Handbook of Biochips: Integrated Circuits and Systems for Biology and Medicine

Preface
Contents
About the Editor
Contributors
Part I: Wearable and Implantable Biosensing Technologies
1 Bladder Control Implants
Introduction
Neural Anatomy and Normal Bladder Function
Stimulation Mode
Stimulus Pattern
Blocking Capacitors
Magnitude of Current for Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
Electrode and Contact Impedance
Design
Stimulation Algorithm
Data Format and Error-Checking Mechanism
Burst Pulse Generation Algorithm
SRID Pulse Generation Algorithm
Digital-to-Analog Converter Design
Stimulus Generation Design
FPGA Implementation
Conclusions
References
2 Development and Evaluation of a Continuous Blood Pressure Monitoring System
Introduction
Steering-Type Blood Pressure Monitoring System
System Development
Experiment and Evaluation
Infrared Blood Pressure Monitoring System
System Development
Experiment and Evaluation
Conclusion
References
3 Electrical Biosensors: Biopotential Amplifiers
Introduction
System Considerations
Energy-Efficiency of Amplifier Topologies and the Noise Efficiency Factor
State-of-the-Art Biopotential Amplifiers
Design Example: A Closed-Loop Fully Differential Telescopic-Cascode Amplifier
Design Example: An Open-Loop Complementary-Input Amplifier
Design of a Closed-Loop Fully Differential Complementary-Input Amplifier
Measurement Results of the Biopotential Amplifiers
Design Example: A High-Input-Impedance Low-Noise Instrumentation Amplifier
Overall Design
Noise Analysis of the Instrumentation Amplifier
Simulation Results
Conclusion
References
4 Electrical Biosensors: Peripheral Nerve Sensors
Introduction
Basic Mechanisms of Nerve Conduction
Amplitude of the Neural Signal
Implantable Electrodes
Electrical Model of Recording Electrodes
Amplifier Input Configuration
Noise Degradation
Differential Mode Interference Rejection and Neural Amplifier Circuits
Conclusion
References
5 Impedance Spectroscopy for Biosensing: Circuits and Applications
Introduction
Definition
Impedance Spectroscopy and Data Display
Modeling the Electrochemical Interface
Biomedical Applications
Cell Growth Monitoring
Impedance Flow Cytometry
Impedimetric Affinity Biosensors
Techniques and Circuits for Impedance Measurements
Current Sensing Circuits
Lock-In Amplifiers
CMOS Impedance Analyzers
References
6 Low-Power Design Technique for Multichannel Neural Recording Interface
Introduction
Multichannel System Architecture
Analog Multiplexing Scheme
Digital Multiplexing Scheme
Design Example: Multichannel Recording Interface
Dual-Capacitive-Array Structure
Multichannel SAR ADC
Multichannel Neural Recording Interface
Measurement Results
Conclusion
References
7 On-Skin Chemical Sensors
Introduction
Soft Materials for Skin Interface
Inorganic Materials
Conducting Polymers
Softening Rigid Materials
Skin-Device Interface
On-Skin Chemical Sensors
Electrochemical Sensors
Field-Effect Transistor-Based Sensors
On-Skin Sensor System Integration
Conclusion
References
8 Optical Biosensors: Implantable Multimodal Devices in Freely Moving Rodents
Introduction
Fundamentals of Optoelectronic Devices: LEDs and CMOS Image Sensors
LEDs
CMOS Image Sensors
Classification and Examples of Optical Measurement and Control Systems Under Free Movement
Method Involving the Attachment of an Optoelectronic Device to the Exterior of the Body
Method Involving the Installation of an Optoelectronic Device on a Living Body
A Method Involving the Implantation of an Optoelectronic Device in a Living Body
Implantable Optoelectronic Devices
Conclusion and Future Scope
References
9 Optical Interfacing of Neuronal Activity
Introduction
Neuronal Indicators
Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicators (GECIs)
Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicators (GEVIs)
Genetically Encoded Neurotransmitter Indicators (GETIs)
Optical Imaging Systems
Head-Fixed Recording
2D Imaging
3D Imaging
Free-Behaving Animal Recording
