants in the circular economy concept
Conclusions and future trends
References
Lignocellulose biorefinery advances the liquid biofuel platform
Introduction
A low-carbon future
Renewable resources
Biorefinery
Oil versus wood refining
Reductive catalytic fractionation
Lignin oil separation
Advanced liquid biofuel platform
Bioethanol in benchmark technology
Biomass pretreatment
Enzymatic saccharification
Yeast fermentation
Downstream processing
Holocellulose-derived biofuels
Holocellulose conversion
Naphtha and gasoline
Kerosene and diesel
Lignin-derived biofuels
Lignin conversion
Gasoline from lignin monomers
Kerosene and diesel from lignin dimers and oligomers
Conclusion
References
Chemical routes for the conversion of cellulosic platform molecules into high-energy-density biofuels
Introduction
Oxygenated fuels via 5-HMF: Furanic compounds
2,5-Dimethylfuran (DMF)
5-Ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF), an ether of 5-HMF
Acetoxymethylfurfural (AMF), an ester of 5-HMF
Levulinic acid as a platform molecule for oxygenated fuels: Alkyl levulinates and valeric biofuels
Esterification: Alkyl levulinates
γ-Valerolactone (GVL) and valeric biofuels
Oxygenated fuels via furfural: Furan derivatives
Furfural hydrogenation toward oxygenated biofuels
Esters and ethers from furfuryl alcohol
GVL from furfural
Blending of oxygenated biofuels with conventional fuels
Furan derivatives as platform molecules for liquid hydrocarbon fuels
5-HMF upgrading via CC coupling reactions
Furfural upgrading via CC coupling reactions
Catalytic conversion of LA and its derivatives into fuel-range hydrocarbons
Direct conversion of LA: Aldol condensation and ketonization
Aldol condensation of LA
Ketonization of LA
Upgrading of ALs to long-chain hydrocarbons
Upgrading of GVL into long-chain hydrocarbons
Final remarks and future outlook
Acknowledgments
References
The catalytic processes for the deoxygenation and densification of biofuels
Introduction
Catalytic approaches for deoxygenation of bio-crude
C-C coupling strategies for bio-crude densification
Hydrotreatment of bio-crude
Type of reactors for embedding catalysts for near complete deoxygenation
References
Production of bio-syngas and bio-hydrogen by gasification
Introduction
The gasification process
Feedstocks
Syngas production
SMR
ATR
Combined reforming
POX
Membrane reactors
H2 production
Biomass
Solid waste
Black liquor
Products and product quality
Syngas
H2
Wet scrubbing
PSA units
Membrane systems
Cryogenic separation
The future
References
Production of biofuels via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: Biomass-to-liquids
Introduction
Biomass-to-liquid process steps and technologies
Biomass gasification to syngas
Gasifiers
Syngas cleaning and conditioning
Synthesis of biofuels via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
Fischer-Tropsch catalysts
Iron catalysts
Cobalt catalysts
Suitable catalysts for the BTL-FT process
Reactors and process conditions
Fixed-bed reactors
Fluidized-bed reactors
Slurry reactors
Upgrading of biomass-to-liquid products
Hydrocracking of BTL wax to diesel
Fluid catalytic cracking of BTL wax to gasoline
Upgrading of BTL naphtha to gasoline
Upgrading of BTL fractions to jet fuel
Biomass-to-liquid final fuel products
Biomass-to-liquid diesel
Biomass-to-liquid naphtha
Biomass-to-liquid jet fuel
Environmental and economic considerationsoftheBTL process
Commercial status of the biomass-to-liquid processes
Future prospects and challenges
References
Integrated biorefineries for the co-production of biofuels and high-value products
Introduction
Integrated production of biofuels and high-value products
Coproduction of two or more types of biofuels
Coproduction of biofuels by nonbiological methods
Co-production of biofuels by biological methods
Co-production of biofuel with biochemicals
Co-production of bioethanol with biochemicals
Co-production of butanol with biochemicals
Co-production of biodiesel with biochemicals
Co-production of biohydrogen with biochemicals
Co-production of biofuels with biopolymers
Co-production of biofuel with other value-added products
Case studies
Case study 1: Biodiesel production with glycerol
Case study 2: Bioethanol co-production with arabinoxylans
Conclusion and future work
Acknowledgments
References
Microalgae for biofuels: A prospective feedstock
Introduction
Scaling-up of microalgae cultivation system
Open-pond system
Photobioreactor system
Photoautotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae
Limiting factors for mass microalgae cultivation
Light
Temperature
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
pH
Nutrients
Culture period
Microalgal lipids
Lipid content of microalgae
Lipid productivity of microalgae
Fatty acid composition of microalgae
Microalgal lipid biosynthesis
Microalgal fatty acid biosynthesis
Microalgal TAG assembly
Microalgal LD packaging
Microalgal biomass harvesting
Centrifugation
Flocculation
Filtration
Flotation
Microalgae dewatering
Microalgal oil extraction and transesterification
Conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Index
