In these volumes, 310 alphabetically arranged articles range in length from 500 to 3,500 words and cover 198 regions (''including every independent nation and several territories'') as well as international courts, supranational institutions, concepts central to understanding political organization and human rights, and key individuals who have had positive and negative impacts on the evolution of citizens' rights and responsibilities. Country entries describe the system of government and the political evolution, with emphasis on the twentieth century and on issues related to the relationship between government and citizen. Each signed article concludes with a bibliography. The credentials of the authors (mostly academicians) are provided in the directory of contributors. Sidebars and black-and-white maps and illustrations break up the text. Same-page definitions in the margins of terms (such as ethnic cleansing, guerrilla, and republic make the information more comprehensible, as does the glossary, which is repeated at the end of each volume. In addition, each volume includes a cumulative index and a thematic outline of topics so that users can easily locate information on relevant persons, documents, legal issues, and concepts, as well as country-specific data and history, and teachers can plan correlated assignments. Another useful feature is the filmography, which is arranged by country. Entries are complemented by volume-specific selections of primary documents (for example, Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, and Convention of the Rights of the Child).
Author(s): C. Neal Tate
Publisher: Macmillan Reference USA
Year: 2006
Language: English
Commentary: no images
Pages: 330
City: Detroit
Tags: Международные отношения;Международные отношения;
Jamaica......Page 5
History......Page 6
Post-independence Politics......Page 7
The Future......Page 10
Bibliography......Page 11
Historical Development Of Law And Government......Page 12
Structure Of Law And Government In Japan......Page 13
Wave Of Governmental Change And Legal Reforms......Page 15
Bibliography......Page 17
Jordan......Page 18
Brief History......Page 19
Socioeconomic Conditions And Quality Of Life......Page 20
Division Of Power......Page 21
Citizen Participation And Human Rights......Page 22
Judicial Independence......Page 23
Institutional And Individual Judicial Independence And Sources Of Dependency......Page 25
Targets Of Influence And Judicial Dependency......Page 27
Judicial Review......Page 29
Decentralized Judicial Review......Page 30
Centralized Judicial Review......Page 31
Judicial Review And The Problem Of Democracy......Page 32
Judicial Selection......Page 34
Independence And Accountability......Page 35
Judicial Appointments Commissions......Page 37
Juries......Page 39
Key Features Of A Jury......Page 40
Nature Of The Jury’s Decision......Page 41
Challenges To Juries......Page 42
Bibliography......Page 44
Kazakhstan......Page 45
Bibliography......Page 46
Kelsen, Hans......Page 47
Kenya......Page 48
Authoritarianism And Enduring Challenges......Page 49
Institutions And Fluidity......Page 52
Bibliography......Page 54
King Jr., Martin Luther......Page 55
Kiribati......Page 57
Korea, North......Page 58
Brief Political History......Page 59
Socioeconomic Conditions......Page 61
Bibliography......Page 62
Korea, South......Page 63
A Short Political History......Page 64
Socioeconomic Conditions......Page 66
Prospects......Page 67
Kosovo......Page 68
Geographic And Demographic Facts......Page 70
Kosovo’s Government And Institutions After 1999......Page 71
History......Page 74
Rulers......Page 75
Government......Page 76
Division Of Power......Page 77
Bibliography......Page 78
Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz Republic)......Page 79
Bibliography......Page 80
Laos......Page 81
Latvia......Page 82
Lebanon......Page 84
Bibliography......Page 85
Post-independence History......Page 86
Government And Society......Page 87
Liberal Democracy......Page 88
Historical Milestones......Page 89
Enduring Problems And Prospects......Page 92
Bibliography......Page 93
Liberia......Page 94
Socioeconomic Conditions And Quality Of Life......Page 96
The Government......Page 97
Bibliography......Page 99
Nature Of Government......Page 100
Basis For Government......Page 102
Political Life Under The Regime......Page 104
Lithuania......Page 106
Luxembourg......Page 108
Bibliography......Page 110
Macedonia......Page 111
Bibliography......Page 112
Madagascar......Page 113
Magna Carta......Page 114
Majoritarian Party Systems......Page 117
Malawi......Page 120
Bibliography......Page 121
History......Page 122
Major Political Leaders......Page 123
The Nature Of The Government......Page 124
Political Life: Who Governs?......Page 125
Elections And Political Parties......Page 126
Bibliography......Page 127
Maldives......Page 128
Mali......Page 130
Malta......Page 132
Bibliography......Page 133
Mandela, Nelson......Page 134
