Gray's Anatomy, Descriptive and Surgical

Anatomy, Descriptive and Surgical
Introduction
Contents
Osteology—The Skeleton
The Spine
General Characters of a Vertebra
Character of the Cervical Vertebræ (Fig. 1)
Characters of the Dorsal Vertebræ
Characters of the Lumbar Vertebræ
Sacral and Coccygeal Vertebræ
The Coccyx
The Spine in General
The Skull
The Cranium
The Occipital Bone
The Parietal Bones
The Frontal Bone
The Temporal Bones
The Sphenoid Bone
The Ethmoid Bone
Development of the Cranium
The Fontanelles
Supernumerary or Wormian[fn1] Bones
Congenital Fissures and Gaps
Bones of the Face
The Nasal Bone
The Superior Maxillary Bones or Maxillæ
Changes Produced in the Upper Jaw by Age
The Lachrymal Bones
The Malar Bones
The Palate Bones
The Inferior Turbinated Bones
The Vomer
The Inferior Maxillary Bone
Changes Produced in the Lower Jaw by Age
The Sutures
The Skull as a Whole
The Vertex of the Skull
The Base of the Skull
The Lateral Region of the Skull
The Temporal Fossa
The Mastoid Portion
The Zygomatic Fossa
The Spheno-maxillary Fossa
The Anterior Region of the Skull
The Orbits
The Nasal Fossæ
The Hyoid Bone
The Thorax
The Sternum
The Ribs
Peculiar Ribs
The Costal Cartilages
The Extremities
The Upper Extremity
The Shoulder Girdle
The Clavicle
The Scapula
The Arm
The Humerus
The Forearm
The Ulna
The Radius
The Hand
The Carpus
Common Characters of the Carpal Bones
Bones of the Upper Row.
Bones of the Lower Row
The Metacarpus
Common Characters of the Metacarpal Bones
Peculiar Characters of the Metacarpal Bones
The Phalanges
Development of the Bones of the Hand
The Lower Extremity
The Pelvic Girdle
The Os Innominatum
The Pelvis (Figs. 123, 124)
The Thigh
The Femur, or Thigh-bone
The Leg
The Patella (Figs. 131, 132)
The Tibia (Figs. 133, 134)
The Fibula (Figs. 133, 134)
The Foot (Figs. 137, 138)
The Tarsus
The Calcaneum (Fig. 139)
The Astragalus (Fig. 140)
The Cuboid (Fig. 141)
The Navicular (Fig. 142)
The Cuneiform Bones
The Metatarsal Bones
The Phalanges
Development of the Foot (Fig. 151)
Construction of the Foot as a Whole
Sesamoid Bones
The Articulations
1— Synarthrosis. Immovable Articulations
2— Amphiarthrosis. Mixed Articulations
3— Diarthrosis. Movable Articulations
The Kinds of Movement Admitted in Joints
Articulations of the Trunk
I— Articulations of the Vertebral Column
1— The Ligaments of the Body
2— Ligaments Connecting the Laminæ
3— Ligaments Connecting the Articular Processes
4— Ligaments Connecting the Spinous Processes
5— Ligaments Connecting the Transverse Processes
II— Articulation of the Atlas with the Axis
Articulations of the Spine with the Cranium
III— Articulation of the Atlas with the Occipital Bone
IV— Articulation of the Axis with the Occipital Bone
V— Articulation of the Lower Jaw (Temporo-mandibular)
VI— Articulations of the Ribs with the Vertebræ
1— Articulations between the Heads of the Ribs and the Bodies of the Vertebræ (Fig. 160)
2— Articulations of the Necks and Tubercles of the Ribs with the Transverse Processes (Fig. 161)
VII— Articulation of the Cartilages of the Ribs with the Sternum, etc. (Fig. 163)
Articulations of the Cartilages of the Ribs with each other (Interchondral) (Fig. 163)
Articulations of the Ribs with Their Cartilages (Costo-Chondral) (Fig. 163)
VIII— Articulations of the Sternum
IX— Articulation of the Vertebral Column with the Pelvis
X— Articulations of the Pelvis
1— Articulations of the Sacrum and Ilium
2— Ligaments Passing between the Sacrum and Ischium (Fig. 165)
3— Articulation of the Sacrum and Coccyx
