This textbook introduces and explains the fundamental issues, major research questions, and current approaches in the study of grammaticalization - the development of new grammatical forms from lexical items, and of further grammatical functions from existing grammatical forms. Grammaticalization has been a vibrant research field in recent years, and has proven effective in explaining a wide range of phenomena; it has even been claimed that the only true language universals are diachronic, and are related to cross-linguistic processes of grammaticalization.
The chapters provide a detailed account of the major issues in the field: foundational questions such as directionality, criteria and parameters of grammaticalization, and phases and cycles; the much-debated issue of the motivations behind grammaticalization, including the role of language contact and typological influences; the advantages and disadvantages of different theoretical approaches; and the relationship between grammaticalization and process such as lexicalization, exaptation, and the development of discourse markers. Each chapter offers guidance on further reading, and concludes with study questions to encourage further discussion; there is also a glossary of key terminology in the field. Thanks to its comprehensive approach, the volume will serve as both a textbook for undergraduate and graduate students and a valuable reference work for researchers in the field.
Author(s): Heiko Narrog, Bernd Heine
Series: Oxford Textbooks in Linguistics
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 432
City: Oxford
Cover
Grammaticalization
Copyright
Contents
Preface
List of figures and tables
Abbreviations
1: Introduction
1.1 What is grammaticalization?
1.2 Primary vs. secondary grammaticalization
1.3 Unidirectionality
1.4 Direction of semantic change in grammaticalization and expansion of scope
1.5 Grammaticalization as explanation
1.6 How to study grammaticalization
1.6.1 Diachronic grammaticalization studies
1.6.2 Grammaticalization as a synchronic concept
1.6.3 Reconstruction
1.7 Overview of the remainder of the book
2: Criteria, parameters, and other variables
2.1 An overview
2.2 Discussion
2.3 Conclusions
3: Four parameters of grammaticalization
3.1 Context extension
3.1.1 The context extension model
3.1.2 Discussion
3.1.3 On the differential behavior of stages
3.2 Desemanticization
3.3 Decategorialization
3.4 Erosion
3.5 Conclusions
4: Directionality of semantic change in grammaticalization
4.1 Bleaching, generalization, abstraction
4.2 Discourse orientation
4.2.1 Increase in speaker orientation
4.2.2 Increase in hearer orientation
4.2.3 Increase in textual orientation
4.2.4 Discourse orientation in grammaticalization
4.2.5 Counterexamples to (inter)subjectification and their status in discourse orientation
4.2.6 Conclusion
5: Steps and phases of grammaticalization
5.1 Gradualness
5.2 Stages
5.3 Grammaticalization chains
5.4 Grammaticalization in semantic maps
5.5 Polysemy, transcategoriality, and heterosemy
5.6 Cycles
5.6.1 Renewal and innovation
5.6.2 The morphological cycle
6: What drives grammaticalization?
6.1 Mechanisms: reanalysis and analogy
6.1.1 Reanalysis
6.1.2 Analogy/extension
6.1.3 Summary
6.2 The language system
6.3 Communicative needs or goals of the speaker
6.4 Inferences and contexts
6.5 Cognition and conceptualization
6.6 Frequency of use and language processing
6.7 Discourse
6.7.1 Grammaticalization from discourse structures
6.7.2 Discourse as the arbiter
6.8 Conclusion
7: Grammaticalization in language contact
7.1 Grammaticalization vs. polysemy copying
7.2 A case study: Basque
7.3 Identifying contact-induced grammaticalization
7.3.1 Evidence for contact-induced grammaticalization
7.3.2 Diagnostics for determining the direction of transfer
7.4 Pidgins and creoles
7.5 Conclusions
8: Grammaticalization and language typology
8.1 Typological features guiding grammaticalization
8.2 Grammaticalization as a possible explanation for typological features of languages
8.2.1 Grammaticalization and word order
8.2.2 Grammaticalization, the suffixing preference, and morpheme order
8.2.3 Grammaticalization and expression types of grammatical categories
8.2.4 Grammaticalization and the cycle of synthetic vs. analytic expression of categories
8.3 Conclusion
9: Theory-specific approaches
9.1 Generative grammar
9.2 Functional Discourse Grammar
9.3 Variationist Theory (sociolinguistics)
9.4 Cognitive Grammar
9.5 Construction Grammar
10: Beyond grammaticalization
10.1 Lexicalization
10.2 Degrammaticalization (anti-grammaticalization)
10.3 Exaptation/regrammaticalization
10.4 Other -izations
10.5 Conclusion
11: Discourse markers
11.1 What are discourse markers?
11.2 Problematic features of discourse markers
11.2.1 Do discourse markers belong to grammar?
11.2.2 From syntactic constituent of the sentence to syntactically unattached status
11.2.3 From prosodically integrated to non-integrated or less integrated status
11.2.4 From meaning as part of a sentence to meaning outside the sentence
11.2.5 From sentence function to metatextual function
11.2.6 From positionally constrained to largely unconstrained placement
11.2.7 Conclusions
11.3 Hypotheses on the development of discourse markers
11.3.1 The grammaticalization hypothesis
11.3.2 The pragmaticalization hypothesis
11.3.3 The lexicalization hypothesis
11.3.4 The cooptation hypothesis
11.4 Conclusions
12: Summary and conclusion
Glossary
References
Author index
Language index
Subject index
