Gut-brain Connection, Myth Or Reality?: Role Of The Microbiome In Health And Diseases

Contents
Foreword by Professor Luc Montagnier
Preface
List of Corresponding Authors of the Chapters
1 The Role of Microbiome in Health and Neurosensory Disorders: Historical and Clinical Perspectives
INTRODUCTION
Historical Aspects of the Gut Microbiome
Gut–Brain Connection in Ancient Times
Discovery of the Human Microbiota
The Emergence of the Gut–Brain Connection in Western Medicine
Advancements in Genomic Sequencing, Transcriptomics, and Metabolomics
Next-Generation Sequencing and Database Development
Functional Genomics
Epigenetics
The Role of the Microbiome in Health Disease
Head and Neck Disorders
Neurosensory Disorders
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
REFERENCES
2 Development of the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Early Life
INTRODUCTION
Early Colonization of the Infant Gut Microbiome
Impacts on Mode of Delivery in Infant Microbiome
Immune Development
Neurodevelopment
Maturation of the GI Tract
The MGB Signaling
MGB Axis: SCFA
MGB Axis: Neurotransmitters
MGB Axis: HPA Axis Signaling
MGB Axis: Neural Signaling
The Role of Gut Microbiome Disruption in Abnormal Physiological and Cognitive Function
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
3 Crosstalk Between Gut and Brain via Neurotransmitters
INTRODUCTION
Serotonin
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Histamine
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
REFERENCES
4 Dysbiosis, Inflammation, and the Blood–Brain Barrier
INTRODUCTION
The Human Microbiome, Dysbiosis, and the Immune System
Role of SCFAs in Inflammation
T helper 17 cells
Gut-Induced Inflammation and Disruption of the BBB
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
5 Bacterial Metabolites and Quorum Sensing Molecules Affect the Brain
INTRODUCTION
BACTERIAL METABOLITES AND THE BRAIN: SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS
BACTERIAL METABOLITES AND THE BRAIN: SEROTONIN
BACTERIAL METABOLITES AND THE BRAIN: QUORUM SENSING MOLECULES
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
6 Gut–Brain Axis: The Current State of Imaging Technologies, Their Clinical Implications, and Future Directions
INTRODUCTION
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN
BRAIN MAPPING
GI ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
GI MAPPING
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
REFERENCES
7 The Gut–Brain Axis in the Context of Gut Microbiome and Its Metabolites
INTRODUCTION
Commensal Microbes and Their Metabolites
Microbial Metabolites and BBB
Short-Chain Fatty Acids
Bacterial Trimethylamines
Lactic Acid
Amino Acids and Derivatives
Ammonia
Vitamins
Microbial Metabolites, Immunity, and Brain/CNS Function
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
8 Modulation of Gut–Brain Axis Through Prebiotics and Psychobiotics
INTRODUCTION
Psychobiotics, Gut Health, and Mood
Microbiota and Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis
Vaginal Delivery versus C-Section and Healthy Gut Microbiome
Impact of Diet on Gut Microbiota
Gut Microbiota in Obesity and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Synbiotics
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
REFERENCES
9 The Gut Microbiome: Potential Clinical Applications in Disease Management
INTRODUCTION
THE INFLAMMATORY PROCESS
MODULATING THE MICROBIOME
Dietary Intervention
Typical Western Diet
Calorie Restricted and Fasting Diet
Ketogenic Diet
High-Fiber Diet
Mediterranean Diet
Probiotics, Prebiotics, Microbiota Transfer Therapy, and Fecal Microbiota Transfer
MICROBIOME AND VARIOUS HEALTH CONDITIONS
Accelerated Aging
Metabolic Disease: Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
GI Disorders: IBD and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Neurologic Disorders
Alzheimer’s Disease
Multiple Sclerosis
Stroke
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Cognition and Central Processing
Immune Disorders and Autoimmunity
Autoimmunity
Allergy
Anxiety and Depression
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
10 Role of Gut–Brain Axis in HIV-1 Infection
INTRODUCTION
INFLUENCE OF ANTI-RETROVIRAL THERAPY ON MICROBIOME COMPOSITION
MICROBIOTA COMPOSITION AND DIVERSITY DURING HIV-1 INFECTION
APPROACHES TO RESCUE GUT MUCOSAL INTEGRITY AND IMMUNITY
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
11 Functional Integration of Gut–Brain Axis and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Therapy
INTRODUCTION
GUT MICROBIOME
ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
GUT–BRAIN INTEGRATION AND SIGNALING
Neurodevelopment
FECAL TRANSPLANT THERAPY
Parkinson’s Disease
Autism Spectrum Disorder
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
12 Zebrafish as a Model Organism to Understand the Gut–Brain Axis
INTRODUCTION
ZEBRAFISH
BEHAVIORAL STUDIES AND HUMAN CORRELATION
THE GUT CONNECTION: THE ENS
ZEBRAFISH AS A MODEL FOR IMMUNE DISORDERS
TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS
BEHAVIORAL PROCESSES
ZEBRAFISH MODELS AND NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Hereditary Neurodegenerative Diseases
Usage in Understanding Anesthesia
“Sickness Behavior”
GF Development
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
13 Chronic Stress and the Gut–Brain Connection: An Occupational Therapist’s Perspective
INTRODUCTION
Exercise and the Gut–Brain Axis
Modulation of the Gut–Brain Axis Through the Vagus Nerve
Sleep and the Gut–Brain Axis
Diet and the Gut–Brain Axis
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
14 Migraine and the Gut Microbiome
INTRODUCTION
DYSBIOSIS AND MIGRAINE
TREATMENT STRATEGIES: DIET AND NUTRITION
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
15 Interactions of the Gut Nervous System with Bacteria
INTRODUCTION
The Gut–Brain Axis in Health and Disease
The Enteric Nervous System
Neuroimmune Interactions in the GI Tract
Neuroinflammation and the Gut–Brain Axis
The Interface Between the ENS and Bacteria
The Mucus Barrier
Neural Regulation of Gut Physiology
Interactions of the Nervous System with the Microbiome
Bacteria Excite Submucosal Neurons
Innervation of GALT
Gut Dysbiosis
Dysbiosis in Neurological Diseases
Strategies in Gut–Brain Axis Research
Pre-Clinical Models of Neurological Disease
Assessing Gut–Brain Axis Function in Animal Models
Behavior
GI transit and motility
GI secretion and membrane permeability
Enteric neuron structure and function
Microbial analyses and engineering approaches
Treatment of Neurological Diseases via the Gut–Brain Axis
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Index