Gut Microbiome in Neurological Health and Disorders

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Gut Microbiome Brain Axis: An Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Gut Microbiota and Brain
1.3 Gut Microbiota and Immune System
1.4 Gut Microbiota and Aging
1.5 Gut Microbiota and Diseases
1.6 Gut Microbiota and Fatty Acids
1.7 Gut Microbiota and Pre/Probiotics
References
Chapter 2: Cross Talk Between Gut Microbiota and Host Immune Cells
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Gut Microbiota and Immune System Interaction During Development
2.3 Translocation of Microbes in the Gastrointestinal Tract
2.4 Communication Between the Host´s Immune Cells and the Intestinal Microbiome
2.4.1 Dendritic Cell Relationship with Gut Bacteria
2.4.2 IgA and Gut Microbiome
2.4.3 Microbiota-Mediated Regulation of Treg Cells, Th17 Cells, and Th1 Cells
2.4.4 The Gut Microbiome and Innate Lymphoid Cells
2.5 Microbial Metabolite-Mediated Modulation of Host Immunity
2.6 Probiotics: An Immune Modulator
2.7 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Chapter 3: Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and Neurodegenerative Disorder
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Gut Microbiome and CNS Connection
3.3 Development and Influence of Gut Microbiome
3.4 The Gut Microbes and Brain Development
3.5 The Gut Microbiota in Neurodegenerative Disorders
3.6 A Clinical Connection Between the Gut Microbes and Neurodegenerative Disorders
3.7 Routes of Communication
3.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives: A New Hope?
References
Chapter 4: Gut Microbiota Regulation of Cerebral Stroke
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Microbiota Gut-Brain Axis and Its Environmental Axis
4.3 Stroke-Induced Gut Dysfunction and Translocation of Gut Microbiota
4.4 Western Dietary Pattern and Related Risk Factor for Stroke-Induced Gut Microbiota Alteration
4.5 Stroke-Induced Gut Inflammatory Immune Response and Brain Infiltration
4.6 SCFAs Contributes to Protection Against Cerebral Ischemic Stroke
4.7 Stroke Dysbiosis Index Scale for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Stroke Incidence
4.8 Regulatory Role of Gut Microbiome in Blood-Brain Barrier Breakage After Stroke
4.9 Engineered Microbiota Used for Therapeutic Treatment of Ischemic Stroke
4.10 Tools for Regulating Microbiome Gene Expression
4.11 Psychobiotics
4.12 Neuroprotective Potential of Monobacteriotherapy
4.13 Fecal MicroRNA Regulation of Gut Microbiota
4.14 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Chapter 5: Aging: Impact of Gut Microbiota
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Aging Gut Microbiota: Composition
5.3 Aging Gut Microbiota: Diet
5.4 Aging Gut Microbiota: Pre/Probiotics
5.5 Aging Gut Microbiota: Diseases
5.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 6: Gut Microbiome Regulation of Appetite and Role in Neurological Disorders
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Roles of Intestinal Bacteria
6.3 Metabolism
6.4 Resistance to Colonization
6.5 Appetite Control in Homeostatic Model
6.6 Host Energy Homeostasis and Brain
6.7 Hedonic Versus Homeostatic Regulation
6.8 Bowel Transmission to the Brain
6.9 Gut Microbiome Regulates the Appetite
6.10 Bacterial Growth Caused by Nutrients
6.11 Host Control
6.12 Mechanistic Impact of Bacteria from the Gut
6.13 The Western Diet Influences the Gut Microbiota
6.14 Role of Gut Microbiome in Neurological Disorders
6.15 Parkinson´s Disease
6.16 Anxiety
6.17 Schizophrenia
6.18 Autism Spectrum Disorder
6.19 Multiple Sclerosis
6.20 Alzheimer´s Disease
6.21 Epilepsy
6.22 Strokes
