Handbook Industry 4.0: Law, Technology, Society

Foreword by the former Minister President of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, Armin Laschet
Foreword by the former Minister of State, Dorothee Bär
Industrie 4.0: A New Understanding of the Role Played by Humans and Technology
Foreword by the rector of the RWTH Aachen University, Ulrich Rüdiger
Preface
Contents
Part I: Legal Aspects
Aspects of the Digital Transformation of the Judiciary
1 Current State of Digitization and Perspectives on Technical IT Equipment
1.1 Legal Framework
1.2 State of Digitization in the Judiciary in North Rhine-Westphalia
1.2.1 Opening of the Electronic Legal Communication
1.2.2 Implementation of the Electronic File
1.2.2.1 IT Centralization as a Prerequisite for Electronic Legal Communication and Electronic Files
1.2.2.2 Current State of Electronic Filing
1.2.3 Outlook on Factual IT Equipment
1.3 Means and Channels of Communication
2 Organizational Questions
3 Legal Policy Engagement of North Rhine-Westphalia´s ``Working Group Digital New Start´´
3.1 Reliable Legal Framework?
3.1.1 Does Our Civil Code Need an ``Update´´?
3.1.2 Does the Legal Quality of Digital Data Require a Legal Provision?
3.1.3 ``Big Data´´
3.2 Only Occasional Need for Legislative Action in the Law of Obligations
3.3 Substantial Questions in Liability Law
3.4 Legal Tech as an Opportunity and a Challenge for the Judiciary
3.4.1 What Is Legal Tech?
3.4.2 General Theses
3.4.3 Privatization of Legal Protection?
4 Judicial Enforcement (Where to Go to Online Courts?)
4.1 Formal Level
4.2 The Online Court
5 Future Form of Justice
6 Conclusion
References
Who Owns the Data?
1 Digitisation and Law
2 Data Security and Protection
2.1 Source of EU Data Safety and Consequences
2.2 EU General Data Protection Regulation: Regulation of Data Privacy
2.3 NIS Directive
2.4 Cyberattacks and the Necessity of Strengthened Regulation and Prosecution
2.4.1 Intensified State Activities After the Last Cyberattack
2.4.2 Alignment with New Judicature
2.4.3 Constitutional Protection Obligations Against Cyberattacks
2.4.4 Inadequate IT Security Act
2.4.5 Constitutional Protection Obligations on EU Level
3 EU Guideline for the Technical Implementation of Data Exchange
3.1 Open-Data Approach
3.2 Legal Principles
3.3 Expansions
4 Data Ownership
4.1 EU Law Reference Points
4.2 National Articles and Copyright Assessment
4.2.1 Essentials in Adjustment with the Federal Constitutional Court
4.2.2 Complimentary Usage of Platforms
4.2.3 Single Constellations
5 Results
References
Relevance of Data Security and Data Protection in Companies from the Perspective of Criminal Law
1 Introduction
2 Data Protection and Criminal Law
2.1 Violation of Trade and Business Secrets, Criminal Law Obligation to Protect Personal Data in the Company
2.2 Hacking Against the Company: The Criminal Relevance of Own Defensive Measures Against Attacks on Corporate IT
2.2.1 Domain Name System
2.2.2 Attack for Industrial Espionage
2.2.3 Drive-by-Downloads
2.2.4 Attacks via Backups or USB Sticks
2.2.5 Forms of Attack and Defense
2.2.6 Misattribution
2.2.7 Automatic Reaction to Attacks
2.2.8 Suction ``Honeypot´´ Method
2.2.9 Summary
3 State-Conducted Hacking Attacks: New Online Investigation Tools
3.1 Source Telecommunication Surveillance
3.2 Online Search
4 Digital Evidence
4.1 Characteristics of Digital Evidence
4.2 Importance of Digital Evidence
4.3 Contextualization and Misinterpretation
4.4 Digital Data and Evidence Standards
5 ``Forensic Readiness´´ and Digital Compliance
5.1 Concept
5.2 Standards of Evidential Value
5.3 Integrity, Authenticity, Reproducibility
5.4 Compliance and Documentation of IT Forensic Standards
6 Perspectives: The Use of AI and Evaluation of Big Data in Criminal Proceedings and Preparatory Internal Investigations
6.1 Consequences of the Extended Use of Big Data, Algorithms, and AI
6.2 Quality of Data
6.3 Privatizing Surveillance Through Social Networks
6.4 Personalized Data
6.5 Differences and Limitations of Prognostic Decisions in Investigations
6.6 The Presumption of Innocence: Consequences to Big Data and Algorithm/AI-Based Investigations
References
Cyberattacks on Incident Relevant Facilities
1 Incident Operating Areas
2 Avoidance of Interference by Unauthorized Persons
2.1 Cyberattacks Known to Date
2.2 Cyber Insurance and Firewalls
3 Recommendations of the Commission for Plant Safety (KAS)
4 Further Considerations
4.1 Raising Employee Awareness
4.2 Review of Employees in the Hiring and Onboarding Phase
4.3 Technical Protective Measures, Especially DMZ
5 Conclusion
References
Industry 4.0: Prosecution Practice
1 The Digital Crime Scene
2 Digital Defense Strategies
2.1 Digital Leadership Culture
2.2 The Threats Posed by CyberCrime Work Across Industries, Sectors, and Company Structures
2.3 Awareness Alone Does Not Save a Company
2.4 There Is No Total IT-Security
2.5 The Crisis Is Certain
2.6 Repression Is Prevention
3 Of Myths and Legends
3.1 Criminal Charges Expose the Company to the Public
3.2 Investigations Cause More Collateral Damage Than Good
3.3 Nobody Likes To Have the Prosecutor at Their Footstep
3.4 Light Into the Darkness
3.5 And We Will Get Them After All
4 Prosecution As a Service
References
Big Data and Artificial Intelligence: Law and Industry 4.0
1 Approaching the Term Big Data
2 The Importance of Big Data in Industry 4.0
3 Legal Basis
3.1 Generation and Protection of Data
3.1.1 Assignment According to Property Law Regulations
3.1.2 Allocation According to Regulations on Intellectual Property
3.1.2.1 Patent Protection
3.1.2.2 Legal Protection for Computer Software
3.1.2.3 Protection as Database Producer
3.1.2.4 Protection As a Corporate Secret
3.2 Purchase of Data (Data Use Agreement)
3.3 The Use of Autonomous Systems
3.3.1 Conclusion of Contract
3.3.2 Inclusion of General Terms and Conditions (GTC)
3.3.2.1 Establishment of the GTC
3.3.2.2 Enabling Information
3.3.2.3 Compliance With the Written Form
3.3.3 Liability Law
3.3.3.1 Tort Law
3.3.3.2 Contractual Liability for Incorrect Data
3.4 Data As Essential Facility
References
Media Law 4.0
1 Introduction
2 Legal Principles of a Media Law 4.0
2.1 Conventional Regulation of the Media
2.2 Framework Conditions
2.3 State Treaty on Media
3 Media Creators
3.1 Journalists
3.2 Bloggers and Other `Amateur Journalists´
3.3 Influencers
3.4 Bots
3.5 `Robot Journalists´
3.6 Media Contents Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI)
3.7 State and Office-Bearers
4 Media Enterprises and Public-Law Media Providers
4.1 Institutional Framework of Media Creation
4.2 Public-Law Broadcasting Organisations
4.2.1 State Guarantee of Diversity of Opinion
4.2.2 `Broadcasting Law 4.0´?
