Handbook of Archaeological Sciences, 2 Volume Set

Cover
Table of Contents
Volume 1
Title Page
Copyright Page
List of Contributors
Foreword: Archaeological Science and the Big Questions
Introduction
References
Don Brothwell – An Appreciation
References
Title Page
Copyright Page
Section 1: Science‐based Dating in Archaeology
1 Quaternary Geochronological Frameworks
The Structure of the Quaternary
Orbital Pacing of the Ice Age Cycles
Marine Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy
Magnetostratigraphy
Polar Ice Core Chronologies
Speleothem Composite Chronologies
Connecting Geochronological Frameworks for High‐Precision Comparisons
Summary
References
2 New Developments in Radiocarbon Dating
Principles of Radiocarbon Dating
Latest Advances
Conclusion
References
3 Dendrochronology and Archaeology
Tree Rings and Human Time
Tree Ring Evidence is Widely Available
The Potential, Starting with Dating
The Historiography of Dendrochronology and Dendroarchaeology
Principles – General
Dendrochronology Software
Crossdating
The Future and Some Expanding Horizons in Dendroarchaeology
References
4 Trapped Charge Dating and Archaeology
Fundamentals of Trapped Charge Dating
Equivalent Dose Determination
Dose Rate Determination
Trapped‐Charge Dating in Practice: Applications and Contributions to Palaeolithic Archaeology
Conclusions
References
5 U‐Series Dating in Archaeology
Analytical Developments and Improvements in 230Th/234U Dating
Limitations and Corrections: Detrital Fraction and Open Systems
Application to Archaeological Studies
Conclusions
References
6 Archaeomagnetic Dating
Introduction
The Basis of Archaeomagnetic Dating
Archaeomagnetic Dating in Practice
Archaeological Applications
Outlook
References
7 Amino Acid Dating
Principles of Amino Acid Dating
Early Applications
Towards Closed System Geochronology
Building an Aminostratigraphy
Applications of Amino Acid Dating to Key Biominerals
The Practicalities
Conclusions
References
8 An Introduction to Tephrochronology and the Correlation of Sedimentary Sequences Using Volcanic Ash Layers
Volcanic Eruptions
Tephra Deposits and Their Source Volcanoes
Glass Geochemistry
Correlating Tephra Units
Relative Chronology
Dating Tephra Deposits
Archaeological Case Studies
Conclusions
References
Section 2: An Introduction to Quaternary Climate Change and Human Evolution and Adaptation
9 Ice Core and Marine Sediment Records of Quaternary Environmental Change
Ice Core Records
Marine Sediment Records
Conclusions and Implications for Archaeology
References
10 Insects as Palaeoenvironmental and Archaeological Indicators
Insects in Palaeoenvironmental and Archaeological Studies
The Preservation of Insect Remains
Methodology
Palaeoenvironmental Inferences
Examples
Conclusions and Future Potential
References
11 Mammals as Palaeoenvironmental Indicators
Taphonomy
Taxonomic Identification, Uniformitarianism, and Autecology
Morphometrics
Body Size
Functional Morphology
Locomotion
Teeth and Diet
Dental Wear
Palaeoclimate
Habitats
Communities
Summary and Thoughts for the Future
References
12 Lake and Peat Records of Climate Change and Archaeology
Lake Sediment Records
Peat Records
Implications for Archaeology
Closing Thoughts
Acknowledgement
References
13 Archaeological Soil Micromorphology
History
The Soil Micromorphology Approach
Traditional Strengths and Developments Over the Last Twenty Years
Conclusions and Some Possible Future Directions
Acknowledgements
References
14 Pollen and Macroscopic Plant Remains as Indicators of Local and Regional Environments
Pollen Analysis
Analysis of Macroscopic Plant Remains
Integrated Analysis of Pollen and Macroscopic Plant Remains
Conclusion
References
15 Environmental Controls on Human Dispersal and Adaptation
The Importance of Understanding Landscapes
Palaeoclimates
Barriers and Bridges for Dispersal
Developments in Approaches to Environmental Controls on Human Dispersal and Adaptation
Conclusions
References
16 Holocene Climate Changes and Human Consequences
Methods and Approaches
Attribution of Past Causal Relations Between Climate and Society