Analyzing the Neuronal Activity
Offline Analysis
Preprocessing
Segmentation
Deconvolution
Online Analysis
Conclusion
References
10 Optogenetic Implants
Introduction
Biomedical Applications
Design Requirements
Miniaturized Size
Device Materials
Fabrication Process
Thermal Effect
Power Consumption and Power Delivery
Light Sources
Neural Inhibition
Intensity Programmability
Spatial-Temporal Resolution
Closed-Loop System
Integrated and Intelligent Devices
Diagnostic Function
Technology Developments
Discrete Optogenetic Implants
Integrated Optogenetic Implants
Design Example: HUBIN Optrode - A Microchip-Based Optogenetic Implant
Open-Loop HUBIN Optrode
Closed-Loop HUBIN Optrode
Exploration: Scalable Architecture of HUBIN Optrode
Conclusion
References
11 Sensors for Vital Signs
Introduction
Invasive Measurements and Possible Errors
Noninvasive Sensors
Models for Prediction Core Body Temperature
Limitations and Outlook
Literature
12 Sensors for Vital Signs: ECG Monitoring Systems
Background and Introduction
Low Power ECG Monitoring System
Bandwidth Tunable Amplifier
Circuit Operation
Operational Amplifier Design
Measurement Results on Biopotential Amplifier
Electrocardiogram Recording
Adaptive Asynchronous Level Crossing A-to-I Converter
Need for Adaptive Resolution LC-ADC
LC-ADC Implementation
LC-ADC Performance Summary
ECG Monitoring System Results
Other ECG Monitoring Systems
Conclusions
References
13 Sensors for Vital Signs: Humidity Sensors
Introduction
Humidity Sensing Technologies
Humidity-Responsive Materials
On-Chip Humidity Sensing
Optical Waveguides for Humidity Sensing
Final Remarks
References
14 Sensors for Vital Signs: Micro-Ball Wireless Endoscopic Capsules
Introduction
Key Techniques for Wireless Endoscopic Capsule
Vision Module
Image Processing Module
Image Transmission Module
System Controller
Localization Module
Active Locomotion Module
Power Supply Module
Design Case: Micro-Ball Wireless Endoscopic Capsule
System-Level Design Considerations
Micro-Ball System Architecture Design
Image Compressor Design
Wireless Power Receiver Chip Design
Implementation of the Micro-Ball Prototype
Conclusion
References
15 Sensors for Vital Signs: Oxygen Sensors
Introduction
Why Measure Oxygen?
Cellular Respiration
Location
Measurement Methods
The Ideal Medical Probe
Electrochemical Measurements and the Clark Electrode
Fluorescence Quenching
PEBBLEs
Optodes
Near Infra-Red Spectroscopy
Pulse Oximetry and Biochips
Photoplethysmographic Signal and SNR
Low Power Pulse Oximeters
Sampled Detectors and SNR Optimization
Signal Conditioning and Light Intensity Control
A Sub-mW Monolithic Pulse Oximeter Front-End
Pulse Oximetry for the Future
References
Part II: Multi-Chip Smart Neuroprosthesis
16 AC Electrokinetics-Enhanced Capacitive Virus Detection
Introduction
Capacitive Biosensors
Receptors
Capacitive Sensing Mechanism
AC Electrokinetic (ACEK) Enrichment
Sensor Designs
Equivalent Circuit Fitting of the Electrode Sensor in Sample Solution
Electrodes Surface Treatments
Measurements and Data Analysis
Sensor Performances
Sensor Performance with Analytical Samples
Assays with Various Functionalization and Hybridization Buffers
Assays Under Various Applied AC Signal Frequency and Voltage
Sensor Performance with Clinical Samples
Dilution Factor Optimization
Detection of influenza A Virions in Nasal Swab Samples
Detection of HSV-1 DNA in Serum Samples
Detection of Zika Virus RNA in Serum/Lysing Samples
Conclusions
References
17 Artificial Olfactory Systems
Introduction
Sensor Array
SMO Gas Sensor Array with Integrated Microheater
Nanomaterial Gas Sensor
Sensor Readout and Preprocessing
Dimensionality Reduction
Feature Selection
Feature Extraction
Classification Algorithms
Generative Classifiers
Discriminative Classifiers
Bio-Inspired Coding Schemes
Gas Identification System with Artificial Olfactory System: A Case Study
Characterization of the Gas Sensor Array
Performance Comparison of Gas Identification Algorithms