4.3 Private Broadcasters
4.3.1 Relationship to Public-Law Broadcasting
4.3.2 Streaming Services As Broadcasting?
4.3.3 Media Concentration Law
4.4 Telemedia Providers
4.4.1 Telemedia Act (Telemediengesetz)
4.4.2 Comparison With Broadcasting Providers
4.4.3 Ad-Blockers
4.4.4 Media Platforms and User Interfaces
4.4.5 Intermediaries and Providers of Social Networks
5 Recipients
5.1 Freedom of Information
5.2 General Public´s Interest in Having Freely Available Information
6 Persons Affected
6.1 Privacy Rights
6.2 Rights to Own Picture
7 Outlook
References
Data Protection 4.0
1 Introduction
1.1 The Term Data Protection 4.0
1.2 Changes Due to Industry 4.0 and Relevance of Data Protection
1.3 Overview of Data Protection Regulations
2 Scope of Application
2.1 The Facts
2.1.1 Reference to Persons
2.1.2 Anonymisation and Pseudonymisation
2.1.3 Big Data
2.2 Territorial Cope
2.3 Other Data
3 Rights and Obligations
3.1 Responsibility
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.2 Privacy by Design and Privacy by Default
3.1.3 Information Requirements
3.2 Order Processing
3.3 Rights of the Data Subject
3.4 Infringements
4 Processing
4.1 Contract Performance and Pre-Contractual Measures
4.2 Legitimate Interest
4.3 Consent
4.4 Employee Data Protection
4.5 Special Categories of Personal Data
4.6 Transfers to Third Countries
4.7 Codes of Conduct
4.8 Purpose Limitation and Data Minimisation
References
Challenges in Data Protection in Business Transactions: An Overview Over Civil Law Approaches to Data Protection and Data Owne...