4— Articulation of the Ossa Pubis (Symphysis Pubis) (Fig. 167)
Articulations of the Upper Extremity
I— Sterno-clavicular Articulation (Fig. 168)
II— Acromio-Clavicular Articulation (Fig. 169)
III— Proper Ligaments of the Scapula (Fig. 169)
IV— Shoulder-joint (Fig. 169)
V— Elbow-joint (Figs. 171, 172)
VI— Radio-ulnar Articulations
1— Superior Radio-ulnar Articulation
2— Middle Radio-ulnar Union
3— Inferior Radio-ulnar Articulation
VII— Radio-carpal or Wrist-joint
VIII— Articulations of the Carpus
1— Articulations of the First Row of Carpal Bones
2— Articulations of the Second Row of Carpal Bones
3— Articulations of the Two Rows of Carpal Bones with Each Other
IX— Carpo-metacarpal Articulations
1— Articulation of the Metacarpal Bone of the Thumb with the Trapezium
2— Articulations of the Metacarpal Bones of the Four Inner Fingers with the Carpus
3— Articulations of the Metacarpal Bones with Each Other
X— Metacarpo-phalangeal Articulations (Fig. 178)
XI— Articulations of the Phalanges
Articulations of the Lower Extremity
I— Hip-joint (Fig. 179)
II— Knee-joint
III— Articulations between the Tibia and Fibula
1— Superior Tibio-Fibular Articulation
2— Middle Tibio-Fibular Ligament or Interosseous Membrane
3— Inferior Tibio-Fibular Articulation
IV— Ankle-Joint
V— Articulations of the Tarsus
1— Articulations of the Os Calcis and Astragalus
2— Articulations of the Os Calcis with the Cuboid
3— The Ligaments Connecting the Os Calcis and Navicular
4— Articulation of the Astragalus with the Navicular Bone
5— The Articulation of the Navicular with the Cuneiform Bones
6— The Articulation of the Navicular with the Cuboid
7— The Articulation of the Cuneiform Bones with each other
8— The Articulation of the External Cuneiform Bone with the Cuboid
VI— Tarso-metatarsal Articulations
VII— Articulations of the Metatarsàl Bones with Each Other
The Synovial Membranes in the Tarsal and Metatarsal Joints
VIII— Metatarso-phalangeal Articulations
IX— Articulations of the Phalanges
The Muscles and Fasciæ[fn1]
Muscles and Fasciæ of the Cranium and Face
1— Cranial Region—Occipito-frontalis
2— Auricular Region (Fig. 195)
3— Palpebral Region (Fig. 195)
4— Orbital Region (Fig. 197)
5— Nasal Region (Fig. 195)
6— Superior Maxillary Region (Fig. 195)
7— Inferior Maxillary Region (Fig. 195)
8— Intermaxillary Region
9— Temporo-Mandibular Region
10— Pterygo-mandibular Region (Fig. 200)
Muscles and Fasciæ of the Neck
1— Superficial Cervical Region
2— Infra-hyoid Region (Figs. 202, 203)
Depressors of the Os Hyoides and Larynx
3— Supra-hyoid Region (Figs. 202, 203)
Elevators of the Os Hyoides—Depressors of the Lower Jaw
4— Lingual Region
5— Pharyngeal Region
6— Palatal Region
7— Anterior Vertebral Region
8— Lateral Vertebral Region
Muscles and Fasciæ of the Trunk
I— Muscles of the Back
First Layer
Second Layer
Third Layer
Fourth Layer
Fifth Layer
2— Muscles and Fasciæ of the Thorax
3— Muscles of the Abdomen
1— Superficial Muscles
2— Deep Muscles of the Abdomen
IV— Muscles of the Pelvic Outlet
I— Muscles of the Ischio-rectal Region
II. A— Muscles and Fasciæ of the Perinæum in the Male
II. B— Muscles of the Perinæum in the Female (Fig. 227)
Muscles and Fasciæ of the Upper Extremity
I— Muscles and Fasciæ of the Thoracic Region
1— Anterior Thoracic Region
2— Lateral Thoracic Region
II— Muscles and Fasciæ of the Shoulder and Arm
3— Acromial Region
4— Anterior Scapular Region
5— Posterior Scapular Region (Fig. 232)
The Arm
6— Anterior Humeral Region (Fig. 230)
7— Posterior Humeral Region
