Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Carbon Dioxide Capture and Utilization

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Chapter 1 Carbon dioxide capture and its utilization towards efficient biofuels production
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Utilization of captured carbon dioxide for biofuel production
1.2.1 Photosynthesis and photo oxidation of water
1.2.2 Bio-sequestration of CO2
1.3 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter 2 Deep eutectic liquids for carbon capturing and fixation
2.1 Carbon dioxide emissions
2.2 Deep eutectic liquids
2.3 Types of deep eutectic liquids
2.4 Preparation of DELs
2.5 Authentication of DELs
2.6 DEL based CO2 absorption
2.7 Carbon capture efficiency of various HBDs
2.7.1 Urea
2.7.2 Glycerol
2.7.3 Glycerol^^c2^^a0 + ^^c2^^a0L-arginine
2.7.4 Natural organic acids
2.7.5 Dihydric alcohols
2.7.6 Amines
2.7.7 Levulinic acid
2.7.8 Guaiacol
2.7.9 Azoles
2.7.10 Miscellaneous HBD
2.8 CO2 absorption in aqueous solution of DELs
2.9 CO2 absorption in ternary DELs
2.9.1 Alkanolamines
2.9.2 Superbases
2.9.3 Hybrid
2.10 Ammonium-Based DELs
2.10.1 Carboxylic acids
2.11 Phosphonium based DELs
2.12 Azole based DELs
2.13 Bio-phenol derived superbase based DELs
2.14 Hydrophobic DELs
2.15 Non-ionic DELs
2.16 DEL supported membranes
2.17 DELs with multiple sites interaction
2.18 Conclusion and future prospects
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 3 Cookstoves for biochar production and carbon capture
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Cookstoves designed for biochar production
3.2.1 Top-lit updraft \(TLUD\) stove
3.2.2 Development of TLUD-Akha architecture design
3.2.3 Origins of TLUD-Biochar ^^e2^^80^^98Ecosystem^^e2^^80^^99
3.2.4 Composition of biochar produced from biochar cookstoves
3.2.5 Rural women in carbon capture
3.3 Biochar production and climate-change implications
3.3.1 Biochars and their applications for carbon capture and others
3.3.2 Challenges of biochar cookstoves in rural developing countries
3.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Metal support interaction for electrochemical valorization of CO2
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Metal supports for ECR of CO2
4.2.1 Carbon and graphene-based support systems
4.2.2 Titanium nanotubes
4.2.3 Foam electrode
4.2.4 Mesoporous electrode
4.2.5 Hydrogel and aerogel
4.2.6 Gas diffusion electrode
4.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 5 Utilization of carbon dioxide as a building block in synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients
5.1 Introduction
5.2 NNucleophile-triggered CO2-incorporated carboxylation to form C^^e2^^80^^93N bonds
5.2.1 Synthesis of carisoprodol
5.2.2 Synthesis of felbamate
5.2.3 Synthesis of furaltadone
5.2.4 Synthesis of oxadiazon
5.2.5 Synthesis of oxazolidinone
5.2.6 Synthesis of toloxatone
5.2.7 Synthesis of doxazosin, bunazosin, and prazosin
5.2.8 Synthesis of zenarestat and KF-31327
5.2.9 Synthesis of tipifarnib
5.2.10 Synthesis of MAO-B inhibitor
5.2.11 Synthesis of URB602
5.2.12 Synthesis of alpha-alanine
5.3 NNucleophile-triggered CO2-incorporated methylation to form C^^e2^^80^^93N bonds
5.3.1 Synthesis of butenafine
5.3.2 Synthesis of methylephedrine
5.3.3 Synthesis of naftifine
5.4 ONucleophile-triggered CO2-incorporated carboxylation to form C^^e2^^80^^93O bonds
5.4.1 Synthesis of atorvastatin
5.5 CO2-catalyzed oxidation of alcohols to form C^^e2^^80^^93O bonds
5.5.1 Synthesis of DMU-212 and combretastatin A-4
5.6 C-Nucleophile-triggered CO2-incorporated reductive carboxylation to form C^^e2^^80^^93C bonds