1 Introduction
2 Industry 4.0: Terminology and Challenges
3 Principles: Data Protection Regulation of Private Relationships
4 Challenges for the Protection of Data and Information Between Companies
4.1 Business Transactions
4.1.1 Transfer of data Within Share Deals
4.1.2 Transfer of Data Within Asset Deals
4.1.3 Summary and Relevance
4.2 Whom Does Data ``Belong To´´? Status Quo and Perspectives (German Law)
4.2.1 Where Law Protects Data As Assets Already
4.2.1.1 Protection by Contracts
4.2.1.2 Protection by Tort Law
4.2.1.3 Assignment of Rights of Disposal by Data Protection Law
4.2.2 Concepts for a Future Allocation of Exclusive Rights to Data
5 Conclusion
References
Information Security Law 4.0
1 Introduction
2 Information Security As a General Obligation Under Commercial Law
2.1 Obligation to Identify Existential Risks at an Early Stage
2.2 IT Compliance
3 Information Security As a Contractual Obligation
3.1 General Information
3.2 Purchase Contracts for IT Products
4 Information Security to Protect Business Secrets
5 Information Security Obligations for Critical Infrastructures and Companies of special public Interest
6 Obligations for Providers of Telemedial/Digital Services
6.1 Telemedia Service Providers (§ 19 Sec. 4 Sent. (1) TTDSG)
6.2 Providers of Digital Services (§ 8c Sec. 1 Sent. 1 BSIG)
6.3 Overlapping Scope of Application
7 Information Security Obligations Under Data Protection Law
7.1 Technical and Organisational Measures
7.2 Distinction from BSIG requirements
7.3 Reporting and Documentation Obligations
8 Further Sector-Specific Information Security Law
References
Contract Law 4.0
1 Introduction
2 Contract Design in Industry 4.0
3 Limits to the Freedom of Contract
3.1 Law and Standard Terms and Conditions
3.2 Competition Law
4 Changes in Contract Law: Contract Law 4.0
4.1 Standard Terms and Conditions
4.2 Machine Declarations
4.3 Contract Networks
5 Conclusion
References
Liability Law 4.0
1 Introduction
2 Liability Within the Value Network
3 Liability for Defective Products
3.1 Contractual Liability
3.2 Product Liability/Manufacturer´s Liability
3.2.1 Product Defects
3.2.2 Responsibility
3.2.3 Recourse
3.2.4 Questions of Evidence
4 Changes in Liability Law: Liability Law 4.0
4.1 Stricter Manufacturer´s Liability
4.2 Liability of Users and Owners
4.3 Liability for Autonomous Agents
4.4 Autonomous Systems´ Own Liability
4.5 Systemic Liability
5 Conclusion
References
Copyright Law 4.0
1 Introduction and Terminology
2 (No) Copyright Protection of Data
2.1 Data and Copyright Protected Works
2.2 Database Protection (§§ 87a ff. Copyright Act)
2.2.1 Requirements for Protection
2.2.2 Subject of Protection
2.2.3 Protection of Data by Contractual Agreements
3 Text and Data Mining As (One) Requirement for Industry 4.0
3.1 Relevance of Text and Data Mining for Industry 4.0
3.2 Relevant Exploitation Rights
3.3 European Legal Context
3.4 The Limitation of § 60d Copyright Act
3.4.1 Scope: Non-Commercial Scientific Research
3.4.2 Covered Works and Affected Exploitation Rights
3.4.3 Author Designation and Source Citation
3.4.4 Limitation for Database Rights
3.4.5 Digital Rights Management (DRM) or Technical Protection Measures and Restrictions on Access
3.4.6 TDM-Limitation and License Models
3.4.7 Remuneration
3.5 The New Limitation of § 44b Copyright Act
3.5.1 Covered Works and Exempted Acts of Exploitation
3.5.2 Opt-Out
3.5.3 Remuneration
3.6 Outlook
4 Co-Authorship in Networks
4.1 Prerequisites According to § 8 Copyright Act (Analogue)
4.2 Connected Work According to § 9 Copyright Act
4.3 Consequences: Authority to Dispose of and Take Legal Action
5 Copyright Issues Related to Cloud-Based Applications
5.1 Reproduction
5.2 Making Available to the Public
5.3 Type of Use and Intended Use
6 Conclusion
References
Industry 4.0 and Competition Law
1 Possible Starting Points for Antitrust Law Violations
1.1 Dominant Market Position of Corporations
1.1.1 Software Solutions and the Cloud
1.1.2 Merging of User Data
1.2 Business Partnering
1.3 Exchange of Information
2 Necessary Access to Software Solutions and the Cloud
2.1 Conditions
2.2 Justified Denial of Access?
2.3 Obligation to Pay Appropriate Remuneration
2.3.1 Measurement Based on the Innovative Character of the Service
2.3.2 Prohibition of Discount Systems
2.4 Injunctive Relief After the Huawei Judgment
3 Anti-Competitive Information Exchange
4 Pro-Competitive Behaviour With Definitional Exclusion
5 Exemption
6 Conclusion
References
Standard Setting by Associations
1 Essential Open Concept
2 Competitive Claim for Consideration of New Developments
3 Competition Law Design
4 Consequences Under Competition Law
4.1 Nullity Under Article 101 Section 2 TFEU
4.2 Claim to Inclusion
4.3 Defence, Injunctive Relief and Claims for Damages
5 Involvement of State Institutions
6 Prevention of Competition Through Close EU Standardisation
6.1 Effects
6.2 The Union Organs As the Primary Guardian of Competition
6.3 Extension Towards a Structure of Equal Opportunities
7 Conclusion
References
Administration in the Age `4.0´
1 Introduction
2 Electronic Government As a Guideline and Project
2.1 Concept of E-Government
2.2 Realisation of E-Government
3 Administration 4.0 and Smart Government
3.1 New Guiding Principles for the Administration?
3.2 Examples of Applications for the Implementation of Technical Innovations
3.3 Benchmarks for Their Use
4 Legal Framework for the Digitalisation of the Administration
4.1 Comprehensive Information Technology Access to Administrative Services
4.1.1 Portal Network
4.1.2 `Your Europe´ Portal
4.2 Digitalisation and Administrative Procedures
4.2.1 E-Government Laws
4.2.2 Benefits Without Application, Electronic Supports
4.2.3 Fully Automated Administrative Acts
4.2.3.1 No Discretion or Prerogative of Assessment
4.2.3.2 Mandatory Decisions As a Field of Application
4.2.3.3 Reservation of Rights
4.2.3.4 Internet-Based Vehicle Registration As an Application Example
4.2.3.5 Reasonableness of Fully Automated Decisions