6.23 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Human Diets, Gut Microbiome, and Neuroinflammation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Impact of Diet on the Gut Microbiota
7.3 Dietary Fat and Carbohydrates
7.4 Probiotics and Prebiotics
7.5 Micronutrients and Gut Microbiota
7.6 Gut Microbiota and Neuroinflammatory Diseases
7.7 Alzheimer´s Disease
7.8 Autism Spectrum Disorder
7.9 Multiple Sclerosis
7.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Dietary Fatty Acids, Gut Microbiome, and Gut-Brain Communication: A Current Perspective
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Role of Long- and Short-Chain Fatty Acids
8.3 Alterations in the Gut Ecosystem
8.4 Impact of Fatty Acids on Gut Microbiome
8.4.1 Effect on Immune System
8.4.2 Effect on Gut Ecosystem
8.4.3 Effect on Gut Inflammatory Diseases
8.4.4 Effect on Obesity
8.4.5 Impact on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
8.5 Dietary Fats-Gut Microbiota: Brain Communication
8.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids from Gut Microbiota in Neuroendocrine Pathogenesis Management
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Occurrence
9.3 Chemistry of SCFAs
9.4 Role of SCFA and Its Mode of Action in prognosis of diseases
9.4.1 Anticancer Activity
9.4.2 Gut and Brain
9.4.3 Diabetes
9.4.4 Inflammatory Regulation
9.4.5 Gut Health
9.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Potential Role of Probiotics on Gut Microbiota in Neurological Disease
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis: A Bi-directional Communication System
10.2.1 Role and Developmental Role and Mechanism of Action of Gut-Brain Axis
10.2.2 Effects of Human Microbiome and Probiotics on ENS, ANS, and CNS
10.2.2.1 Effect of Human Microbiome and Probiotics on ENS
10.2.2.2 Effects of Human Microbiome and Probiotics on ANS
10.2.2.3 Effects of Human Microbiome and Probiotics on Central Nervous System
10.3 Neurological Diseases Influenced by Imbalance of Gut-Brain Axis
10.3.1 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
10.3.2 Epilepsy
10.3.3 Autistic Spectrum Disorder
10.3.4 Dementia
10.3.5 Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
10.3.6 Alzheimer´s Disease
10.3.7 Anxiety and Depression
10.3.8 Schizophrenia
10.4 Psychobiotics
10.5 Therapeutic Manipulation, Implications, and Future Prospects
10.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Reversal of Metabolic Disorder Through the Restoration of Gut Microbiota
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Role of Phytochemicals in the Gut Restoration
11.3 Restoration of Gut Microbiota in AD Via Phytomolecules
11.4 Restoration of Gut Microbiota in Diabetes Via Phytomolecules
11.5 Restoration of Gut Microbiota in Obesity Via Phytomolecules
11.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Gut Microbiome and Diet: Promising Approach for Treatment of Cognitive Impairment
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Potential of Modified Diet for Treatment of Cognitive Dysfunction
12.2.1 High-Fiber Diet
12.2.2 Potential of Probiotics for Cognitive Impairment Therapy
12.2.3 Potential of Genetically Modified Probiotics (GMP) for Cognitive Impairment Therapy
12.3 Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) as a Cognitive Impairment Therapy
12.4 Potential of Physical Training/Exercise for Cognitive Impairment Therapy
12.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Nanoplastics, Gut Microbiota, and Neurodegeneration
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Plastic, Microplastic, and Nanoplastic: Origin and Its Chemical Composition
13.2.1 Sources of Nanoplastics
13.2.2 Routes of Exposure
13.2.3 Additives
13.2.4 Impact of Nanoplastic on Gut Microbiota and Its Molecular Mechanism
13.2.5 Impact of Additives on Gut Microbiome
13.3 Molecular Mechanism