5.6.1 Synthesis of methionine hydroxy analog
5.6.2 Synthesis of naproxen
5.7 C-nucleophile-triggered CO2-incorporated direct C^^e2^^80^^93H carboxylation to form C^^e2^^80^^93C bond
5.7.1 Synthesis of aspirin
5.7.2 Synthesis of 4-aminosalicylic acid
5.7.3 Synthesis of diflunisal
5.7.4 Synthesis of gentisic acid
5.8 C-nucleophile-triggered CO2-incorporated organozinc-mediated carboxylation to form C^^e2^^80^^93C bonds
5.8.1 Synthesis of tamoxifen
5.8.2 Synthesis of \(E\)^^e2^^88^^923-Benzylidene-2-indolinone
5.8.3 Synthesis of ibuprofen
5.9 C-nucleophile-triggered CO2-incorporated organolithium-mediated carboxylation to form a C^^e2^^80^^93C bond
5.9.1 Synthesis of repaglinide
5.9.2 Synthesis of flurbiprofen
5.9.3 Synthesis of epristeride
5.9.4 Synthesis of mefloquine
5.9.5 Synthesis of amitriptyline
5.9.6 Synthesis of methantheline bromide
5.9.7 Synthesis of garenoxacin
5.9.8 Synthesis of englitazone
5.10 C-Nucleophile-triggered CO2-incorporated organomagnesium-mediated carboxylation to form a C^^e2^^80^^93C bond
5.10.1 Synthesis of enadoline
5.10.2 Synthesis of loxoprofen
5.10.3 Synthesis of lamotrigine
5.10.4 Synthesis of felbinac
5.10.5 Synthesis of spironolactone
5.10.6 Synthesis of finafloxacin
5.11 Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 6 Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Detection
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Capture technologies of CO2
6.2.1 Adsorption
6.2.2 Absorption
6.2.3 Separation by membranes
6.2.4 Chemical capture
6.2.5 CO2 sensors
6.3 Fundamentals of electrochemistry
6.3.1 Voltammetry
6.3.2 Potentiometric methods
6.4 Direct potentiometric methods
6.4.1 Potentiometric titrations
6.4.2 Amperometric methods
6.4.3 Conductometric methods
6.4.4 Coulometric analysis methods
6.4.5 Electrodes
6.4.6 Reference electrode
6.4.7 Auxiliary electrode
6.4.8 Potentiometric electrodes
6.4.9 Indicator electrodes
6.4.10 Electrochemical gas sensors
6.4.11 Potentiometric gas sensors
6.4.12 Electrochemical applications
6.5 Summary and conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Carbon dioxide injection for enhanced oil recovery and underground storage to reduce greenhouse gas
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Global carbon management concerns
7.1.2 CO2 availability
7.1.3 Options available for CO2 storage
7.1.4 Comparison of available storage methods
7.2 Oil recovery using CO2
7.2.1 Hydrocarbon miscibility
7.2.2 CO2 miscible injection method
7.2.3 Injection and storage facilities required
7.2.4 Storage capacity calculations
7.2.5 Impact on economics and tax incentives
7.3 Underground storage of CO2 in unconventional reservoirs
7.4 Current status, challenges and future directions
7.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 8 Ionic liquids as potential materials for carbon dioxide capture and utilization
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Types of ILs
8.2.1 Conventional ionic liquids \(CILs\)
8.2.2 Functionalized ionic liquids \(FILs\)
8.2.3 Reversible ionic liquids \(RILs\)
8.2.4 Polymeric ionic liquids \(PILs\)
8.2.5 Supported ionic liquids \(SILs\)
8.2.6 Magnetic ionic liquids \(MILs\)
8.2.7 Task specific ionic liquids \(TSILs\)
8.2.8 Multiphasic ionic liquids \(MILs\)
8.2.9 Switchable polarity ionic liquids \(S-Polymeric ionic liquids\)
8.2.10 Thermoregulated ionic liquids \(TRILs\)
8.2.11 Ionic liquids gel
8.3 Future applications of IL and GR-based IL
8.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Recent advances in carbon dioxide utilization as renewable energy
9.1 Introduction
9.2 CO2 utilization technologies
9.2.1 Mineralization