4.2.3.6 Right To Be Heard
4.2.3.7 Grounds for an Administrative Act
4.2.3.8 Inspection of Documents by Participants
4.2.3.9 Notification by Retrieval of the Administrative Act
4.3 Opening Up the Data Pool for Innovative Uses
References
Agricultural Law 4.0: Digital Revolution in Agriculture
1 Digitisation of Agriculture
2 The Normative Framework: Right to Food and Sustainable Development Goals
3 Artificial Intelligence: AI Liability Law
4 The Legal Framework for the Use of (Agricultural) Drones
5 Data Governance: Data Protection Law and Data Law
5.1 Agricultural Data Governance and Agricultural Data Sovereignty
5.2 Open Data /Geodata (Spatial Data)
5.3 Privacy Under the EU General Data Protection Regulation
5.4 Data Usage Rights/Data Ownership
5.4.1 Private Law Claims of Agricultural Entrepreneurs on Data
5.4.2 Data Ownership/The Right to Property
5.5 Self-Regulation and Codes of Conduct
5.5.1 Codes of Conduct
5.5.2 Regulated Self-Regulation
6 Cybersecurity
7 Outlook
References
Law 4.0? Considerations on the Future of Law in the Digital Age
1 Digitalisation of the World-and of the Law?
2 Contrasts and Conflicts: Analogous Law vs. Digital World
2.1 The End of Borders?
2.2 Algorithm or Parliamentary Act?
2.2.1 Internet Governance: Technology and Economy Instead of Politics
2.2.2 Democratic Deficit: The Digital Code
2.3 On the Road to Pictorial Law?
2.3.1 Pictorial Turn: From Writing to the Picture
2.3.2 Law and Pictures
2.3.3 Visualisation Tendencies Within the Law
2.3.4 Opportunities and Risks: Pictures Within the Law
3 Indispensable? Law in the Digitalised World
3.1 A Need for Law? Norms for the Digitalised World
3.1.1 Public Good and Digital Code
3.1.2 Law: Order Instead of Chaos
3.1.3 Mutual Trust Through Law
3.2 Democracy in Cyberspace?
4 The Blur: The Law of the Digitalised World
4.1 Blurred World
4.2 Fuzzy Law?
5 Relativisation: Law and Algorithms
References
Part II: Production
Industry 4.0: Agile Development and Production with Internet of Production
1 Industry 4.0 As Enabler for Higher Agility in Manufacturing Companies
2 The Internet of Production As Infrastructure for Industry 4.0
3 Agility in Product Development
3.1 Weaknesses of Plan-Driven Development Processes
3.2 Potentials and Challenges of Agile Product Development
3.3 Agile Product Development in the Manufacturing Industry
4 Agility in Production
4.1 Agility in Prototyping in Support of the Highly Iterative Product Development
4.2 Agility in the Integrated Product and Production Development
4.3 Agility in Series Production Through Real-Time Decision Support
5 Agility Through New Business Models: Subscription in the Machinery and Equipment Industry
5.1 Potentials of Subscription in the Machinery and Equipment Industry
5.2 Challenges in Implementing Subscription Business Models
6 Summary
References
Data-Based Quality Management in the Internet of Production
1 Introduction
2 Quality-Relevant Data: Synergy Between Quality Management and the Internet of Production
3 Sensor Data Acquisition in Production Systems
4 Edge Devices and Cloud-Based IoT Operating Systems
5 Data-Based Quality Forecasts
6 Decision Support for Humans
7 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Manufacturing Technology 4.0
1 Introduction
1.1 The Industrial Internet of Things
1.2 Internet of Production
1.3 The Production Economy
1.4 Interim Conclusion
2 Distributed Ledger Technologies
2.1 From Data Silos to Distributed Ledgers
2.2 Characteristics of Distributed Ledgers
2.2.1 Securing the Immutability of Data
2.2.2 Creating a Digital Identity
2.2.3 Use As a Recording System
2.2.4 Use As a Platform
2.3 DLT Data Structures
2.4 Interim Conclusion
3 From the Internet of Production to a Manufacturing Economy
3.1 Prerequisites for DLT Business Models
3.2 Use Cases
3.3 Example: Marketplace for Unalterable and Verifiable Data
3.4 Example: DLT-Based Supply Chains
3.5 Validated Manufacturing Sequences
3.6 Interim Conclusion
4 Example Application: Secure Audit Trails for Fine Blanking
4.1 Data Acquisition
4.2 Data Processing
4.3 Data Visualization
4.4 Future Outlook
4.4.1 Simulation-Supported Design of Forming Processes Using the Example of the Precision Molding of Glass
4.4.2 Model- and Data-Based Analysis and Visualization of Process Information-Digital Twins for Manufacturing
4.4.3 Planning of Adaptive Process Chains With Technology Models and Historical Process Data Using the Example of Tool Enginee...
5 Summary
References
Networked Production Through Digital Shadows: Machine Tool 4.0
1 Industrie 4.0 Requirements for Production Technology
2 Recommendations for the Needs-Based Implementation of Data-Driven Approaches in Production
3 The Concept of the Digital Shadow
4 Requirements for a Reference Infrastructure for Digital Shadows
5 Use of the Digital Shadow for Production Technology
6 Scenario 1: Mastering Manufacturing Complexity
7 Scenario 2: Process-Accompanying Real-Time Quality Control in Production
8 Scenario 3: New Business Models in Production
References
Mechanics 4.0
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Data of Mechanical Systems
2.2 Data Preparation and Data Management
2.3 Artificial Intelligence for Mechanical Systems
2.3.1 Support Vector Machines
2.3.2 Artificial Neural Networks
3 Application Examples
3.1 Real-Time Monitoring of Milling Heads
3.2 Intelligent Surrogate Models and Intelligent Meta Elements for Structural Mechanics Simulations
4 Summary and Outlook
References
Robotic 4.0
1 Robotics in Industry 4.0
2 Internet of Robotic Things
3 Enabling Robotic Applications for Industry 4.0
3.1 Sensor Systems
3.1.1 Proprioceptive Sensors
3.1.2 Exteroceptive Sensors
3.2 Online Safety of Networked Robots
3.3 Simulation, Virtuelle Systeme, Virtuelle Abbilder
3.4 Networking and Interfaces
3.5 Intuitive Programming
4 Stationary Robots
5 Mobile Robotic
6 Human-Robot Collaboration
7 Exoskeletons for Humans in Industry 4.0
8 Case Studies and Current Projects
8.1 Center of Advanced Robotics (COAR)
