Green Communication Technologies for Future Networks An Energy-Efficient Perspective

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Editor Bio
Contributors
Preface
Abbreviations
1 Green Communication Systems for Future Networks
1.1 Introduction of a Green Communication System
1.2 Need of Green Communication Technologies
1.2.1 Impacts On the Environment
1.2.2 Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation
1.2.3 Carbon Footprint Analysis
1.3 Types of Green Communication Systems
1.3.1 Green Wireless Communication System
1.3.2 Green Cloud-Computing-Based Future Communication Systems
1.3.3 Green Optical Communication System
1.3.4 Green Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Communication System
1.3.5 Green Artificial-Intelligence-Based Communication System
1.4 Challenges of Green Communication Systems
1.5 Research Opportunities of Green Communication Systems
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
2 Green Wireless Communication Systems
2.1 Introduction of Green Wireless Communication System
2.2 Need of Green Wireless Communication Systems
2.3 Types of Wireless Communication Systems
2.3.1 Satellite Communications
2.3.2 Microwave Communication
2.3.3 Wi-Fi
2.3.4 Infrared Communication
2.3.5 Radio Broadcast
2.4 Features of the Green Wireless Communication System
2.5 Architecture of the Green Wireless Communication System
2.5.1 Ultra-Dense Network (UDN)
2.5.2 Device to Device (D2D) Communication
2.5.3 Massive MIMO
2.5.4 Beamforming
2.5.5 Hardware Improvement
2.5.6 Cognitive Radio Network
2.6 Challenges of Green Wireless Communication Systems
2.7 Research Opportunities of Green Wireless Communication Systems
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
3 Green Transmission Technologies and Network Protocols
3.1 Introduction of Green Transmission Technologies
3.1.1 Green Transmission Technology-Based Network Architecture
3.1.2 Green Transmission Technologies
3.2 Energy-Efficient Network Topology
3.2.1 System Model for Green Network Topology
3.2.2 Mechanism for Energy-Efficient Green Network Topology
3.3 Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols
3.3.1 Protocol Layers
3.3.2 Protocols for Green Networks
3.3.3 Analysis of Protocol for Energy Consumption
3.4 Energy-Efficient Data Transmission
3.4.1 Hardware-Based Solutions
3.4.2 Software-Based Solutions
3.4.3 Energy-Harvesting-Based Approach
3.5 Green Ultra-Dense Networks’ Design
3.6 Green Network Performance Measurements
3.7 Challenges of Green Transmission Technologies
3.7.1 5G Network As a Green Network
3.7.2 Wireless Sensor Network With a Green Approach
3.7.3 Green Cognitive Radio Network
3.7.4 Cyber Physical System
3.7.5 New Materials for Networking Device Manufacturing
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
4 Green Ad-Hoc Communication System Based On NOMA Technique
4.1 Introduction of Ad-Hoc Networks
4.2 Introduction of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) Technique
4.3 Proposed System Model and Assumptions for Designing of NOMA-Based Green Ad-Hoc Network
4.3.1 Energy-Harvesting Phase
4.3.2 Transmission Phase
4.4 Performance Evaluation of the Proposed System Model
4.4.1 Outage Probability of U1
4.4.2 Outage Probability of U2
4.5 Extension to Multiple Users
4.6 Results and Discussion
4.7 Advantages of Ad-Hoc Network
4.8 Challenges of the Ad-Hoc Network
4.9 Applications of Ad-Hoc Networks
4.10 Conclusion
References
5 Green Optical Communication Systems
5.1 Introduction to Green Optical Communication
5.2 Goals of Green Optical Communication
5.3 Green Optical Communication Systems
5.3.1 Green Optical Wireless Communication
5.3.2 Green Optical Wired Communication
5.3.2.1 Negative Impacts Due to Energy-Efficient Techniques
5.3.3 Green Deep Space Optical Communication
5.3.3.1 Physical Layer Turbulence Mitigation Methods
5.3.3.2 TCP Other Layer Turbulence Mitigation Methods
5.4 Energy-Efficient Algorithms
5.5 Challenges of Green Communication
5.6 Applications of Green Optical Communication
5.7 Research Opportunities On Green Optical Communication
5.8 Conclusion
References
6 Green Hybrid Wireless-Optical Broadband Networks
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Optical Access Network
6.2.1 TDM-PON
6.2.2 WDM-PON
6.2.3 OFDM PON
6.2.4 Hybrid PON
6.3 Wireless Access Network
6.4 Hybrid Wireless Optical Broadband Access Network (HWOBAN)
6.4.1 Architecture of a Hybrid Wireless Optical Broadband Access Network
6.4.2 Fiber Wireless (FiWi) Access Network