Summary
References
18 Closed-Loop Bidirectional Neuroprosthetic Systems
Introduction
Design Considerations for Closed-Loop Neuroprosthetic Microsystems
Neural Recording Circuits
Neural Stimulation Circuits
Embedded Signal Processors
Wireless Power Transmission and Battery Implants
System Examples
Microsystems for Closed-Loop Control on Epileptic Seizure
Pacemaker with Output Power Feedback Control
Conclusion
References
19 Closed-Loop Neuromodulation System-on-Chip (SoC) for Detection and Treatment of Epilepsy
Introduction
System-on-Chip (SoC) for Closed-Loop Neuromodulation
System Architecture
Circuit Design
Neural-Signal Acquisition Unit (NSAU)
Biosignal Processor (BSP)
High-Voltage-Tolerant Stimulator (HVTS)
Wireless Power and Bidirectional Data Telemetry
Experimental Results
Electrical Test
Animal Test
Human Clinical Trials
Summary
References
20 Closed-Loop/Bidirectional Neuroprosthetic Systems
Introduction
Neural Communication Within the CNS
Processing in the CNS
Interfacing with the Brain
Bioamplifiers
Fully Differential Topology
Classical Topology
Feedback Resistors
ADC
Neuro Stimulation Circuits
Electrical Stimulation
Constant-Current Circuits
Constant-Voltage Circuits
Constant-Charge Circuits
Charge Balancing Circuits
Optogenetic Stimulation
Closed-Loop Systems
Neural-Input, Physical-Output
User-Controlled Neuroprosthetics
Physical Output: Interfacing with the Periphery
Neural-Input, Neural-Output
Neural Decoder
Spike-Based Decoder
Decoders Based on Simple Detection
Mean Firing Rate and PI Regulator/Decoder
Decoder Based on Clustered Spikes
LFP-Based Decoder
Neural Network
Neural Network Study Case: The Artificial Limb Prosthetic
References
21 Current-Based Neurostimulation Circuit and System Techniques
Introduction
Constant-Current Stimulators
Quasi-constant-Current Stimulators
Pulsed-Current Stimulators
Other Waveforms
Summary
Conclusion
References
22 Immunoreaction-Based Sensors to Improve Bacterial Detection
Introduction
Basic Mechanisms of Bacterial Sensors
Optical Biosensor
Colorimetric Biosensor
Fluorescent Biosensor
Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor
Electrical Biosensor
Electrochemical Biosensors
Amperometric Biosensor
Impedance Biosensor
Piezoelectric Biosensor
The Material and Fabrication of the Biochip
The Materials of Biochip
The Fabrication of Biochip
Bacterial Sensors for the Future
References
23 Implantable Brain-Computer Interfaces for Monitoring and Treatment of Neurological Disorders
Introduction
General Considerations
System-Level Architecture
Neural Recording
Neurological Event Detection
Responsive Neurostimulation
Wireless Power and Data
Chronic Implantation
System and Circuit Design for Neural Recording
Design Considerations
Electrode Placement
Challenges
Input-Referred Noise
DC Offset Removal
Conventional Architectures
Fully Discrete-Time Front-End Architecture
System and Circuit Design for Neuro-Stimulation
Introduction, Modes, and Modalities
Commercial Neurostimulators
Open-Loop Neurostimulators
Closed-Loop Neurostimulators
Commercial Devices Review Conclusion
Electrical High-Voltage Stimulators
Motivation
High-Voltage Compliance
Adaptive Power Supply
On-Chip Neural Signal Processing
Epilepsy Seizure Detection: An Example
Practical Requirements
Seizure Detection Algorithms
Time-Based Methods
Frequency-Based Methods
Algorithm Review Conclusions
Hardware Implementation Review
Communication-Computation Trade-Off
Introduction
Computational Requirements
Trade-Offs
Wireless Communication
Case Study: Seizure-Aborting Neurostimulator
References
24 Visual Stimulation Systems
Introduction
Intervention Site
Retinal Implants
Implant Architectures
Serial Versus Parallel Configuration
Active Versus Passive Electrodes
Single Versus Multi-Module Implant
The Phoenix99 Architecture
Stimulation Method
Electrical Architecture
Stimulator Chip Circuits
Two-Wire Interface
Electrode Interface
Conclusion
References