8.2 Robotic Network for Factory of Future
8.2.1 Digital Shadow
8.2.2 Process Planning
8.2.3 Component Modelling
8.2.4 Robotic and Sensoric Network
8.3 Production Through Robotic Multidirectional Additive Manufacturing
8.4 Inclusive Workplaces of the Next Generation
References
Digital Twins in the Product Life Cycle of Additively Manufactured Components
1 Introduction
2 Metal-Based Additive Manufacturing Processes
2.1 Laser Powder Bed Fusion
2.2 Laser Material Deposition (LMD)
3 Digital Twin in Additive Manufacturing
4 Sensor Integration for the Production of Components Enabled for Industry 4.0
5 Summary
References
Textile 4.0
1 Introduction
2 Research Landscape of Technical Digitalization Projects in the Textile Industry
2.1 Self-Learning Textile Machine Processes
2.2 Quality Enhancement Through Digital Setting Aids and Image Recognition Algorithms
2.3 Networked Process Chains
2.4 Cross-Company Networking of Production Processes
3 People in the Digital Transformation Process in Companies in the Textile Industry
3.1 WissProKMU
3.2 WisoTex
3.3 SozioTex
3.4 Competence Center 4.0: Textile Networked
3.5 Digital Capability Center
3.6 Further Research Projects and Clusters
4 Outlook and Conclusion
References
Lightweight Design 4.0: The Fundamentals and Potential of Structural Health Monitoring
1 The Evolution of Lightweight Design
2 Fundamentals of Structural Health Monitorings
3 Demonstrating a SHM System on a Braided Composite Shaft
3.1 Monitoring Concept
3.2 Experimental Setup
3.3 Validation of the Monitoring Concept
4 Potential of Structural Health Monitoring
5 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Mechanical Engineering and Industry 4.0
1 Introduction
2 Current Legal Framework and Determining Legal Fields/Issues
3 Machine Generated Data
3.1 Data Without Personal Reference (Machine Data)
3.1.1 Data Sovereignty Regulation
3.1.2 Data Access
3.2 Data With Personal Reference (Data Protection)
3.2.1 Anonymous Data/Anonymization
3.2.2 Data Protection Principles
4 Legal Liability: Product and Producer Liability
4.1 Producer-Liability of the Manufacturer
4.2 Product Liability
4.3 Special Case IT Security
5 Software in Mechanical Engineering 4.0
5.1 Software License Agreements
5.2 Source Code of the Software
5.3 Use of Open-Source Software
6 Contract Design/Terms and Conditions
References
Part III: Transport, Logistics and Construction
Electromobility: Trends and Challenges of Future Mass Production
1 Initial Situation e-Mobility
2 Introduction to the Fields of Action
2.1 Field of Action 1: Complete Vehicle
2.2 Field of Action 2: Battery Systems
2.3 Field of Action 3: Electric Drive
2.3.1 Asynchronous Machine
2.3.2 Permanently Excited Synchronous Machine
2.3.3 Separately Excited Synchronous Machine
2.4 Field of Action 4: Vehicle Body
2.5 Field of Action 5: Recycling
3 Summary and Outlook for Large-Scale Production of Electric Mobility
References
Role and Effects of Industry 4.0 on the Design of Autonomous Mobility
1 Introduction
2 From Industry 4.0 to Mobility 4.0
3 Effect of Industry 4.0 on Mobility and Logistics
3.1 Effect on Passenger Transport: Mobility 4.0
3.2 Effect on Freight Transport: Logistics 4.0
4 Transferability to Industry-Specific Fields of Application
4.1 Intralogistics
4.1.1 Use of Autonomous Systems in e-Vehicle Assembly
4.1.2 Use of Autonomous Systems in Order Picking
4.1.3 Outlook: Mobile Manipulation for Stationary Handling
4.2 Construction Industry
4.3 Passenger Air Transport
4.3.1 Technological Development of Autonomous Aircraft
4.3.2 Interactions Between People and Technology
4.3.3 Integration Into the Existing Transport Infrastructure
5 Summary and Outlook
6 Additional Notes
References
Ethics of Digitalization in the Automotive Industry Using the Example of Self-Driving Cars
References
Rail Transport Technology 4.0
1 Autonomous Driving
1.1 State of the Art
1.2 Automatic vs. Autonomous Driving
1.3 Research and Development
2 Driverless or Unattended Shunting
2.1 State of the Art
2.2 Research and Development
3 Monitoring via Sensors and Networking
3.1 Condition Monitoring in Passenger Transport
3.2 Freight Wagon 4.0
3.3 Infrastructure-Side Vehicle Monitoring
3.4 Vehicle-Side Condition Monitoring of Infrastructure
3.5 Model-Based Condition Monitoring and Digital Twin
3.6 Usage of Condition Monitoring Data
3.7 Mobile Sensing
4 Ticketing and Passenger Information
4.1 Ticketing
4.2 Passenger Information
5 Conclusion
References
The Industry 4.0-Concept Within Aerospace
1 Introduction
2 Implementation Examples of Industry 4.0-Concepts Within the Aerospace Sector
2.1 Research and Development
2.2 Production
2.3 Air and Space Operation
3 Challenges of Industry 4.0 in the Aerospace Sector
References
BIM and the Digitalization in the Construction Industry
1 Introduction
2 BIM: Building Information Modeling
2.1 Definition
2.2 Use Cases
2.3 Overall and Aspect Models: Collaborative Work
2.4 BIM Implementation Process
3 Modeling Paradigm
3.1 Object-Oriented Modeling
3.2 Level of Development and Accuracy
4 Processes
4.1 Information Management
4.2 Common Data Environment
4.3 Interoperability and Domain-Specific Data
5 Standardization and Norms
5.1 Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)
5.2 Collaborative Work
6 Status of Introduction
6.1 International
6.2 European Union
7 Conclusion
References
Water Sector 4.0
1 What Is the Water Sector?
2 Automation, Digitalization, and Water 4.0
3 The Path of Data Through the Water Sector
3.1 Data Generation, Collection, and Preparation
3.2 Modeling
3.3 Visualization
3.4 Digital Communication
3.5 Security
3.6 Data Sovereignty
4 Research and Industry Projects
4.1 Data Generation, Collection, and Preparation ``Global Flood Monitor´´
4.2 Modeling ``Early Dike´´
4.3 Visualization ``RiverView´´
4.4 Digital Communication ``KUBAS´´
4.5 Security ``STOP-IT´´
4.6 Data Sovereignty ``Geoportal Luxembourg´´
5 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Part IV: Electrical and Information Engineering, Mathematics