6.4.3 Grid Based Reconfigurable Optical Wireless Network (GROW-Net)
6.4.4 Metro-Access Ring Integrated Network (MARIN)
6.5 Features of Hybrid Wireless Optical Broadband Network
6.6 Problems for HWOBAN
6.7 Solution for Energy Consumption in HWOBAN
6.7.1 HWOBAN Topologies
6.7.2 Proper Utilization of ONU/OLT in the Optical Ackhaul Network
6.7.3 ONUs’ Placement Algorithms in HWOBAN
6.7.3.1 Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) Algorithm
6.7.3.2 Random and Deterministic Method
6.7.3.3 Greedy Approach (GA)
6.7.3.4 Simulated Annealing Approach (SAA)
6.7.3.5 Moth-Flame Optimization Algorithm (MFO)
6.7.3.6 MIP (Mixed Integer Programming) Approach
6.7.4 Energy Aware Routing Protocols
6.7.4.1 Minimum Hop Routing Algorithm (MHRA) and Shortest Path Routing Algorithm (SPRA)
6.7.4.2 Predictive-Throughput Routing Algorithm (PTRA)
6.7.4.3 Delay Aware Routing Algorithm (DARA)
6.7.4.4 Risk and Delay Aware Routing Algorithm (RADAR)
6.7.4.5 Capacity and Delay Aware Routing Algorithm (CaDAR)
6.8 Challenges of Hybrid Wireless-Optical Broadband Network
6.9 Applications for Hybrid Wireless-Optical Broadband Network
6.10 Research Opportunities for the Hybrid Wireless-Optical Broadband Network
6.11 Conclusion
References
7 Green Underwater Communication Systems
7.1 Introduction of Underwater Communication
7.2 Features of a Green Underwater Communication System
7.3 Wave Transmission in the Aquatic Medium
7.3.1 Transmission Waves for Underwater Communication
7.3.1.1 Acoustic Waves
7.3.1.2 Electromagnetic Waves
7.3.1.3 Optical Waves
7.4 Underwater Green Channel Characterization
7.4.1 Effect of Particles On Optical Propagation
7.4.2 Effect of Water Types On Optical Propagation
7.4.3 Light Propagation in Water
7.5 Underwater Green Transceiver Design
7.5.1 Green Transmitters
7.5.2 Green Receivers
7.5.3 Benefits of the Green Optical System
7.6 Energy Harvesting for Underwater Sensor Networks
7.7 Applications of Underwater Wireless Communications
7.7.1 Application Deployment
7.7.2 Challenges of Underwater Wireless Communication
7.7.2.1 Channel Modeling
7.7.2.2 Energy-Efficient Transmission Techniques
7.7.2.3 Reduces Link Misalignment
7.8 Conclusion
References
8 Green Optical Networks Based On Machine Learning Techniques
8.1 Introduction of Machine Learning for Optical Networks
8.1.1 Trends in Network Connectivity
8.1.2 Role of Optical Fiber in Broadband Technology
8.1.3 The Current State of the Art of Optical Cabling in 5G
8.2 Role of Machine Learning in Optical Networks
8.2.1 Machine Learning Approach to Optical Networks
8.3 Technologies to Design Machine Learning Based Optical Networks (Supervised, Unsupervised, Reinforcement)
8.4 Characteristics of Machine Learning Based Optical Networks
8.5 Research Opportunities of Machine Learning Based Optical Networks
8.5.1 Data Analysis Using the Machine Learning Algorithm in Optical Transmission
8.6 Applications and Challenges of Green Machine Learning Based Optical Systems and Networks at Different Layers
8.7 Energy-Efficient Optical Networks
8.8 Conclusion
References
9 Green Electronics for Future Communication Systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Role of Green Electronics for Future Communication Systems
9.2.1 Green Communication Solutions
9.3 Green Manufacturing
9.4 Energy-Efficient (Green) Metric
9.5 Power Allocation Techniques for Green Electronics
9.6 Electronic Energy Efficiency Efforts
9.6.1 LED
9.6.2 Graphene
9.6.3 CNF – Cellulose Nanofibers
9.6.4 Television
9.6.5 Mobile Phones
9.6.6 Computers
9.6.7 Processors
9.6.8 Other Electronic Devices
9.7 Challenges of Green Electronics for Communication Systems
9.8 Research Opportunities of Green Electronics Systems
9.9 Conclusion
References
10 Green Internet of Things (IoT) Technologies for Communication Systems
10.1 Introduction to Green IoT
10.2 Layered Infrastructure of IoT
10.2.1 Perception Layer
10.2.2 Transport Layer
10.2.3 Process Or Middleware Layer
10.2.4 Network Layer
10.2.5 Application Layer
10.3 Energy Optimization Methods for Green IoT
10.3.1 Methods for Perception and Processing Layers
10.3.2 Methods Beneath Transport and Network Layers
10.3.3 Methods Beneath the Application Layer
10.4 Challenges of Green IoT
10.5 Green Machine to Machine Technology (M2M)
10.5.1 Key Elements and Technologies for M2M Communication Technologies
10.5.1.1 Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) in M2M Communications
