This book summarizes fundamentals and advanced topics of green chemistry and highlights the importance and impact of green chemistry over traditional synthetic methods. It discusses about the importance and scope of the catalytic protocols in green chemistry and their application in daily life. Alternate green energy approaches discussed in this book underline the importance of efficiency enhancement with simultaneous energy demand reduction by replacing the dependence on non-renewable energy resources. Various topics covered in this book include green solvents, energy-efficient approach for organic synthesis, catalysis, biocatalysis, and green approach in pharmaceutically important molecules and drugs. The book will be a valuable reference for beginners, researchers, and professionals interested in sustainable green chemistry and their scope in allied fields.
Author(s): Vinod K. Tiwari, Abhijeet Kumar, Sanchayita Rajkhowa, Garima Tripathi, Anil Kumar Singh
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 391
City: Singapore
Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Authors
Abbreviation
1 Green Chemistry: Introduction to the Basic Principles
1 Introduction
2 Principles of Green Chemistry
3 Principle of Inherently Safer Design (ISD)
4 Various Barriers in the Implementation of Green Chemistry
References
2 Energy-Efficient Process in Organic Synthesis
1 Introduction
2 Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis
2.1 Microwave-Assisted Coupling Reactions
2.2 Microwave-Assisted Heterocyclic Synthesis
3 Ball Milling Method for Organic Synthesis
3.1 Application of Ball Mill Method in Synthesis of Heterocycles
3.2 Asymmetric Synthesis Under Ball Mill Method Using Organocatalysts
3.3 Coupling Reaction Under Ball Mill Condition
4 Ultrasonic Methods in Organic Synthesis
5 Photo-Induced Organic Transformations
5.1 Photo-Catalyst Catalyzed C–C and C–X Bond Forming Reaction
5.2 Photo-Induced Peptide Coupling Reaction
5.3 Photo-Induced Decarboxylative Coupling
6 Electrochemical Approach for Organic Synthesis
7 Conclusions
References
3 Green Solvents: Application in Organic Synthesis
1 Introduction
2 Types of Green Solvents
3 Solvent Selection Guides
4 Green Solvents and Their Application
4.1 Water as Solvent
4.2 Ionic Liquids
4.3 Switchable Solvents
4.4 Supercritical CO2 as Solvent
4.5 Solvents from the Renewable Bio-Based Feedstock
4.6 Water Extract of Agrowaste Ash (AWEs)
4.7 Glycerol as Green Solvent
4.8 Fluorous Biphasic Solvents
4.9 Polyethylene Glycol [PEG] as a Solvent
5 Conclusions
References
4 Growing Impact of Ionic Liquids in Heterocyclic Chemistry
1 Introduction
2 Structure and Types of RTILs
3 Properties of ILs
3.1 Melting Point (m. p.)
3.2 Thermal Stability/Decomposition
3.3 Viscosity
3.4 Conductivity
3.5 Density and Polarity
3.6 Toxicity
4 Chemical Synthesis of Some ILs
5 Impact of RTILs in the Synthesis of Biologically Relevant Skeletons
5.1 Impact of RTILs in the Synthesis of Biologically Relevant Heterocyclic Skeletons
5.2 RTIL-Mediated Synthesis of Five-Membered Heterocycles
5.3 Ionic Liquid-Mediated Synthesis of Six-Membered Heterocycles
6 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
5 Growing Impact of Ionic Liquids in Carbohydrate Chemistry
1 Introduction
2 Representative Example for the Synthesis of Carbohydrate-Based Chiral ILs
3 Application of RTILs in Carbohydrate Chemistry
3.1 Dissolution and Gelation of Carbohydrates in ILs
3.2 IL-Mediated Some Common Reactions in Carbohydrate Chemistry
3.3 Ionic Liquids in Enzyme-Induced Carbohydrate Modifications
3.4 ILs in Glycosidic Bond Formation Methodology
4 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
6 Catalysis: Application and Scope in Organic Synthesis
1 Introduction
1.1 Type of Catalysts
2 Catalytic Oxidation Process
2.1 Oxidation of Alkenes
2.2 Oxidation of Alkanes
2.3 Oxidation of Aromatic Hydrocarbon
3 Catalytic Reduction
3.1 Reaction Conditions in Heterogenous Catalysis
3.2 Hydrogenation of Alkenes
3.3 Hydrogenation of Alkynes
3.4 Hydrogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones
3.5 Catalytic Reductive Amination
4 Catalytic C–C Bond Formation
5 Catalytic C–N Bond Formation: Click Chemistry
6 Catalysis by Acidic Clays and Zeolites
6.1 Acidic Clays
6.2 Zeolites
7 Organocatalysis: General Consideration
References
7 Organocatalysis: A Versatile Tool for Asymmetric Green Organic Syntheses
1 Introduction
2 Classification of Organocatalysis
2.1 Lewis Base Catalysis
2.2 Lewis Acid Catalysis
2.3 Brønsted Base Catalysis
2.4 Brønsted Acid Catalysis
3 Iminium Catalysis
3.1 Application of Iminium Catalysts in Organic Synthesis
4 Enamine Catalysis
4.1 Asymmetric Aldol Reactions
4.2 Asymmetric Michael Reaction
5 Carbohydrate-Based Asymmetric Organocatalysis
5.1 Enantioselective Epoxidation
5.2 Sugar-Based Prolinamide Catalysts
5.3 Carbohydrate Based Pyrrolidine Catalysts
6 Conclusion
References
8 Enzymes in Organic Synthesis
1 Introduction
2 Applications of Enzymes in Synthesis
3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
9 Application of Green Chemistry: Examples of Real-World Cases
1 Introduction
2 Selected Examples of Real-World Applications of Green Chemistry
2.1 Greener Synthetic Pathway for the Synthesis of Ibuprofen
2.2 Application of Surfactants for Liquid Carbon Dioxide
2.3 Development of Environmentally Benign Marine Antifoulant
2.4 Use of Genetically Engineered Microbes as Environmentally Benign Catalyst
2.5 Polylactic Acids as Green Alternate of Plastics
2.6 Rightfit™ Pigments: A Green Replacement of Toxic Organic and Inorganic Pigments
2.7 Healthier Fats and Oils by Enzymatic Interesterification
2.8 Green Approach Toward the Synthesis of Sertraline Hydrochloride (Zoloft)
3 Conclusion
References