Artificial Intelligence 4.0
1 Introduction
2 What Is Artificial Intelligence?
3 The State of the Art of AI Research
4 AI and Industry 4.0
4.1 Machine Learning for Injection Molding
4.2 Machine Learning for Hot Rolling
4.3 AI Planning Techniques for Production Logistics
5 Conclusions
References
Life Cycle-Spanning Experimentable Digital Twins
1 Introduction
2 The Experimentable Digital Twin
2.1 Cyber-Physical Systems
2.2 Interaction of Cyber-Physical Systems
2.3 The Digital Twin
2.4 The ``Realization Space´´ of Digital Twins
2.5 The Digital Twin as Node of the Internet of Things
2.6 The Experimentable Digital Twin
2.7 The Technical Realization of a Digital Twin
3 Applications of Experimentable Digital Twins
3.1 The EDT-Scenario
3.2 Application-Specific Analysis of EDT-Scenarios
3.3 Specification of Digital Twins and Their Interaction
4 Experimentable Digital Twins Cover the Entire Life Cycle
4.1 The (Development) Process
4.2 Simulation Domains for Experimentable Digital Twins
5 Examples for EDT-Based Applications
5.1 Test and Analysis of Modular Satellite Systems
5.2 Control of Reconfigurable Robotic Workcells
5.3 Validation of Driver Assistance Systems
5.4 Man-Machine Interaction for Rescue Robots
6 Summary
References
Towards the Digital University
1 Introduction
2 Science 4.0 Is ``Computational´´: Computer- and Computation-Aided
3 Implications for Education
4 Administrative Implications
5 Processes and Governance
6 Risks
7 Conclusion
Part V: Energy, Georesources and Material Technology
Economy 4.0: Aspects of a Future Energy System
1 Global Challenges of the Energy System
1.1 Historical Review
1.2 Germany´s Energy Mix
1.3 Climate Protection Goals in Germany and the EU
2 Future Development of Electricity Generation and Demand in Germany
2.1 Development of Electricity Generation and Consumption in Germany
2.2 Perspectives from the Network Development Plan
2.3 Regionalization of Production
2.4 Regionalization of the Load
2.5 Fundamental Considerations by the Federal Network Agency on Integrated Power Grid Planning
3 Sector Coupling: Electrification of the Heat Supply and Transportation
3.1 Decarbonization of the Electrical System
3.2 E-Mobility
3.3 Decarbonization of Industrial Processes: Hydrogen Economy
4 Digitization and Cyber Security
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Digitization for the Energy Transition
4.3 Digitization and Virtual Power Plants
4.4 Smart Grids: Optimized Network Operation Through Digitization
4.5 Digital Energy Trading and Blockchain
4.6 Cyber Security
5 The Importance of Socio-Economic Aspects for the Transformation of the Energy Supply System
6 Conclusion
References
Mining 4.0
1 Introduction
2 What Is Mining 4.0?
3 Drivers and Objectives for Mining 4.0
4 Challenges of Mining 4.0: How Is It Different from Industry 4.0?
5 What the Future Holds
6 Conclusion
References
Final Disposal 4.0
1 Introduction
2 Repository Projects and Interim Storage of Radioactive Waste in Germany
2.1 Site Selection Procedure
2.2 Konrad Mine
2.3 Asse II Mine
2.4 Morsleben Repository
2.5 Gorleben Salt Dome
2.6 StandAG 2017 (Amended)
2.7 Responsibilities, Organisational Structures
2.8 The Road to a Site Decision
3 A Look at Industry and Mining 4.0
4 Transferability of Industry and Mining 4.0 to Repository 4.0
4.1 Boundary Conditions for `4.0´ in Final Disposal
4.2 Current Status of the `4.0´ Concept in Final Disposal
4.3 Regulatory Framework Conditions for Increasing the Degree of Automation in a Repository Mine
5 Summary and Outlook
References
Geological Modeling 4.0
1 Summary
2 A Short History of Geological Modeling
3 Elements of Geological Modeling 4.0
3.1 Automating Model Generation and Model Updates
3.2 Reproducibility, Open Data, Transparency
3.3 Integration of Heterogeneous Data
3.4 Estimation and Communication of Uncertainties
3.5 Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence
4 Applications of Geological Modeling 4.0
5 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Part VI: Medicine and Healthcare
