This book focuses on nanomaterials with antibacterial properties. Antibacterial resistance is a growing concern that poses a serious threat to public health worldwide. This book looks at the fabrication, material's properties, and characterization of a range of metallic, bimetallic, and metal-oxide-based nanomaterials that can be exploited for their antimicrobial properties. A key focus of this book is its emphasis on ‘green’ synthesis of nanomaterials, as many conventional routes of nanomaterial fabrication do not fulfill key sustainability criteria in terms of their toxicity and lack of eco-friendliness. Additionally, this book introduces the application of nanoparticles to veterinary medicine. Given the ever-increasing global livestock population coupled with the emergence of drug-resistant pathogens of animal origin (bacterial, parasitic, and hemoprotozoa), the use of nanoparticles as antibacterial agents represents a paradigm shift in every aspect of veterinary care. Authored by scholars with combined expertise in nanomaterials and veterinary medicine, this book provides valuable information for researchers working on sustainable nanomaterials with antibacterial properties.
Author(s): Ali Haider, Muhammad Ikram, Asma Rafiq
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 156
City: Cham
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
1.1 History of Nanomaterials
1.1.1 Nanoscale
1.1.2 Nanoscience
1.1.3 Nanomaterial
1.1.4 Nano-object
1.1.5 Nanoparticle
1.1.6 Nanofiber
1.1.7 Nanostructure
1.1.8 Nanostructured Material
1.1.9 Nanocomposite
1.2 Characteristics of Nanomaterials
1.2.1 Nanostructures Dimensions and Surface Area
1.2.2 Morphology of Nanostructures
1.2.3 Effect of Surface Charge
1.2.4 Crystalline Structure and Composition
1.2.5 Effect of Aggregation and Concentration
1.2.6 Magnetism, High Thermal, and Electrical Conductivity
1.2.7 Effect of Surface Coating
1.3 Nanomaterial Classification
1.3.1 0-Dimensional (0D) Nanomaterials
1.3.2 1-Dimensional (1D) Nanomaterials
1.3.3 2-Dimensional (2D) Nanomaterials
1.3.4 3-Dimensional (3D) Nanomaterials
1.4 Classification of Nanomaterials Based on Type
1.4.1 Carbon-based Nanomaterials
1.4.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials
1.4.3 Organic Nanomaterials
1.4.4 Composite Nanomaterials
1.4.5 Metallic Nanomaterials
1.4.6 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
1.4.7 Bimetallic Nanomaterials
1.4.8 Silica-based Nanomaterials
1.4.9 Ceramic Nanomaterials
1.4.10 Polymeric Nanomaterial
1.5 Fabrication of Nanomaterials
References
2 Fabrication of Nanomaterials
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Synthesis Approaches of Nanomaterials
2.3 Physical Synthesis
2.3.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
2.3.2 Microwave Irradiation
2.3.3 The Arc Discharge Approach
2.3.4 Spray Pyrolysis
2.3.5 Laser Ablation
2.3.6 Plasma Arcing
2.3.7 Evaporation–condensation
2.4 Chemical Synthesis
2.4.1 Microemulsion Method
2.4.2 Solvothermal and Hydrothermal Methods
2.4.3 Sol–gel Synthesis
2.4.4 Chemical Reduction
2.4.5 Electrochemical Synthesis
2.5 Biological Methods
2.5.1 Plant Synthesis
2.5.2 Bacteria
2.5.3 Fungi
2.5.4 Yeast
2.6 Conclusion
References
3 Properties of Nanomaterials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Distinctive Nanomaterial Characteristics
3.2.1 Optical Properties
3.2.2 Magnetic Properties
3.2.3 Mechanical Properties
3.2.4 Electronic Properties
3.2.5 Thermal Properties
3.2.6 Catalytic Properties
References
4 Characterization of Nanomaterials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Characterization of Nanoparticles
4.3 Microscopy-Based Characterizations
4.3.1 Optical Microscope vs Electron Microscope
4.3.2 Depth of Field
4.3.3 Aberrations
4.3.4 SEM Mechanism and Working Principle
4.3.5 Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy
4.3.6 Transmission Electron Microscopy
4.3.7 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
4.3.8 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)
4.4 Spectroscopy-Based Characterization Techniques
4.4.1 Ultraviolet Visible Spectroscopy
4.4.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
4.4.3 Raman Spectroscopy
4.4.4 Fluorescence Spectroscopy
4.5 X-Ray-Related Characterization Techniques
4.5.1 X-ray Diffraction
4.5.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
4.5.3 X-ray Tomography
4.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
4.7 Molecular Modeling
4.8 Conclusion
References
5 Introduction to Veterinary Bacteriology
5.1 History of Bacteriology
5.2 Bacteria
5.2.1 Origin and Assessment of Bacteria
5.3 Bacteria Structure
5.3.1 Bacteria Capsule
5.3.2 Bacteria Cell Wall
5.3.3 Plasma Membrane of Bacteria
5.3.4 Cytoplasm
5.3.5 Nucleus and Nuclear Material
5.3.6 Flagella
5.3.7 Endospores
5.3.8 Pili
5.4 Microbial Classification
5.4.1 Taxonomy
5.4.2 Classification
5.4.3 Classification of Prokaryotes
5.5 Veterinary Bacterial Diseases
5.5.1 Bovine Mastitis
5.5.2 Tetanus
5.5.3 Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP)
5.5.4 Actinobacillosis (Wooden Tongue)
5.5.5 Actinomycosis (Lumpy Jaw)
References
6 Antimicrobials; Drug Resistance
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Classification of Antimicrobials
6.2.1 Narrow-Spectrum Antimicrobials
6.2.2 Extended-Spectrum Antimicrobials
6.2.3 Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobials
6.2.4 Antimicrobial Drugs Combinations
6.2.5 Drug Combinations Benefits
6.2.6 Disadvantages of Drug Combinations
6.3 Antimicrobials Classification and Action Mechanism
6.3.1 Cell Wall Inhibitors
6.3.2 Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
6.3.3 30S Subunit Inhibitors
6.3.4 50S Subunit Inhibitors
6.3.5 DNA Replication Inhibitors
6.3.6 Folic Acid Metabolism Inhibitors
6.4 Drug Resistance; Veterinary Prospective
6.5 Methodologies of Drug Resistance
6.5.1 Efflux Pumps
6.5.2 Modification of Target Molecule
6.5.3 Alteration in 30S Subunit or 50S Subunit
6.5.4 Alteration in PBP
6.5.5 Altered Cell Wall Precursors
6.5.6 Mutated-DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV Lead to FQ Resistance
References
7 Nanomaterials; Potential Antibacterial Agents
7.1 Introduction
7.2 In Vitro Antibacterial Testing of Nanomaterials
7.3 Nanomaterials Action Mechanism
7.3.1 Physical/Mechanical Devastation
7.3.2 Oxidative Stress
7.3.3 ROS-Dependent Oxidative Stress
7.3.4 Membrane Active Antimicrobial Peptides and Polymer
7.3.5 Bacterial Metabolism Suppression
7.4 Nanomaterials; A Future Prospective
References