Holocene Climate Changes: A Brief Overview
Early Holocene Adaptations
The Mid‐Holocene Climatic Transition
Socio‐Environmental Relations During the Late Holocene
Conclusion
References
Section 3: Evolution to Revolution: Human Bioarchaeology is Riding High
17 Hominin Evolution
The Emerging Consensus
Key Methodological Developments in the Twenty‐First Century
Key Evidential Developments in the Twenty‐First Century
Human Evolutionary Studies and Archaeological Science
References
18 Biological Distance
The Theory of Biological Distance: How Similarity Mirrors Relatedness
Trait Selection for Biological Distance Analyses
Measures of Biological Distance and Their Use
Applications of Biological Distance Analysis in Archaeological Contexts
Limitations of Biological Distance
Conclusion
References
19 Palaeopathology
Methodological Advances
Trends in Palaeopathology
Looking Towards the Future
References
20 Integrating Bioarchaeology and Palaeodemography
Demographic and Palaeodemographic Theory
History of Palaeodemographic Methods
Persistent Methodological Issues
Current Methods
Concluding Summary
References
21 Palaeodiet Through Stable Isotope Analysis
The Technique
Sample Types and Analyses
Data Exploration and Analysis
Archaeological Applications
Future Developments and Other Isotopic Systems for Diet
References
22 Preserved Human Bodies
Survival
Bioethics, Conservation Practice, and Curation History
Inspection Modalities
Biomolecular Potential
Interpretive Frameworks
Public Interest in Preserved Bodies
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Section 4: Shifting to a Higher Gear: Proteins, Small Molecules, and the Rise of Mass Spectrometry
23 Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS)
Ancient Proteins
Soft‐Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Archaeological Bone Proteomics and ZooMS
Conclusions
References
24 Archaeological Proteomics
Techniques of Identification and Analysis
Palaeoproteomics and Archaeological Advances
Future Directions
References
25 The Use of Immunological Methods in Archaeology
Antibodies
Immunological Methods Applied to Archaeology
Recent Developments in Methods Applied to Archaeology
Applications in Archaeological Science
Conclusions
References
26 Lipids in Archaeology
Analytical Techniques and Approaches
Lipids in Soils and Sediments
Lipids in Coprolites
Lipids from Bone
Lipids in Pottery
Aquatic Animals
Beyond Subsistence
Concluding Remarks
References
27 Archaeological Microbiology
Tools and Techniques Used in Archaeological Microbiology
Technical Limitations and Issues
Archaeological Advancements Using Microbial Lenses
The Future of Archaeological Microbiology
Conclusion
References
28 Dental Calculus
Dental Calculus and Its Formation
Dental Calculus, Immunity, and Periodontal Disease
Dental Calculus Composition
History of Study
Dental Calculus in the Archaeological Record
Applications
Conclusions
References
29 The Biomolecular Archaeology of Psychoactive Substances
Analytical Techniques and Approaches
Psychoactive Compounds in Archaeological Artifacts
Psychoactive Compounds in Human Remains
Broader Impacts
Summary
References
Volume 2
Section 5: Archaeogenetics
30 Sex Identification and Kinship Typing of Human Archaeological Remains
Sex Identification
Kinship Studies
Sex Identification and Kinship Studies as an Adjunct to Field Archaeology
References
31 Human Populations – Origins and Movement
The Golden Age of Ancient DNA
Ancient DNA, Human Populations, and Migrations
Genetic Markers and Methods of Analysis in Human Population Genetics and Genomics
Case Study: The Genetic Make‐Up of Modern Europeans
Acknowledgements
References
32 Palaeogenomics of Extinct and Archaic Hominins
Temporal Limits
Technical Issues
Admixture
‘Ghost’ Archaic Lineages
Adaptation
Archaic Introgressed Genes
Past Demography
Inbreeding and Consanguinity
Sex Determination
Kinship Analysis
Social Organization
Deep Evolutionary History
Conclusions
References
33 Palaeogenetics and Palaeogenomics to Study the Domestication of Animals