Part III: Lab-on-Chip (LoC) for Diagnosis, Monitoring, and Drug Delivery
25 Capacitive DNA Hybridization Detection
Introduction
Sensing Principles
Surface Immobilization
Electrode-Solution Interface
Measurement Methods
Examples of Capacitive DNA Sensors
Conclusion
References
26 CMOS Capacitance Biosensors to Monitor Cell Viability
Introduction
Cell Adhesion and Viability Sensing
Capacitance Sensing on CMOS Chips
Cell Capacitance Model
Capacitance Sensing Approaches
Discussion/Tradeoffs
Biocompatible Packaging
Case Study: Tracking Cell Proliferation Using a CMOS Capacitance Sensor
Cell Viability and Proliferation
Drug Screening
Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
27 Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensors for Management of Diabetes
Introduction
History of Glucose Sensors
Different Generations of Glucose Biosensors and Enzymes Involved
Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG)
Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems
Skin Interstitial Versus Blood Glucose Monitoring
History of Continuous Glucose Monitoring
Other Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems Based on Skin Interstitial Fluid (ISF)
Calibration of CGM Sensors
Instrumentation Electronics in CGM Devices
Energy Sources and Communication in CGM
Trends in Research
Conclusion
References
28 DNA Optical Readout Methods
Introduction
Optical DNA Detection Schemes in On-Chip Configuration
Fluorescence-Based Detection
Absorption Filter or Interference Filter
Wavelength-Selecting CMOS Sensor Technology
Time-Domain Separation Using a High-Speed Detector
Chemiluminescence
Opacity-Based Detection Using a Nanoparticle
Combination of Optical and Electric On-Chip DNA Detection
Circuit Design and Sensor Technologies for On-Chip Optical DNA Detection
Summary
References
29 Fabrication of Brain-on-a-Chip Devices
Introduction
Neurobiology
Brain Parenchyma
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
GBM: One of the Most Aggressive Types of Gliomas
Pathological BBB
Tumor Microenvironment (TME)
The Emergence of Biofabrication and Biochips
Microfabrication Methods
Photolithography
Soft Lithography
Microfluidics
3D Printing
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
Stereolithography
Inkjet Printing
3D Bioprinting
Inkjet-Based Bioprinting
Material Extrusion-Based 3D Bioprinting
Laser-Assisted Bioprinting
Applications of Brain Biochips
High-Throughput Drug Screening on a Brain Cancer Chip
Photopolymerizable Hydrogel Brain Cancer Chip
Fabrication via Soft Lithography
Bioprinting of Human Cancer-on-a-Chip
Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironment
Fabrication via 3D Bioprinting
Blood-Brain Barrier Physiology and Structure on a Chip
Neurovascular Unit Modeling via Photolithography
Model Validation
Conclusion and Future Directions
References
30 Molecular Analysis: BioFET Detection Sensors
Introduction
Field-Effect Transistors
Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor (ISFET)
BioFETs for DNA and Protein Sensing
Nano-BioFETs
BioFET Arrays
References
31 Next-Generation DNA Sequencing: Ion Torrent Sequencers Versus Nanopore Technology
Introduction
Second-Generation Sequencing (SGS) by Ion Torrent Platform
Platform History
Ion Torrent Library Preparation
Fragmentation and Size Selection
Ligation of Adapters
Purification and Amplification
Sequencing Mechanism of the Ion Torrent Platform
Microfabrication of the pHFET Devices
Sequencing Mechanism
Third-Generation Sequencing (TGS) by Oxford Nanopore
Platform History
Working Principle
NSG Applications: Comparison Between Ion Torrent and Oxford Nanopores
Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS)
Whole-Exome Sequencing
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (ChIP-Seq)
Short RNA Sequencing
Summary
References
32 On-Chip Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Introduction
NMR Fundamentals
NMR Spectroscopy versus NMR Relaxometry
Conventional NMR Hardware
The NMR-on-a-Chip Approach