Telemedicine
1 Background
2 Telemedicine and Tele-Intensive Care
3 Effects of Tele-Intensive Care
3.1 Influence on Mortality and Length of Stay
3.2 Influence on the Implementation of Treatment Guidelines
3.3 Influence on Sepsis Mortality
3.4 Algorithms and Early Warning Systems
3.5 Tele-Emergency Medicine
3.6 Tele-Stroke Care
3.7 Smart Phone Apps
4 Legal and Organisational Framework Conditions
4.1 E-Health Act
4.2 Prohibition of Remote Treatment
4.3 Responsibility for Treatment
4.4 Data Protection
4.5 Structural Recommendations of the DGAI
5 Outlook
5.1 Robotics as Assistance in Care
5.2 Intelligent Networking in the Health Care System
5.3 Use of Artificial Intelligence
6 Conclusion
References
Clinic 4.0: The Digital Hospital
1 Clinic 1.0 to Clinic 3.0
2 The Fourth Revolution in the Hospital?
2.1 Framework
2.2 Logistics 4.0
2.3 Doctor 4.0
2.4 Nursing 4.0
2.5 Administration 4.0
2.6 Patient 4.0
2.7 Research and Training 4.0
2.8 Risks 4.0
2.9 The Digital Hospital: Living Dream or Waking Nightmare?
References
Operating Room and Clinic 4.0: The OR.NET Approach
1 Introduction
2 State of the Art
3 The OR.NET Solution Approach
3.1 Standardization
3.2 Implementation of the SDC Standard
3.3 Approval Strategies and Testing
4 Demonstrators
5 Outlook
References
Life Science 4.0
1 Introduction
2 Machine Learning to Model Unknown Data
3 Motion Analysis
3.1 Measurement Methods
3.2 Machine Learning in Motion Analysis
4 Practical Examples
4.1 Prediction of Joint Moments Based on Joint Angles During Gait
4.2 Prediction of Ground Reaction Force and Joint Moments During Fast Changes of Direction
4.3 Prediction of Ground Rection Force of Older People With and Without the Support of a Four-Wheeled Walker
5 Summary and Outlook
References
The Fourth Industrial Revolution: Information Security and Data Protection
1 Introduction
2 Problems
2.1 Information Security
2.2 Data Protection
3 Solutions
References
Ethics of Digitalization in Industry
1 Introduction
2 The Relationship Between Man, Technology, and Ethics
3 Characteristics of Digitization
4 The Main Features of the Ethics of Digitization
4.1 On the Distinction Between Ethics and Morals
4.2 Digitalization in Spheres of Ethics
4.3 Access to the Ethics of Digitization
4.3.1 On the Condition of the Possibility of Moral Questions
4.3.2 The Importance of Images of Man for Moral Questions
4.3.3 Normative Issues
5 Ethics of Digitalization in Industry
6 Conclusion
References
Part VII: Management and Working Environment
Management for Digitalization and Industry 4.0
1 New Management for Digitalization and the Fourth Industrial Revolution
1.1 Changes in the Current Competitive Environment
1.2 Necessary Adjustments in Management
2 Digitalization Strategy as Part of Future Corporate Strategies
2.1 Difficulties Launching Digitalization
2.2 Complex Industry 4.0 Market Environment
2.3 Digitalization Strategy as a New Element of Corporate Strategy
2.4 From the Digital Vision to the Digital Company
3 Digital Process Excellence and Digital Value Chains
3.1 Digitalization as the Foundation of Data-Driven Management Decisions
3.2 Stages of Process Digitalization
3.3 Customer Orientation and Integrated Processes Characterize Digital Value Chains
4 Digitalization, Industry 4.0 and the Role of Organization, Culture, and Values
4.1 Digitalization Is Changing the World of Work
4.2 Competences and Further Training
4.3 New Forms of Work Require New Management Concepts and Organizational Forms
4.4 The Role of Culture and Values: Trust as a Key Value of Digital Transformation
4.5 Ethical and Legal Concerns
5 Digitalization for Innovative Customer Experiences and Interfaces
5.1 Digitalization Is Changing the Customer Perspective
5.2 Digital Customer Experiences
5.3 Intelligent Analysis of Customer Data
5.4 Personalized Services and Products
5.5 Customer Relationship Management
6 Digital Products and Business Models
6.1 Digitalization Is Changing Business Models
6.2 Digital Business Models: Select Examples
7 Conclusion and Outlook: Reality and Risks of Digitalization and the Fourth Industrial Revolution
7.1 Reality in German Business
7.2 Reality in Collaboration with People
7.3 Digitalization Not an End in Itself. What, Though, Are the Costs of Not Digitalizing?
7.4 Risks Are Frequently Underanalyzed
References
Digital Transformation of Companies
1 Introduction
2 Digital Transformation As an Entrepreneurial Task
3 Phase 1: Key Factors Influencing Companies
4 Phase 2: Business Modeling (Strategic Field 1)
5 Phase 2: New Customer Needs and Customer Focus (Strategic Field 2)
6 Phase 2: Intelligent Organization (Strategic Field 3)
7 Phase 3: Employee Upskilling
References
Framework for Managing Business Transformation
1 Challenges of Business Transformation
2 Definition of Business Transformation
3 Framework for the Management of Business Transformation
3.1 Conceptual Foundation
3.2 Framework
3.2.1 External Factors
3.2.2 Internal Elements
4 Managing Business Transformation
4.1 Managing by Vision
4.2 Managing by Governance
4.3 Managing by Leadership
4.4 Managing by Communication
4.5 Managing by Roadmapping
References
Work 4.0: Human-Centered Work Design in the Digital Age
1 Perspectives on Work in the Digital Age
1.1 Digitalization from the Perspective of German Employees
1.2 Digitalization from the Perspective of German Companies
1.3 Digitalization from a Supra-Company Perspective
1.3.1 Digitalization and Employment
1.3.2 Development Scenarios for Production Work
1.3.3 Online Work Outside of Companies
1.3.4 Digitalization and Demographic Developments
2 Human-Centered Design of Work 4.0 in Companies
2.1 Macro-Ergonomic and Micro-Ergonomic Dimensions of Work Design
2.2 Design Aspects at the Level of the Person at Work
2.3 Design Aspects at the Company Level
2.4 Work Design Strategies in the Context of Industry 4.0
2.5 Flexible and Cooperative Work Organization
2.6 Use of Assistance Systems and Cooperative Robots
3 Criteria for Analysis, Assessment, and Design
4 Guiding Principles for Human-Centered Work Design in the Digital Age
5 Summary
References
The Relevance of Labour Law in the Process of Industry 4.0
1 Industry 4.0, Work 4.0, Labour Law 4.0
2 Use of the Workforce in Connection With Industry 4.0
2.1 Limits on Working Time
2.2 Inter-Employer and Depersonalised Instructions
3 Protection Interests of Employees in the Context of Industry 4.0
3.1 Occupational Safety and Health at the Man-Machine Interface
3.2 Employee Data Protection in Value Networks
4 Institutionalised Influence on the Transformation Process
4.1 Co-Design of New Work Processes by the Works Council
4.2 Continuing Professional Qualification as an Ongoing Process Close to the Workplace
5 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
The Gender Blind Spot: Reflections on the German Discourse on Gender, Work, and Digitalization-Work 4.0
1 Introduction
2 Gender Aspects in Work 4.0: An Overview
2.1 Blind Spot Gender: Exemplary Consideration of Two Studies on the Probability of Job Automation
2.2 Gender-Sensitive Factors and Dimensions in the Context of Work 4.0
2.2.1 Changing Forms of Work
2.2.2 Changing Work Methods
2.2.3 Changes for Individuals and Society
3 Tomorrow´s Technology, Yesterday´s Discourses? Social Gender Discourses Between Redundancy and Abridgement
3.1 The Debate on Quotas
3.2 The Substitute Discourse on Compatibility
3.3 The Conversation About Flexibilization
4 Conclusions and Outlook
References
The Digitally-Supported On-Site University
1 Opportunities and Challenges
1.1 Opportunities: We Are the Ones Who Invent the Future
1.2 Challenges: The Shackled Driver
2 University of the Future
2.1 Vision and Organisational Culture
2.2 Aims, Measures and Requirements for Digitalisation
3 Transition: Measures on the Path to a Vision
3.1 Teaching 4.0
3.1.1 Digitally Supported Teaching and Learning in Hessen
3.1.2 Digital Teaching as a Model
3.1.3 DOIT Model
3.1.4 Digital Teaching/Learning Measures: E-Lectures and E-Exams
3.1.5 DELTA
3.1.6 GInKo: Goethe University Information and Communication System
3.2 Research
3.2.1 HKHLR: Hessian Competence Center for High Performance Computing
3.2.2 Hessenbox: A Cooperative Sync-and-Share Infrastructure for Hessian Higher Education Institutions
3.2.3 HeFIS: Hessian Research Information System
3.2.4 HeFDI: Joint Hessian Research Data Infrastructures
3.2.5 MobiDig: Mobile, Digital Access to University and Library
3.2.6 LaVah: Long-Term Availability at Hessian Higher Education Institutions
3.2.7 HeIDI: Hessian Identity Management Infrastructure
3.2.8 CSC: High-Performance Computing at Goethe University
3.2.9 CMMS
3.3 Administration and Management
3.3.1 GInKo
3.3.2 HeIDI
3.3.3 Learning Management System (LMS) in Human Resources and Organisational Development (PE/OE)
3.3.4 IT Security Policy and IT Security Management Team (SMT)
4 Summary and Outlook
References
To See Humans in Vocational Education Differently: Vocational Pedagogy and Reflections on Discourse, Subject, and Education in...
