Graphene-Rubber Nanocomposites: Fundamentals to Applications

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 Introduction to Graphene
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History of Graphene
1.3 The Structure and Nomenclature
1.4 Other 2D Nanomaterials
1.5 Synthetic Routes to Graphene and Its Analogues
1.6 Characterization of Graphene
1.7 Graphene Composites
1.7.1 Graphene 2D Heterostructures
1.7.2 Graphene Polymer Composites
1.7.3 Graphene Biocomposites
1.8 Nanotoxicity of Graphene
1.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2 Graphene Synthesis and Characterization for Graphene Nanocomposites
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Graphene Synthesis
2.2.1 Top-Down Synthesis
2.2.1.1 Mechanical Exfoliation
2.2.1.2 Chemical Exfoliation
2.2.2 Bottom-Up Synthesis
2.2.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
2.2.2.2 Non-catalytic Epitaxial Growth
2.2.2.3 Organic Synthesis
2.3 Graphene Characterization
2.3.1 Size and Thickness
2.3.2 Defectiveness
2.3.3 Transport Properties
2.3.4 Mechanical Properties
2.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene from Non-Conventional Precursors
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Synthesis of Graphene
3.2.1 Synthesis of Graphene from Biowaste and Other Biomaterials
3.2.2 Synthesis of Graphene from Food and Food Waste
3.2.3 Synthesis of Graphene from Industrial Waste
3.2.4 In situ Synthesis of Doped Graphene
3.3 Characterization of Graphene
3.3.1 X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
3.3.2 Raman Spectroscopy and Raman Imaging
3.3.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis
3.3.4 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
3.3.5 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) Analysis
3.3.6 High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) and SAED Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED)
3.3.7 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
3.4 Properties and Application of Graphene Prepared from Non-Conventional Sources
3.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4 Functionalization of Graphite and Graphene
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Covalent Functionalization of Graphene and Its Analogs via Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation (Small Molecules)
4.2.1 Functionalization via Diazotization Chemistry
4.2.2 Functionalization via Diels–Alder Reaction
4.2.3 Functionalization via Reaction with Carbene
4.3 Covalent Functionalization of Graphene and Its Analogs via Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation (Macromolecules)
4.3.1 Grafting from Technique
4.3.2 Grafting to Technique
4.4 Covalent Functionalization of Graphene and Its Analogs via Carbon-Nitrogen Bond Formation
4.4.1 Functionalization with Amine
4.4.2 Functionalization with Nitrene
4.5 Other Classes of Modified Graphene
4.5.1 Nitrogen-Doped Graphene
4.5.2 Carboxylated Graphene
4.5.3 Fluorographene
4.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5 Structure-Property Relationships for the Mechanical Behavior of Rubber-Graphene Nanocomposites
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Mechanical Behavior of Rubber
5.3 Reinforcement Mechanisms in Rubber-Graphene Nanocomposites
5.3.1 Interfacial Interactions
5.3.2 Filler Morphology
5.3.3 Strain-Induced Crystallization
5.3.4 Toughening Mechanisms
5.4 Graphene Modification and Functionalization
5.5 Effect of Graphene on Curing Kinetics
5.6 Structural Studies
5.7 Micromechanics, Homogenization, and Constitutive Models
5.8 Outlook and Current Challenges
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 6 Structure-Property Relationship of Graphene-Rubber Nanocomposite
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Graphene-Based Polymer Composite Materials
6.3 Melt Mixing/Blending
6.4 Solution/Latex Blending
6.5 In Situ Polymerization
6.6 Mechanical Properties
6.7 Tensile Properties
6.8 Dynamic Mechanical Properties
6.9 Preparation of Graphene Polymer Composites
6.10 Preparation of Graphene Rubber Composites
6.11 Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposites
6.12 Dispersion of Graphene
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7 Dispersion and Characterization of Graphene in Elastomer Composite
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Dispersion of Graphene in Elastomer Composites
7.3 Characterization of Graphene/Elastomer Composites
7.4 Physical Properties of Graphene/Elastomer Composites
7.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8 Graphene-Based Hybrid Fillers as New Reinforcing Agents in Rubber Compounds for the Tire Industry
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Experimental Section
8.2.1 Materials
8.2.2 Methodology
8.2.3 Characterization of Different Composites
8.3 Result and Discussion
8.3.1 Effect of Loading of Carbon Black Keeping Graphene Level Constant
8.3.2 Effect of Nature of Graphene in Hybrid Filler System
8.3.3 Effect of Loading of Graphene in Hybrid Filler System
8.3.4 Graphene Modified SBR Compound
8.3.5 Comparison of Property Change in Percentage in between NR and SBR
8.3.6 Graphene-Silica Hybrids
8.3.7 Mechanism of Reinforcement by Hybrid Filler
8.4 Conclusions
8.5 Conflict of Interest
8.6 Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9 Comprehensive Reviews on the Computational Micromechanical Models for Rubber-Graphene Composites
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Computational Micromechanical Models
9.2.1 Constitutive Models
9.2.2 Geometry Definition of RVE
9.2.3 Boundary Conditions – Loading Cases
9.2.4 Finite Element Modeling
9.3 Results and Discussion
9.4 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 10 Simulation of Graphene Elastomer Composites
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 What Is MD?