III— Muscles and Fasciæ of the Forearm
8— Anterior Radio-unlar Region
Superficial Layer
Deep Layer
9— Radial Region (Fig. 235)
10— Posterior Radio-ulnar Region (Fig. 235)
Superficial Layer
Deep Layer (Fig. 237)
IV— Muscles and Fasciæ of the Hand
2— Radial Region (Figs. 242, 243)
12— Ulnar Region (Fig. 243)
13— Middle Palmar Region
Surface Form of the Upper Extremity
Surgical Anatomy of the Upper Extremity
Muscles and Fasciæ of the Lower Extremity
I— Muscles and Fasciæ of the Iliac Region
II— Muscles and Fasciæ of the Thigh
1— Anterior Femoral Region
2— Internal Femoral Region
The Hip
3— Gluteal Region
4— Posterior Femoral Region
III— Muscles and Fasciæ of the Leg
5— Anterior Tibio-fibular Region
6— Posterior Tibio-fibular Region
Superficial Layer
Deep Layer (Fig. 260)
7— Fibular Region
IV— Muscles and Fasciæ of the Foot
8— Dorsal Region
9— Plantar Region
First Layer
Second Layer
Third Layer
Fourth Layer
Surgical Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
The Blood-vascular System
The Pericardium
The Heart
Peculiarities in the Vascular System of the Foetus*
Foetal* Circulation
Changes in the Vascular System at Birth
The Arteries
Pulmonary Artery (Fig. 280)
The Aorta
The Ascending Aorta
Plan of the Relations of the Ascending Aorta
Branches of the Ascending Aorta
The Coronary Arteries
The Arch of the Aorta
Plan of the Relations of the Arch of the Aorta
Branches of the Arch of the Aorta (Figs. 280, 281)
Innominate Artery
Plan of the Relations of the Innominate Artery
Arteries of the Head and Neck
The Common Carotid Arteries
Plan of the Relations of the Left Common Carotid. Thoracic Portion
Plan of the Relations of the Common Carotid Artery
The External Carotid Artery
Plan of the Relations of the External Carotid
Branches of the First or Maxillary Portion (Fig. 288)
Branches of the Second or Pterygoid Portion
Branches of the Third or Spheno-maxillary Portion
Surgical Anatomy of the Triangles of the Neck
Anterior Triangle of the Neck
Posterior Triangle of the Neck
The Internal Carotid Artery
Plan of the Relations of the Internal Carotid Artery in the Neck
The Blood-vessels of the Brain
Arteries of the Upper Extremity
The Subclavian Arteries (Fig. 298)
First Part of the Right Subclavian Artery (Figs. 280, 283, 298)
Plan of Relations of First Portion of the Right Subclavian Artery
First Part of the Left Subclavian Artery (Fig. 280)
Plan of Relations of First Portion of Left Subclavian Artery
Second and Third Parts of the Subclavian Artery (Figs. 283, 298)
Plan of Relations of Second Portion of Subclavian Artery
Plan of Relations of Third Portion of Subclavian Artery
Surgical Anatomy of the Axilla
The Axillary Artery
Relations of the First Portion of the Axillary Artery
Relations of the Second Portion of the Axillary Artery
Relations of the Third Portion of the Axillary Artery
Branches of the Axillary Artery
The Brachial Artery (Fig. 303)
Plan of the Relations of the Brachial Artery
Surgical Anatomy of the Bend of the Elbow
Radial Artery (Fig. 304)
Plan of the Relations of the Radial Artery in the Forearm
Ulnar Artery (Fig. 305)
Plan of Relations of the Ulnar Artery in the Forearm
The Superficial Palmar Arch (Fig. 304)
Plan of the Relations of the Superficial Palmar Arch
Branches of the Superficial Palmar Arch
Arteries of the Trunk
The Descending Aorta
The Thoracic Aorta
Plan of the Relations of the Thoracic Aorta
Branches of the Thoracic Aorta
The Abdominal Aorta (Fig. 307)
Plan of the Relations of the Abdominal Aorta
Branches of the Abdominal Aorta
