Greener and Scalable E-fuels for Decarbonization of Transport

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I E-Fuels for Decarbonization of Transport Sector
1 Introduction of Greener and Scalable E-Fuels for Decarbonization of Transport
References
2 Potential of E-Fuels for Decarbonization of Transport Sector
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 The Concept of E-Fuels
2.1.2 E-Fuel Investments
2.1.3 Advantages of E-Fuels
2.1.4 Disadvantages of E-Fuels
2.2 Opportunity to Reduce Carbon Emissions by E-Fuels
2.2.1 Impact on the Transport Sector
2.3 Safety and Practical Applications
2.3.1 Impact of E-Fuels Technologies on Vehicles
2.3.2 Safety Issues
2.3.3 Environmental Impacts
2.4 The Climate Change Report Card
2.5 Concluding Remarks
References
3 A Historical Perspective on the Biofuel Policies in India
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Energy Security in India
3.1.2 The Untapped Potential of Biomass
3.1.3 Scopes and Objectives
3.1.4 Methodology
3.2 Historical Context of Biofuel Policies in India
3.2.1 Trends in the Energy Sector
3.2.2 International Status of Biofuel Policies
3.2.3 Evolution in the Indian Biofuel Sector
3.3 Discussions
3.3.1 Major Issues with the Previous Biofuel Policies in India
3.3.2 Changing Dimensions for Biofuel Policies in India
3.3.3 Future Challenges for Advanced Biofuels
3.4 Conclusion
References
Part II Hydrogen as an E-Fuel
4 Hydrogen as Maritime Transportation Fuel: A Pathway for Decarbonization
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Hydrogen Fuel Properties
4.3 Hydrogen Production Methods
4.3.1 Hydrogen Production from Hydrocarbon Fuels
4.3.2 Hydrogen Production from Biomass
4.3.3 Hydrogen Production from Water Splitting
4.4 Hydrogen Storage Techniques for Maritime
4.4.1 Onboard Hydrogen Storage
4.5 Hydrogen Fuel Cells in Shipping
4.5.1 Fuel Cell Types
4.5.2 Maritime Fuel Cell Projects
4.6 Hydrogen Combustion in Marine Engines
4.6.1 Combustion of Hydrogen in Internal Combustion Engines
4.6.2 Marine Engine Applications
4.7 Conclusion
References
5 Improving Cold Flow Properties of Biodiesel, and Hydrogen-Biodiesel Dual-Fuel Engine Aiming Near-Zero Emissions
5.1 Introduction
5.2 CFPs of Biodiesel
5.2.1 Mechanism of CFPs Improvement
5.3 Hydrogen as a Vehicular Fuel
5.4 Emissions from Hydrogen Combustion
5.5 Hydrogen in a Dual-Fuel Engine
5.6 Prospect of Biodiesel and Hydrogen in Dual-Fuel Engine
5.7 Conclusions
References
6 Assessment of Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel: Status, Prospects, Performance and Emission Characteristics
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Worldwide Scenario of Hydrogen Production Technologies
6.3 Economically Feasible Hydrogen Production Processes
6.3.1 Hydrogen Generation Through Electrolysis
6.3.2 Hydrogen Generation Through Plasma Arc Decomposition
6.3.3 Hydrogen Generation Through Splitting Water Thermally
6.3.4 Hydrogen Generation Through Biomass Gasification
6.4 Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel
6.4.1 In Terms of Availability
6.4.2 In Terms of Characteristics (Octane Number, Density, Auto Ignition Temperature)
6.4.3 In Terms of Engine Performance
6.4.4 In Terms of Emission
6.5 Advantages and Disadvantages
6.5.1 Advantages of Hydrogen as Fuel
6.5.2 Disadvantages of Hydrogen as Fuel
6.6 Prospective Challenges
6.7 European Union (EU) Hydrogen Strategy
6.8 Future Recommendation
6.8.1 Performance
6.8.2 Emissions
6.8.3 Production
6.9 Conclusion
References
7 Effectiveness of Hydrogen and Nanoparticles Addition in Eucalyptus Biofuel for Improving the Performance and Reduction of Emission in CI Engine
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Materials and Methods
7.2.1 Biodiesel Production
7.2.2 Test Fuel Preparation and Determination of Physicochemical Properties
7.3 Experimental Test Rig and Procedure
7.3.1 Uncertainty Analysis
7.4 Results and Discussions
7.4.1 Power
7.4.2 BSFC
7.4.3 CO
7.4.4 CO2
7.4.5 NOx
7.5 Conclusions
References
8 The Roles of Hydrogen and Natural Gas as Biofuel Fuel-Additives Towards Attaining Low Carbon Fuel-Systems and High Performing ICEs
8.1 Introduction
8.2 EU Policy Considerations for Environmental Protection
8.3 Biofuels, Hydrogen and Natural Gas: Their Origins, Sources, Compositions and Their Synthetic Pathways
8.3.1 Synthetic Pathways for Biofuels/Methane/Ethanol
8.3.2 Synthetic Pathways for H2
8.4 The Use of Natural Gas–Hydrogen Mixture in Internal Combustion Engines
8.5 Hydrogen and Natural Gas as Additives in Low-Carbon Biofuels Used in ICEs