10.5.1.2 Wireless Network Virtualization (WNV) and E-SIM in M2M Communications
10.5.1.3 Software Dependent Networks (SDN) in M2M Technology
10.6 Network Outline With Green M2M Communication
10.6.1 Outline for Green M2M Technology
10.7 Operation Facts of Green M2M Technology
10.8 Energy Awareness in IoT
10.9 Applications of Green IoT
10.10 Future of Green IoT
10.11 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
11 Green Cloud Computing Based Future Communication Systems
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Features of Cloud Computing
11.3 Green Cloud Computing
11.3.1 Green Cloud Computing Infrastructure
11.3.2 Features of Green Cloud Computing
11.4 Algorithms for Green Cloud Computing
11.4.1 Green Cloud Computing Task Scheduling Algorithm
11.4.2 Power-Efficient Virtual Machine Assignment Algorithm
11.5 High-Performance Computing (HPC) for Green Computing
11.5.1 HPC Architecture
11.5.2 Applications of HPC
11.6 Green Data Centers in Cloud Computing
11.7 Research Area for Green Cloud Computing
11.8 Challenges of Green Cloud Computing
11.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
12 Green Artificial-Intelligence-Based Communication System
12.1 Introduction to Green AI-Based Communication Systems
12.2 Green AI-Based Communication Systems
12.2.1 Green AI-Based Wireless Communication System
12.2.2 Green AI-Based Wired Communication System
12.3 Energy Harvesting Methods Based On AI-Based Technique
12.4 Advantages of AI-Based Energy Harvesting
12.5 Features of Green AI-Based Communication Systems
12.6 Techniques of Green AI-Based Communication
12.6.1 Green AI-Based D2D Communication
12.6.2 Green AI-Based MmWave Communication
12.6.3 Green AI-Based Massive MIMO
12.6.4 Green AI-Based HetNets
12.6.5 AI-Based Green IoT
12.7 Green AI-Based Wireless Resource Management System for Multimedia Streaming Communication System
12.8 Challenges of Green AI-Based Communication Systems
12.9 Applications of Green AI-Based Communication Systems
12.10 Conclusion
References
13 Green Microwave and Satellite Communication Systems
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Microwaves
13.2.1 Microwave Generation
13.2.2 Reflex Klystrons
13.2.3 Features of Microwave Communication
13.2.4 Green Microwaves
13.3 Satellite Communication
13.3.1 Orbits and Related Challenges
13.3.2 Transponders
13.3.3 Lagrange Points
13.3.4 Features of Satellite Communication
13.3.5 Green Satellite Networks
13.4 The Evolving Issues of Microwave and Satellite Networks Based On an Energy-Efficient Perspective
13.5 Current Challenges for Space Technologies
13.5.1 Technical Challenges
13.5.2 Protection of Humans
13.5.3 Earth Environment
13.6 Applications of Microwave and Satellite Communications
13.7 Space Environment and Reliability of Satellite Communications
13.8 Reliability of Satellite Communications
13.9 Research Opportunities for Green Microwave and Satellite Communication Systems
13.10 Conclusion
References
14 Green Energy Efficient Wired and Wireless Charging Techniques for IoT Enabled Healthcare Systems
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Motivation
14.3 Fundamental of Wireless Charging
14.4 Wireless Charging Technologies
14.4.1 Inductive Coupling
14.4.2 Magnetic Resonance Coupling
14.4.3 RF Radiation
14.5 Applications
14.5.1 Near Field Charging
14.5.2 Far Field Charging
14.6 System Modeling
14.6.1 WPT Transmitter
14.6.2 WPT Receiver
14.6.3 WPT Antenna
14.6.4 WPT Converters
14.6.5 WPT Power Management
14.7 Challenges in System Design
Challenge 1: Size of Transmitter and Receiver
Challenge 2: Transfer Distance
Challenge 3: Transfer Medium
Challenge 4: Angle and Lateral Misalignments
Challenge 5: Power Level Requirement
14.7.1 Transmitter End Challenges
Challenge 1: Transfer Power Requirement
Challenge 2: Adjustment in the Power Dynamic Range
Challenge 3: Peak Conversion Efficiency
Challenges 4: Weight and Size of Transmitter
Challenges 5: Better Safety
14.7.2 Receiver End Challenges
Challenge 1: Demand of Power
Challenge 2: Supply Voltage Requirement
Challenge 3: Power Transfer Efficiency
Challenge 4: Reliability of Power
Challenge 5: Size of the Receiver
14.8 Wireless Charging Standards
14.8.3 Safety Against Electromagnetic Waves
14.8.4 Safety Standards for WPT
14.9 Prospective Future Work
14.9.1 Energy Harvester Integration With Power Transmitter
14.9.2 Rapid Feedback Transmission
14.9.3 Transmission Range Improvement
14.9.4 Harvested Energy for Power Transmission
14.10 Conclusion
References
Index