The Coeliac* Axis (Fig. 308)
The Superior Mesenteric Artery (Fig. 310)
The Inferior Mesenteric Artery (Fig. 311)
The Suprarenal Arteries (Fig. 307)
The Renal Arteries (Fig. 307)
The Spermatic Arteries
The Ovarian Arteries
The Phrenic Arteries
The Lumbar Arteries
The Middle Sacral Artery
The Common Iliac Arteries
Plan of the Relations of the Common Iliac Arteries
Internal Iliac Artery (Fig. 312)
Plan of the Relations of the Internal Iliac Artery
Branches of the Internal Iliac
The External Iliac Artery (Fig. 312)
Plan of the Relations of the External Iliac Artery
Deep Epigastric and Deep Circumflex Iliac
Arteries of the Lower Extremity
The Femoral Artery (Fig. 317)
Plan of Relations of the Common Femoral Artery
Plan of Relations of the Superficial Femoral Artery
Plan of the Relations of the Profunda Artery
Popliteal Artery
The Popliteal Space (Fig. 320)
Plan of Relations of Popliteal Artery
The Anterior Tibial Artery (Fig. 321)
Plan of the Relations of the Anterior Tibial Artery
The Dorsalis Pedis Artery (Fig. 321)
Plan of the Relations of the Dorsalis Pedis Artery
The Posterior Tibial Artery
Plan of the Relations of the Posterior Tibial Artery
Plan of the Relations of the Peroneal Artery
The Veins
The Pulmonary Veins
The Systemic Veins
Veins of the Head and Neck
Veins of the Exterior of the Head and Face
The Veins of the Neck
The Veins of the Diploë
The Cerebral Veins
The Sinuses of the Dura Mater
Veins of the Upper Extremity and Thorax
The Spinal Veins
Veins of the Lower Extremity, Abdomen, and Pelvis
The Portal System of Veins
The Cardiac Veins
The Lymphatic System
The Thoracic Duct
Lymphatics of the Head, Face, and Neck
Lymphatics of the Upper Extremity
Lymphatics of the Lower Extremity
Lymphatics of the Pelvis and Abdomen
The Lymphatic System of the Intestines
The Lymphatics of the Thorax
The Nervous System
The Membranes of the Brain
The Dura Mater
The Arachnoid Membrane
Glandulæ Pacchioni or Arachnoid Villi
The Pia Mater
The Brain
General Considerations and Divisions
I— The Hemispheres of the Brain
1— The Frontal Lobe
2— The Parietal Lobe
3— The Occipital Lobe
II— The Inter-brain
III— The Mid-brain
Structure of the Cerebrum
Gray Matter of the Cortex
Special Types of Gray Matter
IV— The Hind-brain
Pons Varolii
The Cerebellum
Upper Surface of the Cerebellum
The Lobes of the Inferior Surface of the Cerebellum
Internal Structure of the Cerebellum
V— The Medulla Oblongata (Fig. 370)
The Fourth Ventricle (Fig. 371)
Internal Structure of the Medulla Oblongata (Fig. 372)
The Spinal Cord and Its Membranes
Membranes of the Cord
The Spinal Cord (Fig. 379)
The Nerve-tracts
The Motor, Efferent, or Descending Tract
Other Descending Tracts
The Sensory, Afferent, Ascending Tract
Other Ascending Tracts
The Cranial Nerves
The First Nerve (Fig. 350, page 654)
The Second Nerve (Fig. 389)
The Third Nerve (Figs. 391, 392, 393)
The Fourth Nerve (Fig. 391)
The Fifth Nerve
Ophthalmic Nerve (Figs. 391, 393, 394)
The Ophthalmic Ganglion (Figs. 391, 394)
The Superior Maxillary Nerve (Fig. 395)
The Spheno-palatine Ganglion (Fig. 396)
The Inferior Maxillary Nerve (Fig. 395)
Otic Ganglion (Fig. 397)
The Submaxillary Ganglion (Fig. 395)
The Sixth Nerve (Fig. 393)
The Seventh Nerve (Figs. 399, 400, 401)
Branches of Distribution
Eighth Nerve
The Ninth Pair (Figs. 402, 403, 404)
The Tenth Pair (Figs. 403, 404)
The Eleventh Pair (Figs. 403, 404)
The Twelfth Pair (Figs. 405, 406)
The Spinal Nerves
The Roots of the Spinal Nerves
The Ganglia of the Spinal Nerves
Distribution of the Spinal Nerves