9.2.2 Beverage and food processing
9.2.3 Biological utilization
9.2.4 Oil recovery enhancement, coal bed methane and fracking of CO2
9.2.5 Fuels and chemicals
9.2.6 Principal and favorable utilization technologies
9.3 Developments in worldwide CO2 utilization projects
9.3.1 United states
9.3.2 China
9.3.3 Germany
9.3.4 Australia
9.4 Market scale and value
9.5 Regulation and policy
9.6 Conclusion and future prospects
References
Chapter 10 Metal Organic Frameworks as an Efficient Method for Carbon dioxide capture
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Metal organic framework \(MOF\)
10.2.1 Conventional synthesis route
10.2.2 Microwave synthesis technique
10.2.3 Sonochemical synthesis
10.2.4 Mechanochemical synthesis
10.2.5 Electrochemical synthesis
10.3 Synthesis of some MOFS
10.4 Properties of MOFs
10.4.1 Chemical and thermal
10.4.2 Mechanical
10.4.3 Thermal conductivity
10.5 CO2 capture using MOF
10.6 Adsorption of carbon dioxide in metal organic frameworks
10.7 Methods to enhance CO2 adsorption
10.8 Methods to enhance MOF stability
10.8.1 Chemical stabilities
10.8.2 Thermal stabilities
10.8.3 Mechanical stability
10.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Industrial carbon dioxide capture and utilization
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Commercial capturing processes of carbon dioxide gas
11.2 CO2 collection systems based on liquid
11.2.1 Amine-type liquid solvents for capturing CO2 gas
11.2.2 Basic working principle of absorbents based on liquid amines
11.2.3 Advances in amine-type liquid absorbent materials
11.2.4 Mixtures of amine solvents
11.2.5 Overview and prospects for liquid amine-based absorbents
11.3 CO2 capturing with ionic liquid solvents
11.3.1 Working principle of ionic liquid-based absorbents
11.3.2 Advancement in ionic solvents
11.3.3 Overview and prospects of ionic liquid-based solvents
11.4 Applications, implementation and challenges
11.5 Solid CO2 adsorbents for low-temperature applications
11.5.1 Impact of impurities
11.5.2 Solid amine-based adsorbents: introduction and future prospects
11.6 Carbon adsorbents
11.6.1 Tuning of carbon textural properties
11.6.2 Carbon surfaces with chemical modification
11.6.3 Carbon-based hybrid composites fabrication
11.7 Zeolite adsorbents
11.7.1 Adaptations through cation exchange
11.7.2 Amine impregnation
11.7.3 Fabrication of zeolite-based hybrid materials
11.7.4 Overview and prospects for zeolite-based adsorbents
11.8 Adsorbents of the MOF \(metal^^e2^^80^^93organic framework\) type
11.8.1 Functional component integration
11.8.2 Regulation of intrinsic properties
11.8.3 Overview and prospects for MOF-based adsorbents
11.9 Adsorbents predicated on carbonate-based alkalis
11.9.1 Post-combustion applications, difficulties and implementation
11.9.2 Solid CO2 adsorbents for intermediate temperature applications
11.10 Layered double hydroxides \(LDHs\)-based adsorbents
11.10.1 The influence of LDHs' chemical composition and manufacturing methods
11.11 Adsorbents made of magnesium oxide \(MgO\)
11.11.1 Mesoporous structure fabrication
11.11.2 Transformation of molten salts
11.11.3 Overview and prospects for MgO type adsorbent materials
11.12 Solid CO2 sorbents for high-temperature applications
11.12.1 Calcium oxide \(CaO\) sorbents
11.12.2 Improvements in CO2 collecting efficiency
11.12.3 Modifications in sintering-resistance
11.12.4 CaO generated from discarded materials
11.12.5 Granulation of powder
11.12.6 Overview and future prospects for CaO adsorbents
11.13 Pre-combustion applications, implementation and problems
11.14 The utilisation of CO2 in industrial processes