Marshall Islands......Page 136
Mauritania......Page 137
Bibliography......Page 139
Mauritius......Page 140
Mexico......Page 141
Early History......Page 142
Postrevolutionary Period......Page 144
Mexico In The Twenty-first Century......Page 146
Micronesia, Federated States of......Page 147
Moldova......Page 149
Bibliography......Page 150
Brief History......Page 151
Citizen Participation, Rights, And Freedoms......Page 152
Montenegro......Page 153
Historical Evolution......Page 154
Government And Constitution......Page 155
Press Freedom And Human Rights......Page 156
Bibliography......Page 158
Mozambique......Page 159
Bibliography......Page 160
History......Page 161
Major Political Leaders And Socioeconomic Conditions......Page 162
Nature Of Government......Page 163
Elections And Political Parties......Page 164
Participation, Interest Groups, And Civil Society......Page 165
Bibliography......Page 166
Namibia......Page 167
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)......Page 169
Theories And Debates......Page 170
Contemporary Challenges......Page 171
Bibliography......Page 174
Naturalization......Page 175
Nauru......Page 177
Nepal......Page 178
Historical Background......Page 179
Second Experiment With Democracy In Nepal......Page 180
Netherlands, The......Page 181
The Political System......Page 182
Political Culture......Page 184
Legal Culture......Page 185
Early Twenty-first-century Developments......Page 186
Netherlands Antilles and Aruba......Page 187
Bibliography......Page 188
The Government......Page 189
Governmental Power In New Zealand......Page 190
Citizen Participation, Responsibilities, Freedoms, Rights, And Liberties......Page 193
Bibliography......Page 194
Nicaragua......Page 195
The Governmental System......Page 196
Political History......Page 197
Contemporary Political Life......Page 199
Bibliography......Page 200
Niger......Page 201
Nigeria......Page 202
Brief History......Page 203
The Nature Of The Government......Page 204
Circumstances Leading To The Adoption Of The Governmental System......Page 205
Political Life......Page 206
Socioeconomic Conditions......Page 207
Bibliography......Page 208
Definition And Characteristics Of Ngos......Page 209
Ngos, Environment, Human Rights, And Conflict......Page 211
Ngos And Policy Advocacy......Page 212
Bibliography......Page 213
Northern Ireland......Page 214
Norway......Page 216
History......Page 217
Structure Of Government......Page 219
Citizens......Page 220
Bibliography......Page 222
Oligarchy......Page 223
Oligarchies And Elites......Page 224
Bibliography......Page 226
Oman......Page 227
Ombudsmen......Page 228
Defining The Ombudsman: Functions And Powers......Page 229
Changes In The Ombudsman’s Structure......Page 230
The Ombudsman In The United States......Page 231
Bibliography......Page 232
Pakistan......Page 234
Who Governs: The Formal Institutions......Page 235
Major Political Leaders And Events Since 1945......Page 236
Economy And Society......Page 238
Status Of Women......Page 239
Palestine......Page 240
History......Page 241
The 1967 Arab-israeli War......Page 242
The Palestinian Authority......Page 243
Final Status Negotiations And The Al-aqsa Intifada......Page 245
An Uncertain Future......Page 246
Panama......Page 247
Bibliography......Page 248
Papua New Guinea......Page 249
A Parliamentary Westminster System Of Government......Page 250
Party Politics And Parliamentary Instability......Page 251
Public Service......Page 252
Paraguay......Page 253
The Nature Of The Government......Page 255
Political Life......Page 256
Citizen Participation And Civil Rights And Liberties......Page 257
Bibliography......Page 258
Parliamentary Systems......Page 259
Role Of The Prime Minister......Page 260
Role Of The Cabinet......Page 261
Role Of Members Of Parliament......Page 263
Assessment......Page 264
Peacekeeping Forces......Page 265
Traditional Peacekeeping......Page 266
Second-generation Peacekeeping......Page 267
Challenges Of Peacekeeping......Page 270
Bibliography......Page 271
History......Page 272
Structure Of Government......Page 274
Citizen Rights, Participation, And Electoral Politics......Page 276
Bibliography......Page 277
Political History......Page 278
Postcolonial Politics......Page 279
Post-authoritarian Politics......Page 280
Bibliography......Page 283
History......Page 284
Government......Page 286
Political Practice......Page 287
Local Government......Page 288
Bibliography......Page 289
Consequences......Page 290
Responses......Page 292
Party Functions And Goals......Page 294
Party Families......Page 295
Party Organization......Page 298
Bibliography......Page 299
Two Types Of Systems Without Parties......Page 300
Single-party Systems......Page 301
Western Party Systems......Page 302
Systems With More Than One Party: Worldwide Uncertainty And Fragility......Page 304
Forms Of Political Protest......Page 306
Political Protest Theories......Page 307
The Future......Page 309
Bibliography......Page 310
APPENDICES......Page 311
