In these volumes, 310 alphabetically arranged articles range in length from 500 to 3,500 words and cover 198 regions (''including every independent nation and several territories'') as well as international courts, supranational institutions, concepts central to understanding political organization and human rights, and key individuals who have had positive and negative impacts on the evolution of citizens' rights and responsibilities. Country entries describe the system of government and the political evolution, with emphasis on the twentieth century and on issues related to the relationship between government and citizen. Each signed article concludes with a bibliography. The credentials of the authors (mostly academicians) are provided in the directory of contributors. Sidebars and black-and-white maps and illustrations break up the text. Same-page definitions in the margins of terms (such as ethnic cleansing, guerrilla, and republic make the information more comprehensible, as does the glossary, which is repeated at the end of each volume. In addition, each volume includes a cumulative index and a thematic outline of topics so that users can easily locate information on relevant persons, documents, legal issues, and concepts, as well as country-specific data and history, and teachers can plan correlated assignments. Another useful feature is the filmography, which is arranged by country. Entries are complemented by volume-specific selections of primary documents (for example, Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, and Convention of the Rights of the Child).
Author(s): C. Neal Tate
Publisher: Gacl
Year: 2005
Language: English
Commentary: no images
Pages: 348
Tags: Международные отношения;Международные отношения;
Dominica......Page 5
Post–1945 Major Political Events......Page 6
Political Life And Human Rights......Page 7
Dominican Republic......Page 8
Due Process of Law......Page 10
Procedural Due Process......Page 11
Substantive Due Process......Page 12
Bibliography......Page 15
East Timor......Page 17
Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights......Page 18
Origins......Page 19
Development......Page 20
Issues Of Implementation......Page 23
Bibliography......Page 24
Ecuador......Page 25
Bibliography......Page 26
The Structure Of The Egyptian Government......Page 27
The Status Of Political Freedoms And Civil Liberties......Page 28
Social Welfare......Page 30
Egypt’s Economy......Page 31
El Salvador......Page 33
Elections......Page 35
Types Of Elections......Page 37
Reviving The Equal Protection Clause......Page 39
The Key Decision: Brown V. Board Of Education......Page 40
Integrating Public Education......Page 41
Different Meanings Of Equality......Page 42
The Evolution Of Categorical Discrimination......Page 43
Equality Before the Law......Page 44
Equatorial Guinea......Page 47
Bibliography......Page 48
Eritrea......Page 49
Bibliography......Page 50
Estonia......Page 51
Ethiopia......Page 52
Ethnic Cleansing......Page 54
Ethnic Cleansing Over The Centuries......Page 55
Ethnic Cleansing After World War Ii......Page 57
Bibliography......Page 58
European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms......Page 59
Jurisprudential Development......Page 61
New Challenges......Page 63
European Court of Human Rights......Page 65
European Court of Justice......Page 68
Jurisdiction Of The Court Of Justice......Page 69
Actions Before The Court Of Justice......Page 70
The Ecj And Fundamental Rights......Page 72
Division Of Tasks Between The Ecj And The Cfi......Page 73
Bibliography......Page 74
European Microstates......Page 75
Bibliography......Page 76
European Parliament......Page 77
Internal Organization And Elections......Page 78
Bibliography......Page 79
History Of European Integration......Page 80
Institutions Of The Eu......Page 84
Bibliography......Page 86
Federalism......Page 87
Reasons To Form A Federal Polity......Page 88
Principal Characteristics......Page 89
Bibliography......Page 92
Fiji......Page 93
Finland......Page 94
Historical Development......Page 95
Socioeconomic Conditions......Page 96
Structure Of Government......Page 97
Parties, Interest Groups, And Political Participation......Page 98
Brief History......Page 99
Socioeconomic Conditions......Page 100
Nature Of The Government......Page 101
Division Of Powers: The Role Of Legislator......Page 103
Political Parties And Interest Groups......Page 104
Bibliography......Page 106
Freedom of Assembly and Association......Page 107
Application In The United States......Page 108
Application Around The World......Page 112
Bibliography......Page 113
Freedom of Expression......Page 114
The United States......Page 115
Other Free Societies......Page 118
International Efforts......Page 119
Bibliography......Page 120
Freedom of Information......Page 121
Bibliography......Page 124
Three Important Distinctions......Page 125
Prior Restraint......Page 126
Techniques Of Control......Page 127
International Statements......Page 128