8.5.1 The Mechanisms of the Performance of Hydrogen and Natural Gas as Additives for Low Carbon Biofuels Used in Diesel Engines/ICEs
8.5.2 Recent Works on Hydrogen and Natural Gas Additives/their Hybrids in Fuels/Biofuels for Improved Engine Performance
8.5.3 Some Advantages of HCNG and Challenges Associated with their Use in ICEs
8.5.4 Effects of HCNG on the Emissions from a SI Engine
8.6 The Future of ICEs Fueled with Hydrogen and Natural Gas as Additives
References
Part III Dimethyl-Ether (DME) as an E-Fuel
9 Prospects of Dual-Fuel Injection System in Compression Ignition (CI) Engines Using Di-Methyl Ether (DME)
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Di-Methyl Ether (DME)
9.3 DME Dual-Fuel Engines
9.4 Dual-Fuel Injection Strategies
9.5 Effect of Dual-Fuel Strategies on Engine Combustion and Performance Characteristics
9.5.1 Combustion Characteristics
9.5.2 Performance Characteristics
9.6 Effect of Injection Strategies on Emission Characteristics
9.7 Cyclic Variations in Combustion Parameters of DME Engine
9.8 Future Scope
9.9 Summary
References
10 Prospects and Challenges of DME Fueled Low-Temperature Combustion Engine Technology
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Properties, Advantages, and Use of DME in IC Engine
10.1.2 DME Spray Characterization
10.1.3 LTC Engine Concept
10.2 DME Fueled LTC Engine Technologies
10.2.1 DME Fueled HCCI Combustion
10.2.2 DME Fueled PCCI Combustion
10.2.3 DME Fueled RCCI Combustion
10.3 Emission Characteristics of DME Fueled LTC Engines
10.3.1 Regulated Gaseous Emissions
10.3.2 Unregulated Emissions
10.4 Future Prospects of DME
10.4.1 DME Production and Usage
10.4.2 Path Forward for DME Fueled LTC Engines
10.5 Conclusions
References
11 Optimization of Fuel Injection Strategies for Sustainability of DME in Combustion Engine
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Physicochemical Properties of Fuel
11.3 Factors Affecting Fuel Injection
11.3.1 Vapor Lock
11.3.2 Injection Timing
11.3.3 Injection Pressure
11.3.4 Needle Lift Behavior
11.3.5 Plunger Diameter
11.3.6 Number of Nozzles and Nozzle Diameter
11.3.7 Ignition Timing
11.3.8 Fuel Property
11.4 Alteration in Spray Characteristics with DME as Fuel
11.4.1 Spray Shape
11.4.2 Spray Tip Penetration
11.4.3 Spray Cone Angle
11.4.4 Tip Velocity
11.4.5 Atomization
11.4.6 Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD)
11.5 Optimization of Fuel Injection Strategies
11.6 Conclusion
References
Part IV Application of Methanol and Ammonia as an E-Fuel
12 ECU Calibration for Methanol Fuelled Spark Ignition Engines
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Methanol as Engine Fuel
12.2.1 Methanol Utilization Strategies
12.3 Instruments Used in the Calibration Setup
12.3.1 Engine Dynamometer Setup
12.3.2 Chassis Dynamometer Setup
12.3.3 Combustion Data Acquisition System
12.3.4 Emissions Analysis System
12.3.5 Engine Management System
12.4 Engine Tuning and Recalibration
12.4.1 Initial Setup
12.4.2 Tuning Process
12.5 Compensations Required for Tuning
12.6 Summary
References
13 A Novel DoE Perspective for Robust Multi-objective Optimization in the Performance-Emission-Stability Response Realms of Methanol Induced RCCI Profiles of an Existing Diesel Engine
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Motivation and Novel Viewpoint of the Present Study
13.2 Materials and Methods
13.3 Design of Experiment
13.3.1 Evaluation of Design Space: Quality Metrics
13.3.2 Model Evaluation Metric
13.4 Multi-objective Optimization (MOOP) Endeavors
13.4.1 Methodology
13.5 Results and Discussion
13.5.1 DoE Evaluation and Selection
13.5.2 ANOVA Analysis
13.5.3 Model Evaluation
13.5.4 Optimization Endeavor
13.5.5 Discussions
13.6 Conclusion
References
14 Scope and Limitations of Ammonia as Transport Fuel
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Production Routes
14.2.1 Haber–Bosch Method
14.2.2 Methods for Producing Hydrogen
14.2.3 Alternative Methods
14.3 Physical and Chemical Properties of Ammonia
14.4 Effect on the Health and Environment
14.5 Storage and Transportation
14.6 Ammonia for Compression Ignition Engines
14.6.1 Pure Ammonia as Primary Fuel
14.6.2 Port Injection of Ammonia Vapours with Diesel as Primary Fuel
14.6.3 Direct Injection of Ammonia-DME Blends
14.7 Ammonia for Spark-Ignition Engines
14.7.1 Ammonia in Port Injection and Direct Injection
14.7.2 Port Injection of Gaseous Ammonia
14.7.3 Direct Injection of Gaseous Ammonia
14.7.4 Ammonia Dissolved in Gasoline
14.7.5 Ammonia-Hydrogen Blend
14.8 Summary
References