11.14.1 Conversion of CO2 to energy
11.14.2 Thermochemical method for CO2 methanation
11.14.3 The thermochemical method for dry CO2 and methane reforming
11.14.4 RWGS \(reverse water-to-gas shift\) reaction thermo -- chemical methodology
11.14.5 Methanol is produced by the thermochemical electrolysis of water of carbon dioxide
11.14.6 hydrogenation of CO2 to hydrocarbons through a thermochemical process
11.14.7 Carbon dioxide \(CO2\) photochemical conversion
11.14.8 Photocatalytic CO2 reduction perspectives and prospects
11.14.9 A sorting oxidant: CO2
11.5 Conclusions and prospects
References
Chapter 12 Ionic liquids for carbon capturing and storage
12.1 Introduction
12.2 CO2 capture technologies
12.3 Ionic liquids \(ILs\)
12.4 Features of ILs
12.5 IL as absorbents for CO2 capture
12.5.1 Conventional ionic liquids
12.5.2 ILs based hybridized solvents
12.6 IL hybrids as adsorbents for CO2 capture
12.7 IL hybrids with membranes for CO2 capture
12.8 Ionic liquid supported membrane
12.9 Poly ILs membrane
12.10 Composite membranes
12.11 Conclusion and future insights
References
Chapter 13 Advances in utilization of carbon-dioxide for food preservation and storage
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Utilization of carbon-dioxide in food preservation
13.2.1 Beverage drink preservation
13.2.2 Drying of vegetables and fruits
13.2.3 Food preservation using dry ice
13.2.4 Animal stunning procedure
13.2.5 Tanning of animal skin
13.3 Utilization of carbon-dioxide in food storage
13.3.1 Control of storage microsphere
13.3.2 Storage equipment disinfection
13.4 Prospects and conclusion
References
Chapter 14 An insight into the recent developments in membrane-based carbon dioxide capture and utilization
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Carbon dioxide capture technologies
14.3 A brief about membrane technology
14.4 CO2 separation using membranes
14.4.1 Pre-combustion CO2 capture using membranes
14.4.2 Oxy-fuel combustion CO2 capture using membranes
14.4.3 Post-combustion CO2 capture using membranes
14.4.4 Future considerations for membrane-based CO2 capture
14.5 CO2 utilization using membranes
14.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15 Carbon dioxide to fuel using solar energy
15.1 Introduction
15.2 CO2 reduction onto semiconductor surface
15.3 Major bottleneck for CO2 reduction
15.4 Different types of photo catalyst
15.4.1 Homogeneous photo-catalysts
15.4.2 Cu based photo-catalysts
15.5 Reduction of CO2 to methanol using Cu2O as photo catalyst
15.6 Reduction of CO2 to methanol using Cu2O as electro catalyst
15.6.1 Reduced graphene-oxide, Cu2O and amine compounds composite photo catalysts for CO2 reduction
15.7 Benefits of using RGOin the composite catalyst
15.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 16 Adsorbents for carbon capture
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Carbon capture processes
16.2.1 Pre-combustion carbon capture
16.2.2 Post-combustion carbon capture
16.3 Adsorbents for CO2 capture
16.3.1 Materials derived from biomass
16.3.2 Clays
16.3.3 Zeolites
16.3.4 Metal-organic frameworks \(MOFs\)
16.3.5 Covalent-organic frameworks \(COFs\)
16.4 Future perspective and conclusion
References
Chapter 17 Carbon dioxide capture and utilization in ionic liquids
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Capture of CO2 in ILs
17.2.1 Conventional ionic liquids
17.2.2 CO2 capture by functionalized ionic liquids
17.2.3 Capture CO2 by metal coordination-based \(chelate-based\) ionic liquids
17.2.4 CO2 capture by ILs based mixtures
17.2.5 Polyionic liquid membranes