Analysis of DNA Preserved in Archaeological Specimens: What Archaeologists Want To Know
Palaeogenomic Approaches to Study the Domestication Processes
Domestication of Companion Animals
Domestication of the First Livestock Species
Domestication of Animals of Transport
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
34 Palaeomicrobiology of Human Infectious Diseases
Organisms that Cause Infectious Disease
Transmission of Infection
Palaeomicrobiology
Specific Infections
Ancient Virus Infections
Ancient Unicellular Parasites
Multicellular Parasites – Helminths
Final Comment
References
Section 6: Overview of ‘Biological Resources’ – From Old Debates to Urgent Ecological Dilemmas
35 Archaeobotany
Archaeobotanical Methods
Archaeobotanical Contributions to Archaeological Issues
Conclusions
References
36 Human Impact on Vegetation
Identifying Human Impact on Vegetation from Pollen Data
Estimating Past Regional and Local Vegetation Cover
Simulation Models of Human Impact
Classification of Pollen Samples and Indices of Human Impact
Taxonomic Resolution in Pollen Analysis
Onsite Palynological Studies
Summary
References
37 Zooarchaeology
Key Themes and Integrated Methodologies to Investigate Them
Conclusion
References
38 Coprolites, Gut Contents and Molecular Archaeoparasitology
Historical Development
Gut Contents
Coprolites
Field Methods
References
39 Advances in the Archaeological Study of Invertebrate Animals and Their Products
Invertebrates in Past Human Diets and Subsistence Systems
Mollusc Consumption in Primates and Human Prehistory
Management of Invertebrate Food Resources
Advances in the Study of Shell Artefacts
Shells as Symbols
Natural Products of Invertebrates
Sourcing Shell Artefacts
Concluding Comments
References
40 Archaeological Textiles as Secondary Plant and Animal Products
Textile Materials
History of Exploitation of Plant and Animal Secondary Products by Humans
Preservation of Archaeological Textiles
Manufacturing Textiles
Other Uses of Plants: Food, Medicine, and Dyes
Clothing in the Archaeological Record
References
Section 7: Scientific Studies of Inorganic Resources in Archaeology – Overview of Current Status and Prospects
41 Lithic Exploitation and Usewear Analysis
Characterization and Sourcing Studies
The Context of Lithic Exploitation and Sources of Variability
Usewear Analysis
Future Directions
References
42 Ancient Binders and Pigments
Binders
Pigments
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
43 Materials Analysis of Ceramics
Production Processes
Analytical Techniques
Research Themes
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
44 The Archaeometry of Glass
Some Underlying Assumptions and Principles
Colour and Transparency
Major Flux Traditions
Provenance, Trade, Connectivity
Origins
Technological Change
Recycling
Conclusions
References
45 Mining and Resource Procurement
Which Raw Materials? Usage of Natural Materials Before Modern Times
An Archaeology of Mining for Resource Procurement: A Short Look Back
Basic Research Questions in Mining and Resource Procurement
Basic Methodological Approaches to Mining and Resource Procurement in Empirical Research Work
Pre‐Modern Mining – Raw Material Procurement Between Social Values and Crisis Management
References
46 Making and Using Metals
Finding Metals
Smelting and Slag
Metals and Alloys
Manufacture and Use
Exchange and Recycling
Some Broader Questions
Future Perspectives
References
47 Provenancing Inorganic Materials:
The Provenance Hypothesis
Recycling and Provenance
Time and Provenance
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Section 8: Prospecting Beyond Boundaries: The Irresistible Rise of Remote Sensing in the Twenty‐First Century
48 Approaches to Archaeological Surface Survey
Seven Key Texts on Survey Methods
Key Terms
Fieldwalking
Recording Data
Sites
Chronology
Survey Design
The Shape of Precision
Regional Analysis
Presentation of Fieldwalking Data
Moving in the Past
Comparison
The Unique and the Sampled
Simple Analyses
Conclusion
References
49 Geophysical Survey Techniques