1 Introduction
2 Reflections on the Discourse Level: Questions of Discourse Analysis
3 Reflections on the Subject Level: Questions of Biography-Theory
4 Propositions for Designing Communication and Research Practice of Vocational and Economic Pedagogy
References
Online References
Innovation 4.0: The Agile Evolution of Innovation
1 Innovations in the Context of Digital Transformation
2 The Term Innovation
3 The Stage-Gate Model
4 The Evolution of Innovation
4.1 Closed Innovation
4.2 ``Open Innovation´´
4.3 The Customer in the Innovation Process
5 Innovation 4.0
5.1 Innovation 4.0 from a Process Perspective
5.1.1 Innovation 4.0: Customer Processes
5.1.2 Innovation 4.0: Company Processes
5.2 Agile Innovations
6 Summary
References
Part VIII: Humanities and Social Sciences
Industry-Between Evolution and Revolution: A Historical Perspective
1 Prologue: Methods, Concepts, Intentions
2 Industrialisation
2.1 Industry 1.0 (the First Industrial Revolution)
2.2 Industry 2.0 (the Second Industrial Revolution)
2.3 Industry 3.0 (the Third Industrial Revolution)
3 Taking Stock and Looking Ahead: Back to the Future?
References
Ethics of Digitalization in Healthcare
1 Ethical Issues in Healthcare: An Introduction
2 Data Validation, Sectoral Delimitation and Surveillance
2.1 The Importance of Data in Healthcare
2.2 Data Validation and Big Data in Healthcare
2.3 Cross-Sector Supply
2.4 Surveillance in Everyday Life
3 Robotics in Healthcare
4 Age-Appropriate Assistance Systems
5 Conclusion
References
Ethics of Digitilization in the Financial Sector Using the Example of Financial Services
1 Introduction
2 The Example of Customer Advice
3 Conclusion
References
Digitalization and Global Responsibility
1 Digitalization Opportunities
2 Digitalization Risks
3 AI Algorithms Do Not Know Human Behavior
References
Digitizing the Humanities
1 Humanities (As Academic Discipline)
2 Classification
3 History of Digital Humanities
4 Characterization
5 Research Designs
Cultural Memory
1 Culture, Heritage and Cultural Assets
2 Institutions of Cultural Memory
3 Archives
3.1 Definition and Functions
3.2 History
3.3 Organisation
3.4 Collection Items
4 Libraries
4.1 Definition and Function
4.2 History
4.3 Organisation and Collection Items
5 Museums
5.1 Definitions and Functions
5.2 History
5.3 Organisation
5.4 Collections
References
Referenced Websites
Digitization of Cultural Heritage
1 Digitization in the Narrower Sense
1.1 Objects and Processes
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Processes and Standards
1.3.1 Management
1.3.2 Image Acquisition
1.3.3 Digitization in 3D
1.3.4 Digitization of Text Carriers
1.3.5 Information Recognition
1.3.6 Accessibility via Metadata
1.4 Examples of Mass Digitization (Text)
1.5 Examples in the Field of Audiovisual Media
1.6 Born Digital
1.7 Sustainability
2 Digital Accesses
3 Transformation Processes
4 Criticism
References
Literature
Referenced Websites
Guidelines and Standards
Europe 4.0
1 Central Importance of the EU Law on Digitization
2 Remaining Obstacles and Obstacles to Be Removed
2.1 Competition Law
2.1.1 Entitlement to Access from the Prohibition of Abuse
2.1.2 Open Standard Setting by Associations
2.2 Fundamental Liberties
2.2.1 Free Movement of Goods
2.2.2 Free Movement of Services
2.2.3 Removal of the Toll?
2.2.4 Public Procurement Law
2.2.5 Free Movement of Workers
2.2.6 Freedom of Establishment
2.2.7 Free Movement of Capital
2.2.8 Stricter Standards in the Interests of Digitization
2.3 General Prohibition of Discrimination
2.4 Transports and Networks
2.4.1 Transport Policy in Parallel with the Fundamental Liberties
2.4.2 Pathways
2.4.3 Infrastructure
2.5 Education and Culture
2.6 Embedding Artificial Intelligence
2.7 Industrial Policy
2.8 Research Policy
2.9 Digitized Administration
2.10 Consequences of Autonomous Driving
2.11 Law Enforcement and Criminal Law
3 The EU Perspectives
References
Index