Points of Emergence of the Spinal Nerves
The Cervical Nerves
Posterior Divisions of the Cervical Nerves (Fig. 408)
Anterior Divisions of the Cervical Nerves
The Cervical Plexus
Superficial Branches of the Cervical Plexus
Deep Branches of the Cervical Plexus. Internal Series
Deep Branches of the Cervical Plexus. External Series
The Brachial Plexus (Fig. 410)
Branches above the Clavicle
Branches below the Clavicle
The Dorsal Nerves (Fig. 415)
Posterior Divisions of the Dorsal Nerves
Anterior Divisions of the Dorsal Nerves
The Lumbar Nerves
The Posterior Divisions of the Lumbar Nerves
The Anterior Divisions of the Lumbar Nerves
The Lumbar Plexus (Fig. 416)
The Sacral and Coccygeal Nerves
The Sacral Plexus (Fig. 421)
The Sympathetic Nerve
The Gangliated Cord
Cervical Portion of the Gangliated Cord
The Carotid Plexus
The Cavernous Plexus
The Thoracic Portion of the Gangliated Cord
The Lumbar Portion of the Gangliated Cord
Pelvic Portion of the Gangliated Cord
The Great Plexuses of the Sympathetic
The Cardiac Plexus
The Epigastric or Solar Plexus (Figs. 425, 427)
The Hypogastric Plexus
The Pelvic Plexus
The Organs of Special Sense
The Tongue
The Nose
Nasal Fossæ
The Eye
Tunics of the Eye
I— The Sclerotic and Cornea
II— The Choroid, Ciliary Body, and Iris
III— The Retina
Refracting Media
I— Aqueous Humor
II— Vitreous Body
III— Crystalline Lens
The Appendages of the Eye
The Lachrymal Apparatus (Fig. 454)
The Ear
The External Ear
The Middle Ear, or Tympanum
Ossicles of the Tympanum (Fig. 459)
The Internal Ear of Labyrinth
The Osseous Labyrinth
The Membranous Labyrinth (Fig. 462)
The Organs of Digestion
The Mouth
The Teeth
Permanent Teeth (Figs. 469 and 470)
Temporary Teeth (Figs. 467 and 471)
Arrangement of the Teeth[fn1]
Structure of the Teeth
Development of the Teeth
The Palate
The Salivary Glands (Fig. 483)
The Pharynx
The OEsophagus*
The Abdomen
The Peritoneum
The Stomach
The Small Intestine
The Large Intestine
The Liver
The Excretory Apparatus of the Liver
The Pancreas
The Spleen
The Organs of Voice and Respiration
The Larynx
The Trachea (Fig. 533)
The Pleuræ
The Mediastinum
The Lungs
The Thyroid Gland
The Thymus Glands
The Urinary Organs
The Kidneys
The Ureters
The Suprarenal Capsules
The Cavity of the Pelvis
The Bladder
The Male Urethra
The Female Bladder and Urethra
The Urethra
The Male Organs of Generation
The Prostate Gland
Cowper's Glands
The Penis
The Testes and Their Coverings (Fig. 565)
The Testes
Vesiculæ Seminales
The Female Organs of Generation
External Organs
Internal Organs
The Uterus
Appendages of the Uterus
The Fallopian Tubes
The Ovaries
The Mammary Glands
The Surgical Anatomy of Hernia
Inguinal Hernia
Oblique Inguinal Hernia
Direct Inguinal Hernia
Femoral Hernia
Surgical Anatomy of the Perinæum
Ischio-rectal Region
The Perinæum Proper in the Male
The Female Perinæum
The Pelvic Fascia
General Anatomy or Histology
The Animal Cell (Fig. 596)
The Nutritive Fluids
The Blood
Lymph and Chyle
Epithelium
Connective Tissues
The Pigment
The Cartilage
The Bone
The Muscular Tissue
The Nervous Tissue
The Vascular System
The Skin and Its Appendages
Serous Membranes
Synovial Membranes
Mucous Membrane
Secreting Glands
Embryology
The Ovum
Fertilization and Segmentation of the Ovum
1— Impregnation
2— Segmentation
3— Formation of the Mesoblast
First Rudiments of the Embryo
Formation of Membranes
Development of the Embryo
2— The Placental Circulation
Chronological Table of the Development of the Foetus*
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z