Past, Present, and Future
The Role of Geophysics in Archaeology
Principles of Archaeological Geophysics
Electrical Resistivity
Magnetometry
Ground Penetrating Radar
Electromagnetic Induction
Data Processing, Integration, and Interpretation
Case Studies
Conclusions
References
50 Archaeological Remote Sensing
Introduction
Remote Sensing Datasets and Case Studies
Conclusions and Future Directions
References
51 Geochemical Prospection and the Identification of Site Activity Areas
Soil Sampling Methods for Site Prospection and Identifying Activity Areas
Phosphate Analysis of Soils and Sediments
Multi‐Element Analysis of Soils and Sediments
pH Analysis of Soils and Sediments
Electrical Conductivity Analysis of Soils and Sediments
Organic Matter Distributions in Soils and Sediments
Magnetic Susceptibility Analysis of Soils and Sediments
Biomolecular Analyses of Soils and Sediments
The Future of Geochemical Prospection and the Identification of Activity Areas
Acknowledgements
References
52 Integrating Survey Data
Forms of Archaeological Survey Data
Geographical Information Systems
Data Issues
Interpreting Remotely Sensed Data
The Varied Goals of Data Integration
Dimensions and Approaches to Survey Data Integration
2D Graphical Integrations of Survey Data
2D Feature‐level Integrations
2D Pixel‐level Integrations of Survey Data
2D Integrations in the Vertical Plane
Integrations Within One Survey Type
3D Integrations
Conclusions
References
Section 9: Conservation Science in Practice
53 Defining the Burial Environment
Section for Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science
Background
Case Studies
Conclusion and Perspectives
References
54 Metallic Corrosion Processes and Information from Corrosion Products
A Brief Introduction to Metallic Corrosion
Metals in Archaeological Contexts
Information from Corrosion Products
Unlocking the Information Preserved in Corrosion Products
Corrosion as the Treasure Trove?
References
55 Post‐Depositional Changes in Archaeological Ceramics and Glass
Archaeological Ceramics and Glass
Use of Ceramics and Glass
Deposition
Excavation
Cleaning and Repair
Storage and Display
Analysis
Conclusion
References
56 Diagenetic Alterations to Vertebrate Mineralized Tissues – A Critical Review
The Origins and Nature of Skeletal Tissues
Types of Bone Tissues
The Chemistry of Mineralized Tissues
Thermal Alterations to Mineralized Tissues
Post‐depositional Alterations to Mineralized Tissues
The Origins of Bacterial Tunnelling
Chemical Alteration To Bone Tissues
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Section 10: ‘It's All in the Numbers’: Quantitative and Computational Approaches in Archaeology
57 Spatial Information in Archaeology
Introduction
Dealing with Spatial Information in Archaeology
Spatial Information in Archaeological Practice
Moving Beyond the Boundaries of GIS
References
58 Multivariate Analysis in Archaeology
The Data Matrix
Searching for Patterns in Multivariate Data
Current and Future Prospects
References
59 The Bayesian Inferential Paradigm in Archaeology
Null Hypothesis Significance Testing
Bayesian Statistics
A Simple Archaeological Example
What Is Bayes' Theorem?
Other Archaeological Applications
Some Practicalities
Hopes for the Future
Supplementary Materials
References
60 Quantification in Zooarchaeology and Palaeoethno(Archaeo)botany
Quantification Basics
Palaeoethnobotany
Zooarchaeology
Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
61 The Use of Kernel Density Estimates on Chemical and Isotopic Data in Archaeology
Mathematical Derivation of KDE
Quantification of Distributional Overlap
Archaeological Examples
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
62 Forward Modelling and Simulation in Archaeology
Types of Model
Models and Archaeology
Discussion and Conclusions
References
63 Big Data in Archaeology
Introduction
Archaeological ‘Big Data’ Projects up to 2019
Big Data Methods and Concepts
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Index
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