17.2.6 CO2 captures by supported ionic liquid membranes
17.3 Electroreduction of CO2 in ILs
17.3.1 Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO
17.3.2 Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to HCOOH
17.3.3 Electroreduction of CO2 to CH3OH
17.3.4 Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to cyclic carbonate
17.3.5 Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to ketone compounds
17.3.6 Electroreduction of CO2 to urea
17.3.7 Electroreduction of CO2 to carbamate
17.3.8 Electroreduction of CO2 to amides and methylamines
17.3.9 Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to other compounds
17.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 18 Hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge for carbon negative energy production
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Sludge as a potential source of alternate energy
18.3 Hydrothermal \(HT\) treatments for the production of fuel
18.3.1 Thermal hydrolysis
18.3.2 Hydrothermal carbonization
18.3.3 Hydrothermal liquefaction
18.3.4 Hydrothermal gasification \(HTG\)
18.4 Hydrothermal carbonization^^c2^^a0+^^c2^^a0gasification^^c2^^a0+^^c2^^a0ccs
18.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 19 Utilization of supercritical CO2 for drying and production of starch and cellulose aerogels
19.1 Introduction
19.2 CO2 application -- Supercritical drying
19.2.1 How does supercritical drying work?
19.3 Starch aerogel and CO2 utilization
19.3.1 Starch specific aerogels
19.3.2 Hybrid starch aerogels
19.3.3 Mechanical properties of starch aerogels
19.3.4 Topology and morphology of starch aerogels
19.4 Cellulose aerogels and CO2 utilization
19.4.1 Cellulose specific aerogels
19.4.2 Cellulose aerogels as thermal insulators
19.4.3 Hybrid cellulose aerogels
19.5 Conclusions
Author contributions
Ethical approval
Declaration of competing interest
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 20 Advances in carbon bio-sequestration
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Carbon sequestration methods
20.3 Limitations of carbon sequestration methods
20.4 Overview of biological sequestration \(Cycle/Mechanism\)
20.5 Bioresources for carbon bio-sequestration
20.6 Cyanobacteria
20.7 Microalgae
20.8 Plants
20.9 Bacteria
20.10 Nanomaterials in carbon sequestration
20.11 Future perspectives
20.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21 Photosynthetic cell factories, a new paradigm for carbon dioxide \(CO2\) valorization
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Carbon capture, utilization and storage mechanism
21.2.1 Pre-combustion capture
21.2.2 Post-combustion capture
21.2.3 Oxy-fuel combustion
21.2.4 Carbon capture by microalgae
21.3 Biological mechanism of carbon capture
21.4 Products from CCU
21.5 Challenges and opportunities
21.5.1 Pre-Combustion technology
21.5.2 Post-Combustion capture
21.5.3 Oxy-fuel combustion
21.5.4 Bio-carbon capture by microalgae
21.6 Future perspectives and conclusions
Funding information
References
Chapter 22 Carbon dioxide capture and sequestration technologies ^^e2^^80^^93 current perspective, challenges and prospects
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Carbon capture and sequestration \(CCS\) technologies
22.2.1 Carbon capture strategies
22.2.2 Carbon capture technologies
22.3 CO2 transportation, storage and opportunities/applications for CCS technologies
22.3.1 Transportation
22.3.2 Carbon storage
22.4 Current perspective and policies of CSS technologies in various countries throughout the world
22.4.1 Review of CCS policies