Review of the State-of-the-Art NMR-on-a-Chip Devices
Conclusion and Outlook
References
33 Optical Detection Techniques for Bioanalysis
Introduction
UV/Vis Spectrometry
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
Other Spectrometry Techniques
Conclusion
References
34 Porous Silicon-Based Biosensors
Introduction
Porous Silicon Devices
Bragg Reflector
Resonant Microcavity
Waveguide
LSPR and SERS Biosensor
Porous Silicon Biofunctionalization
Porous Silicon Biofunctionalization Through Amine Group
Porous Silicon Biofunctionalization Through Thiol Group
Biosensor Application of Porous Silicon
Glucose Detection
Antigen/Antibody Detection
DNA Detection
Porous Silicon Pore Size-Dependent Sensitivity
Porous Silicon Biochip
Conclusion
References
35 Sensing and Sampling Probes for Bioapplications
Introduction
Electric Probe
Optical Probe
Microfluidic Probe
Conclusion
References
Part IV: Telemetry and Other Wireless Link-Related Biochips
36 Backscatter Communication for Biomedical Devices
Introduction
Basic Principles of Backscatter Communication
Types of Backscatter Communication
Monostatic Backscatter Communication Systems
Bistatic Backscatter Communication Systems
Ambient Backscatter Communication Systems
Modes of Backscatter Communication
Communication Modes
Full-Duplex BackCom
Half-Duplex BackCom
Frequency Standards
Modulation Techniques
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Signal Coding and Detection
Signal Coding and Decoding
Signal Detection
Backscatter Communication for Biomedical Applications
Safety and Frequency Range
Data Rate Enhancement Techniques
BackCom Technologies for Biomedical Applications
Implantable RFID Tag for Intra-body Health Monitoring
Smart Contact Lens for Health Monitoring
Identification with an RFID Tag
Neural Tags for Brain-Computer Interface Systems
Conclusions
References
37 Capacitive Links for Power and Data Telemetry to Implantable Biomedical Microsystems
Introduction
Modeling of Human Tissue in Exposure to Electric Field
Capacitive Links: The Basic Idea, Modeling, and Realization
Modeling the Link
Data and Power Telemetry
Capacitive Links as Suitable Circuit-/Signal-Level Candidates
Case Study 1: Power Telemetry
Case Study 2: Data Telemetry
Case Study 3: Simultaneous Power and Data Telemetry
Bio-concerns
Exclusive Advantages of Capacitive Telemetry Links
Confinement of Energy Transfer
Feasibility of Multichannel Telemetry Links
Compatibility with Planar Processes
High-Pass Frequency Characteristics
Conclusion
References
38 Capsule-Based Measurements of Gastrointestinal Impedance
Introduction
Gastrointestinal Electrical Impedance Measurements
Esophageal Impedance
Gastric Impedance
Intestinal Impedance
Impedance of the Rectum
Encapsulating Gastrointestinal Electrical Impedance Measurements
The SmartPill Concept
The Bravo Concept
Magnetic Affixing
Transcutaneous Intraluminal Impedance Measurement (TIIM) and Gastric Retention
TIIM: A Closer Look
Overall Principle of TIIM
Design of the Ingestible Electronic Capsule
Gastric Retention
Experimental Validation
Animal Preparation
Placement of the Sensors
Experimental Procedure
Data Processing and Analysis
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
References
39 Chip-Based MEMS for Healthcare Application
Introduction
Air Environmental Monitoring Sensor Technologies for Particulate Matter
Monitoring of PM10 and PM2.5
Sensor Technologies for Nanoparticle Monitoring
Sensor Technologies for Gaseous Pollutants
Nanostructured Metal Oxide
Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors
Field-Effect Transistor Sensor
Microcantilever Sensor
Conclusions
References
40 Design Considerations of Frequency Modulated Ultralow Power Transmitter
Introduction
System Design Consideration
Link Budget
Modulation Scheme
ULP TX Architecture
Frequency Synthesizers for ULP TX
PN, Jitter, and Frequency Accuracy in Frequency Modulated Radios
Phase Noise´s Effect to BER and Effective SNR Loss