Long-term Trends......Page 129
Bibliography......Page 130
Examples......Page 131
International Standards......Page 135
Watchdogs......Page 136
Bibliography......Page 137
History......Page 138
Belief And Practice......Page 139
International Religious Freedom......Page 142
Bibliography......Page 143
Gabon......Page 145
Gambia, The......Page 146
Gandhi, Mahatma......Page 148
Gaza Strip......Page 150
De Facto Discrimination......Page 152
Causes And Issues......Page 153
Bibliography......Page 154
The Holocaust......Page 155
Defining Genocide......Page 156
Other Twentieth-century Examples Of Genocide......Page 157
Georgia......Page 159
Germany......Page 161
From Division To Unification......Page 162
Constitutional Principles......Page 163
Institutional Actors......Page 164
Parties, Elections, And Leaders......Page 166
Bibliography......Page 167
Ghana......Page 168
Gorbachev, Mikhail......Page 170
Government Data Sets......Page 172
Citizen Rights, Democracy, And Freedom......Page 174
Bibliography......Page 176
Greece......Page 177
Basic Country Characteristics......Page 178
Brief History......Page 179
The Bases Of The Government......Page 180
Citizen Participation, Rights, And Liberties......Page 182
Personal Security......Page 183
Grenada......Page 184
Bibliography......Page 185
Guatemala......Page 186
The Governmental System......Page 187
Political History......Page 188
Contemporary Political Life......Page 190
Guinea......Page 192
Guinea-Bissau......Page 194
Bibliography......Page 195
Guyana......Page 196
Bibliography......Page 197
Brief History......Page 198
Political Life Under The Regime......Page 201
Citizen Participation, Rights, And Liberties......Page 202
Bibliography......Page 203
Halakhah......Page 204
Havel, Vaclav......Page 206
Bibliography......Page 207
Hitler, Adolf......Page 208
Honduras......Page 210
British Colony To Chinese Special Administrative Region......Page 212
Beijing’s Influence......Page 214
Macau......Page 215
Bibliography......Page 217
Sources Of Human Rights......Page 218
The Question Of The Universality Of Human Rights......Page 219
New Human Rights......Page 220
Enforcement Mechanisms......Page 222
Bibliography......Page 223
Brief History......Page 224
Major Political Leaders Since 1945......Page 225
Nature Of Government......Page 226
Political Life......Page 227
Citizen Participation, Rights And Liberties......Page 228
Bibliography......Page 229
History......Page 230
Structure Of Government......Page 231
Political Life And Citizen Participation......Page 232
Government And Foreign Relations......Page 234
Immigration and Immigrants......Page 235
Illegal Immigration......Page 236
Asylum Seekers......Page 237
History......Page 238
Politics And Population......Page 240
Nature And Structure Of The Government......Page 243
Foreign Affairs......Page 244
Who Are Indigenous Peoples?......Page 245
Violations Of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights......Page 246
Ilo......Page 247
The Un......Page 248
Organization Of American States......Page 250
Indonesia......Page 251
The Economy......Page 253
The Government......Page 254
The Constitution......Page 255
Political Life......Page 256
The Continuing Power Of Old Forces Limits Democracy......Page 257
Inter-American Commission and Court of Human Rights......Page 258
Interest Groups......Page 261
History......Page 264
Strengths And Weaknesses......Page 266
The Court’s Success......Page 267
Bibliography......Page 268
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights......Page 269
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights......Page 270
International Criminal Court......Page 272
The Politics Of Rome......Page 273
Aftermath Of Rome......Page 274
Bibliography......Page 276
International Human Rights Law......Page 277
Historical Foundation......Page 278
Status As Law......Page 280
Enforcement......Page 281
International Humanitarian Law......Page 282
Historical Development Of International Humanitarian Law......Page 283
Challenges To Ihl In The Twenty-first Century......Page 287
Brief History......Page 288
Revolution Of 1979......Page 290
The Islamic Republic Of Iran......Page 291
An Era Of Crises......Page 292
Economy And Politics In The Post-khomeini Era......Page 293
The Legal System......Page 294
Iraq......Page 295
Iraq And Its History......Page 297
Independence Of Iraq......Page 298
History......Page 302
Socioeconomic Status......Page 303
Operation Of Government......Page 304
Political Life......Page 306
Personal Freedoms......Page 307
Bibliography......Page 308
General Historical Background......Page 309
Israel’s Democratic Political System......Page 311
Human Rights In Israel......Page 313
Bibliography......Page 314
The History Of Unified Italy......Page 315
Fascism......Page 316
The First Italian Republic And The New Political System......Page 317
Italian Political Development......Page 318
The Crisis Of The System......Page 320
Bibliography......Page 321
Ivory Coast......Page 322
APPENDICES......Page 323