22.4.2 Artificial intelligence \(AI\) applications in carbon capture
22.5 Challenges and socio-economic implications of CCS technologies
22.5.1 Post-combustion capture challenges
22.5.2 Geologic storage challenges
22.5.3 Gasification challenges
22.5.4 Environmental impact of CCS technologies
22.5.5 Socio-economic impact of CCS technologies
22.6 Applications and opportunities for CCS techniques
22.6.1 Electricity power generation
22.6.2 Industrial application
22.6.3 Application of CCS techniques in CO2 capture from exhaust gases capture
22.6.4 Application of CCS techniques in CO2 capture from natural gas
22.7 Prospects and future work considerations for CCS approaches
22.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 23 Microbial carbon dioxide fixation for the production of biopolymers
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Sources of CO2 emission
23.3 Sequestration methods of CO2
23.4 Carbon concentrating mechanisms
23.5 Advancements in carbon capture and storage & carbon capture utilization
23.6 Carbon dioxide fixation pathways
23.6.1 Calvin cycle
23.6.2 Reductive TCA cycle
23.6.3 Wood-Ljungdahl pathway
23.6.4 Dicarboxylate^^e2^^80^^914-hydroxybutyrate cycle
23.6.5 Malyl Co-A/3-hydroxypropionate pathway \(3-hydroxypropionate bicycle\)
23.6.6 Hydroxy propionate-hydroxybutyrate cycle
23.7 Factors affecting the carbon dioxide biofixation
23.8 Production of biopolymers/bioplastics
23.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 24 Carbon dioxide capture and its enhanced utilization using microalgae
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Photosynthesis and CO2 fixation using microalgae
24.2.1 Photosynthesis
24.2.2 CO2 fixation
24.3 Cultivation systems for carbon dioxide capture by microalgae
24.3.1 Physico-chemical properties and carbon dioxide sources
24.3.2 CO2 capture prospects for microalgae cultivation
24.3.3 The impact of cultivation methods on biomass production
24.3.4 Microalgae culture system for CO2 capture
24.4 CO2 capture improvement strategies
24.4.1 CO2 capture can be improved by genetic engineering and metabolic changes
24.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 25 Supported single-atom catalysts in carbon dioxide electrochemical activation and reduction
25.1 Introduction
25.2 CO2ERR products
25.3 Single-Atom catalysts efficiency descriptors
25.4 Single-Atom catalyst supports
25.4.1 Two-dimensional \(2D\) metal oxides
25.4.2 Two-dimensional \(2D\) metal chalcogenides
25.4.3 Metal carbides, nitrides \(MXenes\)
25.4.4 Metal-Organic frameworks
25.5 Mechanisms for CO2ERR on single-atom catalysts
25.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 26 Organic matter and mineralogical acumens in CO2 sequestration
Abbreviations
26.1 Overview
26.2 Introduction
26.3 Geo-sequestration
26.4 Bio-sequestration
26.5 Mechanisms of carbon capture
26.5.1 Pre-combustion
26.5.2 Post-combustion
26.5.3 Oxyfuel combustion
26.6 Transport of carbon dioxide
26.7 Mechanism of carbon accommodation
26.8 Carbon dioxide sequestration in organic matter
26.8.1 Carbon dioxide sequestration in coal
26.8.2 Carbon dioxide sequestration in shale
26.9 Mineralogical acumen of carbon sequestration
26.9.1 An overview
26.9.2 Clay minerals
26.9.3 Swelling properties of clay minerals
26.9.4 Carbon protection capacity of clay minerals
26.9.5 Methods of organic carbon protection by clays
26.9.6 Adsorption of carbon dioxide on clays
26.9.7 Supercritical carbon dioxide sequestration in clays: an additional chronicle
26.9.8 Adverse influences of carbon dioxide sequestration in clays
26.10 A note on CO2 disposal in basalt formations
26.11 Summary
References
Index