Phase Noise´s Effect on Frequency Modulation
Generally Used Frequency Synthesizers in ULP TX
Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)
Free-Running Oscillator with Frequency Calibration Controller
Injection-Locked Oscillator
PA in ULP TX
Efficiency
Linearity
Switched-Capacitor Digital Amplifier
Optimization of Switched-Capacitor PA for Highest Efficiency in FSK Transmitters
A RO-Based BLE Transmitter Example
Summary
References
41 Doppler Radar Sensor Platform
Introduction
Doppler Radar
Millimeter-Wave Doppler Radar
Distant-Selective Doppler Radar
Doppler Radar Sensor Platform
Scalable Transceiver Architecture
Circuit Blocks
Transmission Lines
Amplifier
Down-Conversion Mixer
Frequency Doubler
BPSK Modulator
Experimental Results
Hardware Implementation
Radar Measurements
Conclusion
References
42 Intelligent Intracortical Brain-Machine Interfaces
Introduction
BMI: Recording Modalities
State-of-the-Art Intracortical Brain Machine Interfaces
Scalability of Architectures
Raw Data
Compressed Data
Features
Decoded Outputs
Intelligent iBMI - i2BMI
Non von-Neumann Architecture Based i2BMI
Spiking Neural Network-Based i2BMI
Analog Computing-Based i2BMI
Future Directions
Recording More Neurons to Build More Dexterous iBMIs
Fully Implantable Wireless iBMI
Dealing with Nonstationarity
Toward Autonomous iBMIs
References
43 Optical Biosensors
Introduction
Fluorescence Materials for Bioimaging
Downconversion Fluorescence Materials for Bioimaging
Upconversion Fluorescence Materials for Bioimaging
Lateral-Flow Immunoassay Based on Fluorescence
Smartphone-Based Application
Conclusions
References
44 Radiotelemetry for Epileptiform Activity in Freely Moving Rats
Introduction
ATR System Overview
ATR System Design
Sensor Array Equivalent Circuit Model
HFSS Modeling, Simulation Results, and Optimization
Implementation and Measurement Results
Discussion and Future Plan
Conclusion
References
45 Security and Innovation Protection of Biochips
Introduction
Attack for Biochips
Attack Technology
Hardwave Trojan (HT)
Reverse Engineering (RE)
Threat Effect
Denial of Service (DoS)
Function Modification
Reagent Contamination
Design Piracy
Reading Forgery
Parametric Altering
Information Leakage
Deliberate Aging
Protection for Biochips
IP Protection
Daisychain Technology
Bioassays Locking
Watermark in Biochip
Hardware Fingerprint
Encrypted by Secret-Keys
Detection Technology
Checkpoint
Comprehensive Security Certification
Control Value Calculation
Prevention Technology
Camouflage
Obfuscation
Future Work
Conclusions
References
46 Wireless Applications
Introduction
Data Telemetry System Overview
Forward (Downlink) Data Telemetry
Single-Carrier Data Telemetry
Multi-carrier Data Telemetry
Backward (Uplink) Data Telemetry
Passive Data Telemetry
Active Data Telemetry
Design Example: Wireless Telemetry Circuits in Implantable Biomedical Devices
Conclusion
References
47 Wireless Applications: Dual Band Power and Data Telemetry
Introduction
Conventional Power and Data Telemetry System
Low-Frequency Inductive Link
High-Frequency Radio-Frequency (RF) Link
Dual-Band Power and Data Telemetry
Efficient Wireless Power Transfer
Inductive Link
Near-Field High-Frequency Power Link
Data Telemetry
Inductive Link-Based Data Communication
High-Frequency Data Communication
Discussion
Design Examples
Dual-Band Telemetry for Implantable Visual Prosthetics
Dual-Band Telemetry for Cortical Implant
Conclusion
References
48 Wireless Applications: Inductive Links for Power and Data Telemetry to Medical Implants
Introduction
Power Transfer via Inductive Link
Resonance in Inductive Links
Link Drivers
Class-D Power Transmitter
Class-E Power Transmitter
Power Management
Voltage Rectifier
Voltage Regulator
Data Transfer via Inductive Link
Forward Data Telemetry
ASK Modulation
ASK Data Modulation
ASK Clock and Data Recovery
FSK Modulation
FSK Data Modulation
FSK Clock and Data Recovery
Backward Data Telemetry
Conclusion
References