13.3.1 Initiation Events (IE)
13.3.2 Key Event: Oxidative Stress
13.3.3 Activation of Oxidative Stress Pathway
13.3.4 Impact of MPs/NPs Induced Oxidative Stress on Gut Microbiota
13.3.5 Gut Microbiome and Neurodegenerative Disorder
13.3.6 Impact of Altered Gut Microbiota Due to Ingested MPs/NPs on Neurodegenerative Diseases
13.3.7 Role of Antioxidants
13.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Gut Microbiome, COVID-19, and Neurological Impairment
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Human Diet and COVID-19
14.3 Gut-Lung Axis
14.4 Diet and Gut-microbiota in the Population of Developed and Developing Countries
14.5 Effect of Microbiota on COVID-19 Cases During Lockdown
14.6 Diet Induced Dysbiosis, Inflammation, and Commodity
14.7 Personalized Nutritional Invention for Treating COVID-19
14.8 Molecular Mechanism of Microbiota-Virus Interaction
14.8.1 Piperine as a Repurposing Molecule for Reversing the COVID-19 Pandemic
14.8.2 Interplay Between Gut Microbiome, COVID-19, and Neurological Impairment
14.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 15: Tools to Study Gut Microbiome
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Gut Microbes Are Highly Abundant
15.1.2 The Great Plate Count Anomaly
15.1.3 From Microscope to Genoscope
15.1.4 Microbiota Establishment in the Gut by Forming Biofilms
15.2 Gut Metagenomics Experimental Tool
15.2.1 Experimental/Study Design
15.2.2 Sample Types, Collection, Handling, and Processing
15.2.3 Next-Generation Sequencing
15.3 Gut Metagenomics Bioinformatics Tool
15.3.1 Preprocessing of Raw Reads
15.3.2 Amplicon Analysis
15.3.3 Shotgun Analysis
15.3.4 Assembly
15.3.5 Diversity Measures
15.3.6 Challenges
References
Chapter 16: Germ-free Mice Technology: Opportunity for Future Research
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Germ-Free Mice Technology
16.2.1 History
16.2.2 GF Technology
16.2.3 Customized Flora and Control Group for Experiments
16.3 Why Mice Model?
16.3.1 Differences Between Germ-free and Conventionally Raised Animals
16.3.2 GF mice Technology: Applications and Future Guideline
16.4 Metabolic Disorders
16.5 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
16.5.1 Host Immune Response
16.5.2 Vaccine Response
16.5.3 Host-microbe and Microbe-Microbe Interaction
16.5.4 Host-pathogen Interaction
16.5.5 Reproductive Health
16.5.6 Cancer Biology
16.5.7 Aging
16.5.8 Drug Response and Xenobiotics
16.5.9 Gastrointestinal System and Enteric Nervous System
16.6 Future Potentials of Germ-Free Technology
16.6.1 Technological Aspects
16.6.2 Future Bio-therapeutic Agents and Pharmaceuticals Products
16.7 Future Models
16.7.1 Combination of OMICS and GF Technology
16.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Gut Microbiome and Neurodegeneration: A Bioinformatics Approach
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Metagenomics
17.2.1 Meta-transcriptomics
17.2.2 Metabolomics
17.2.3 16S rRNA Sequencing
17.2.3.1 Limitation of 16S rRNA Sequencing
17.2.4 Shotgun Sequencing
17.2.4.1 Advantages
17.3 Microbiota Signaling Pathway Influencing Diseases
17.3.1 Afferent and Efferent Neural Signaling
17.3.2 Neurotransmitters
17.3.3 Neurotoxins
17.4 Microbiota Regulation of Endocrine Signaling
17.4.1 Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
17.4.2 Peptide YY
17.5 Neurodegenerative Disorders
17.5.1 Immune-Mediated Neurologic Diseases
17.5.2 MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
17.5.3 PD (Parkinson´s Disease)
17.5.4 Sequencing and Computational Challenges
17.5.5 Challenges for Amplicon Sequencing Analysis
17.5.6 Challenges of Metagenomic Sequencing Analysis
17.5.7 Challenges in Short-Read Metagenomics
17.6 Conclusion
17.7 Future Perspective
References