10.1.2 Potentials in MD
10.1.3 Ensembles in MD
10.1.4 Thermostats
10.2 Molecular Dynamics Methodology
10.2.1 Modeling of Materials
10.2.2 Modeling for Elastic Moduli, Tensile Behavior, and T[sub(g)]
10.2.3 Modeling for Pull-Out of Graphene(Gr) from NR
10.3 Results and Discussion
10.3.1 Mechanical Properties
10.3.2 Glass Transition Temperature
10.3.3 Interfacial Properties
10.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11 Graphene-Elastomer Composites for Barrier Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Effect of Graphene on the Air Permeability of the Rubber Composites
11.3 Various Rubber Materials Used for Barrier Applications
11.3.1 Butyl Rubber
11.3.1.1 Halogenated Butyl Rubber
11.3.2 Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR)
11.3.3 Polyepichlorohydrin Rubber (ECH)
11.4 Preparation of Graphene-Elastomer Composites Through Different Methods
11.5 Graphene in Butyl Rubber (IIR)-Halogenated Butyl Rubber (X)IIR and Their Blends
11.5.1 IIR/Graphene-Rubber Nanocomposites
11.5.1.1 CIIR/Graphene-Rubber Nanocomposites
11.5.1.2 BIIR/Graphene Nanocomposites
11.5.2 Bromobutyl Rubber/Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Graphene-Rubber Nanocomposites
11.5.3 Bromobutyl Rubber/Polyepichlorohydrin Rubber/Graphene-Rubber Nanocomposites
11.5.4 Synergism of Various Nanofillers for Improving the Dispersion of Graphene in BIIR
11.6 Summary
References
Chapter 12 Graphene-Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomer Composites: Fundamentals and Applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Graphene and Graphene-Based Materials
12.2.1 Graphene Oxide (GO)
12.2.2 Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO)
12.2.3 Graphite Nanoplatelets (GNPs)
12.3 Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomer (TPE)
12.4 Synthesis Methodologies of Graphene/TPU Nanocomposite
12.4.1 In situ Polymerization
12.4.2 Solution Mixing
12.4.3 Melt Mixing
12.4.4 Other Methods
12.5 Microstructure of Nanocomposites
12.6 Properties of Graphene/TPU Nanocomposites
12.6.1 Mechanical Properties
12.6.1.1 Tensile Properties
12.6.1.2 Dynamic Mechanical Property
12.6.2 Thermal Properties
12.6.2.1 Thermal Stability
12.6.2.2 Thermal Conductivity
12.6.3 Electrical Properties
12.6.3.1 Electrical Conductivity
12.6.3.2 Dielectric Properties
12.6.4 EMI Shielding Property
12.6.5 Barrier Property
12.6.6 Flame and Fire Retardant Property
12.6.7 Shape Memory Property
12.7 Potential Applications of Graphene/TPU Nanocomposites
12.7.1 Solar Water Desalination
12.7.2 Water Purification
12.7.3 Smart Textiles and Wearable Electronics
12.7.4 Oil Spill Cleaning
12.7.5 Self-Healing Coating
12.7.6 Corrosion- and Abrasion-Resistant Coating
12.7.7 Antibacterial Coating
12.7.8 Biomedical Applications
12.7.9 Sensor Application
12.7.10 Other Applications
12.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13 Role of Graphene in Tire Tread Wear Improvement
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Role of Filler in Rubber Compounds
13.1.2 Development of Advanced Composites with New Generation Filler
13.2 Materials and Experiments
13.2.1 Preparation of Graphene Nanocomposites
13.2.2 Method of Preparation and Mixing Sequence
13.2.3 Characterization of Fillers and Rubber Composites
13.2.3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Analysis Spectroscopic
13.2.3.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
13.2.3.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Analysis
13.2.3.4 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) Analysis
13.2.3.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Analysis
13.2.3.6 Measurement of Cure Characteristics
13.2.3.7 Measurement of Physical Properties
13.2.3.8 Dynamic Mechanical Properties
13.2.3.9 Measurement of Wear Resistance by Laboratory Abrasion Tester-100 (LAT-100)
13.3 Results and Discussion
13.3.1 Measurement of Surface Functionality through FTIR
13.3.2 Crystallographic Studies of Graphene and Rubber Nanocomposites
13.3.3 TEM Analysis of Graphene and Rubber Composites
13.3.4 FESEM Analysis of Graphene and Rubber Composites
13.3.5 AFM Analysis of Rubber Composites
13.3.6 Effect of Graphene on Processing Parameters
13.3.7 Effect of Graphene on Physico-Mechanical Properties