49 Wireless Capsule Design and Its Locomotion and Navigation Within the Body
Introduction
Impulse Radio Ultra-Wideband (IR-UWB) Communication For Wireless Capsules
UWB Antenna Design
Path Loss Variation
Temperature Analysis
Wireless Capsule Design
Pressure Sensor
pH Sensor
Navigation
Conclusion
References
50 Wireless Circuits and Systems: Energy-Neutral Links
Introduction
System Architecture
FF-WIOS Device Assembly
FF-WIOS SoC Design
3-Coil Inductive Link Design and Optimization
System Implementation
Bench-Top Characterization
In Vivo Experiments
Conclusion and Discussion
References
51 Wireless Circuits and Systems: FM Telemetry Devices
Introduction
Architecture of FM Telemetry Devices
Circuit Design
Theoretical Analysis of 400 MHz VCO
VCO with Temperature Compensation Operating in Med-Radio Band
Operational Transconductance Amplifier Filter
Simulation Results
Conclusions
References
52 Wireless Circuits and Systems: Healthy Radios
Introduction
Narrowband Transceivers
MICS/MedRadio Transceivers
433/868/915/960 MHz ISM Transceivers
2.4GHz ISM Band Transceivers
UWB Transceivers
IR-UWB Transceivers
FM-UWB Transceivers
Chirp-UWB Transceivers
HBC Transceivers
Galvanic-Coupling HBC Transceivers
Capacitive-Coupling HBC Transceivers
Magnetic HBC Transceivers
Conclusion
References
53 Wireless Power Transfer, Recovery, and Data Telemetry for Biomedical Applications
Introduction
Sensors in Biomedical Applications
Powering of Biomedical Sensors
Alternate Power Sources
Wireless Power Transfer
Types of Wireless Power Transfer
Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic Radiation
Limitations of Wireless Energy Transfer
Inductive Link
Health Issues Related to Wireless Power Transfer
Implantable Sensor-Based Patient Monitoring System
Inductive Link for Biomedical Implantable Systems
Data Telemetry
Wireless Power Recovery and Energy Conversion
Conclusions
References
Part V: Microstimulators
54 A Flexible Software-Hardware Framework for Brain EEG Multiple Artifact Identification
Introduction
Related Work
EEG Artifacts and Visualization
Theoretical Background
Traditional Convolution
Depthwise Convolution
Depthwise Separable Convolution
Software Framework and Results
EEG Artifact Identification Model Architecture
Classification Analysis and Results
Comparison of Classification Accuracy with Existing Work
Model Optimization for Embedded Low-Power Hardware
Network Parameters Optimization
Model Weights Quantization
Hardware Architecture Design
Hardware Implementation and Results
FPGA Implementation Results and Analysis
ASIC Implementation Results and Analysis
Comparison with Existing Work
Experimental Study: Eye Blink Artifact Detection Using Emotiv EPOC+ Headset
Conclusion
References
55 Adiabatic Electrode Stimulator
Introduction
Electrical Stimulation of Neural Tissue
Electrode-Tissue Interface
Power Consumption in Traditional Neural Stimulators
Reducing Sources of Loss
Reducing Excess Voltage Drops
Reducing Excess Voltage Drops
Approximate Voltage Waveform
Example Adiabatic Stimulator Circuit Architecture with Energy Recovery
Proof-of-Concept Experiments
Single-Coil Multivoltage Power Supply for Neural Stimulation
Inductive Power Transmission
Synchronous Rectifier Chip Architecture
Rectifier Reference Voltages
Clocked Comparators
Continuous Comparator
System Implementation and Testing
Conclusion
References
56 Biphasic Current Stimulator for Retinal Prosthesis
Introduction
Considerations
Design of Retinal Prosthesis Circuits
Image Processors
Biphasic Current Stimulators
Power Management
Future Directions
Conclusions
References
57 Electronic Platforms and Signal Processing for Magnetoresistive-Based Biochips
Introduction
Magnetoresistive Biochip-Based Systems
Magnetoresistive Sensors
Spin Valve
Magnetic Tunnel Junction
Biomolecular Analysis
Neuronal Magnetic Reading
Readout Architectures for Magnetoresistive Biochips
Simple Linear and Matrix Sensors
Sensor Electrical Models
High-Density Monolithic Matrix Sensors
Measuring the Biosignals
Signals Due to Nanoparticles
Detecting Small Resistance Variations
Signal Conditioning
Neuronal Signals
Biosensing Platform Electronic Systems
Biomolecular Analysis Platform
Assembling and Evaluating Electromagnetic Compatibility
Experimental Autonomy and Noise Performance
Platform Electric Noise Level
CMOS Biochip
High-Throughput Platform
Neuronal Magnetic Recording
Current Source
Amplification and Filtering
Software Interface
References
58 Foot Drop Stimulator
Introduction
Foot Drop Syndrome
Foot Drop Systems with Surface Electrodes
Hardware for the Foot Drop Stimulator
Implantable Foot Drop Systems
Take-Home Message
References
59 Microstimulator for Endocardial Stimulation
Introduction
Motivation
Endocardial Stimulation System Architecture
Design
Sensing Channel
Digital Circuitry
Pacing Channel
Power Interface with RF Front-End Circuits
External Power/Data Transmitter
Rectifier for the Rechargeable Device
Rectifier for the Rechargeable Device
Experimental Results
Power Interface with RF Front-End Circuits
Two-Battery-Based Power Management System
Digital Circuitry and Programmable Pacing Channel
Experimental Procedure and Result
Conclusions
References
60 Multichannel Microstimulating SoC
Introduction
Example of Multichannel Neural Prosthesis
Retinal Stimulator Implant
State of the Art in Multichannel Stimulators
System Architectures with Flexible Waveform Generation
Balancing Techniques for Safe Stimulation
Power Management Requirements in Multichannel Microstimulators
Flexible Protocol and Waveform Generation
System Overview
Stimulation Protocol and Waveform Generation
Timing Data Packet
Amplitude Data Packet
Stimulation Generation Principle
Power- and Area-Efficient Stimulator Front Ends
HV Current Driver
Compliance Monitor
Charge Balancing
Electrode Shorting or Passive Discharge
Pulse Insertion Active Charge Balancing
Offset Regulation Active Charge Balancing
Effective Power Management for Multichannel Stimulators
Overview of System Architecture
Inductive Receiver with Secondary Resonance Compensation
Closed-Loop Power Control and Dynamic Supply Adaptation
Conclusion
References
61 Subretinal Neurostimulator for Vision
Introduction
Surgical Procedure
System Overview
Output Driver and Electrode
Water Window and Different Electrode Materials
Electrode Modeling
Necessary Properties for the Output Driver Circuit
Photo-Sensor Structure
Retinal Illuminance
Input Trans-impedance Converters
Future Device Generation: Spatial Filtering
References
Index
Copyright
Title Page
Dedication
Contents
Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you?
Chapter 2: Renegade perception
Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting
Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe
Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’
Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit
Chapter 7: War on your mind
Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity
Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it?
Chapter 10: Human 2.0
Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult?
Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko
Postscript
Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation
Bibliography
Index
Copyright
Title Page
Dedication
Contents
Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you?
Chapter 2: Renegade perception
Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting
Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe
Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’
Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit
Chapter 7: War on your mind
Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity
Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it?
Chapter 10: Human 2.0
Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult?
Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko
Postscript
Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation
Bibliography
Index