13.3.8 Effect of Graphene on Wear Resistance
13.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 14 Graphene-Based Elastomer Nanocomposites: A Fascinating Material for Flexible Sensors in Health Monitoring
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Strain Sensors Based on Graphene/Elastomer Nanocomposite
14.3 Humidity and Glucose Detection Sensors
14.4 Temperature Sensors
14.5 Piezoresistive Sensors Based on Graphene/Elastomer Nanocomposite
14.6 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 15 Thermally Conducting Graphene-Elastomer Nanocomposites: Preparation, Properties, and Applications
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Thermally Conductive Elastomeric Composites
15.3 Limitations of Thermally Conductive Elastomeric Composites
15.4 Graphene Elastomeric Composite Preparation
15.4.1 Melt Mixing
15.4.2 Two-Roll Milling/Internal Mixing
15.4.3 Solution/Latex Stage Mixing
15.4.4 In situ Polymerisation
15.4.5 Electrospinning
15.5 Thermally Conducting Graphene/Elastomeric Composites
15.6 Mechanisms of Thermal Conductivity of Graphene/Elastomeric Composites
15.7 Surface Modification of Graphene vs. Thermal Conductivity
15.7.1 Composition of Graphene
15.7.2 Graphene Elastomer Interface
15.7.3 Orientation of Graphene in Elastomeric Matrix
15.8 Applications
15.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16 Graphene-Elastomer Composite for Energy Storage Applications
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Graphene Nanofillers
16.2.1 Preparation Methods
16.2.1.1 Bottom-Up Approach
16.2.1.2 Top-Down Approach
16.2.2 Physicochemical Properties
16.2.2.1 Mechanical Properties
16.2.2.2 Thermal Conductivity
16.2.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
16.2.3 Terminologies of Graphene-Based Materials
16.3 Graphene-Elastomer Composites
16.3.1 Preparation Methods
16.3.1.1 In situ Polymerization
16.3.1.2 Solution/Latex Blending
16.3.1.3 Melt Mixing
16.3.2 Physicochemical Properties
16.3.2.1 Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Properties
16.3.2.2 Thermal Conductivity
16.3.2.3 Electrical Properties
16.3.2.4 Dielectric Properties
16.4 Elastomer-Graphene Composites for Energy Storage Applications
16.4.1 Dielectric Capacitors
16.4.2 Supercapacitors
16.4.3 Rechargeable Batteries
16.4.4 Thermal Energy Storage Systems
16.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 17 Graphene-Elastomer Composite for Biomedical Applications
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Synthesis of Graphene
17.2.1 ‘Top-Down’ Method
17.2.1.1 Mechanical Exfoliation
17.2.1.2 Chemical Exfoliation
17.2.1.3 Thermal Exfoliation
17.2.2 Bottom-Up Process
17.3 Preparation of Graphene-Elastomer Nanocomposites
17.3.1 Melt Mixing Process
17.3.2 Solution Mixing
17.3.3 In situ Process
17.4 Surface Modification and Functionalization of Graphene
17.5 Use of Graphene-Elastomer in Various Fields of Biomedical Applications
17.5.1 Nanocomposites for Biomedical Application
17.5.2 Graphene and Graphene-Based Elastomeric Nanocomposites as Nanocarrier in Therapeutic Application
17.5.2.1 Graphene and Graphene-Based Elastomer for Drug Delivery
17.5.2.2 DNA/RNA Delivery
17.5.2.3 Gene Delivery
17.5.3 Tissue Engineering
17.5.3.1 Bone Regeneration
17.5.3.2 Nerve Tissue Regeneration
17.5.3.3 Cardiac and Vascular Tissue Engineering
17.5.4 Antibacterial Agent
17.5.5 Bioimaging
17.5.6 Biosensors
17.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 18 Graphene-Elastomer Nanocomposites for Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding Applications
18.1 Introduction
18.2 EMI Shielding Phenomenon
18.3 EMI Shielding Process and Mechanisms
18.3.1 Types of EMI Shielding Mechanisms
18.3.2 Theory of EMI Shielding
18.3.2.1 Absorption Loss (SE[sub(A)])
18.3.2.2 Reflection Loss (SE[sub(R)])
18.3.2.3 Multiple Reflections (SE[sub(M)])
18.4 EMI Shielding Materials
18.4.1 Polymer Composites for EMI Shielding
18.4.2 Polymer Nanocomposites (PNCs) for EMI Shielding
18.5 Graphene: Electronic Structure and Electrical Properties
18.6 Synthesis of Graphene
18.7 Preparation Methods of Graphene-Elastomer Nanocomposites for EMI Shielding Applications
18.8 Recent Progress in Graphene-Elastomer Nanocomposites for EMI Shielding
18.9 Conclusions and Outlooks
References
Index