GMOs and Political Stance: Global GMO Regulation, Certification, Labeling, and Consumer Preferences

Front Cover
GMOs and Political Stance
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
1 GMOs: History, Economic Status, Risks, and Socio-Economic Regulatory Frameworks
1.1 A brief history of genetically modified organisms
1.1.1 Defining genetically modified organisms
1.1.2 Major events in the early development of genetically modified organisms
1.2 Global economic status of genetically modified organisms
1.3 Genetically modified organisms in the light of science, law, and politics
1.4 Risks associated with genetically modified organisms
1.4.1 Human health
1.4.2 Disturbances in ecosystem and biodiversity
1.5 Politicization of risks
1.6 Socioeconomic regulatory frameworks
1.7 Cartagena protocol, UN Rio declaration, and genetically modified organisms
References
2 The need of regulations for GM crops and products thereof
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Need for the regulation of genetically modified organisms
2.3 Public concerns about genetically modified organisms
2.4 Global scenario
2.5 Consumers’ attitude toward genetically modified foods
2.6 Ethical and environmental concerns
2.7 Health issues
2.8 Emergence of resistant pathogens
2.9 Harmonization of regulatory procedures
2.10 Product-based and process-based regulation of genetically modified organisms
2.11 The US approach: focus on the product
2.12 The EU approach: focus on the process
2.13 Impact of genetically modified organisms regulations on the economy
2.14 The debate between two lobbies: pro-GMO and Greenpeace
2.15 Conclusions and the way forward
References
3 GMO Regulations in Bangladesh
3.1 Summary
3.2 Adoption of genetically modified organisms in Bangladesh
3.2.1 An introduction of the Bangladesh’s status on genetically modified organisms
3.2.2 Role of biotech sector in economics of the Bangladesh
3.2.3 Status of research on genetically modified organisms in Bangladesh
3.3 Public perception and acceptability
3.3.1 General consumer attitude toward genetically modified food
3.3.2 Factors shaping public perception
3.3.2.1 Agriculture biotechnology support project II (ABSPII)
3.3.2.2 South Asia biosafety program
3.3.2.3 Bangladesh Biotechnology Information Center
3.3.2.4 Other government organizations and institutes
3.3.3 Source of information available to public on genetically modified foods (media, government, NGOs, and biotech companies)
3.3.3.1 Public access to information on genetically modified organisms
3.3.3.2 Risk communication
3.3.3.3 Media and biotechnology
3.3.3.4 Print media (Newspaper)
3.3.3.5 TV channel
3.3.3.6 Betar
3.3.3.7 Government and NGOs
3.3.4 Public perception and attitude toward genetically modified policies (global and local)
3.3.4.1 Bt-brinjal
3.3.4.2 Golden rice
3.4 Role of NGOs in genetically modified organisms perception
3.5 Legislation
3.5.1 National laws specific to genetically modified organisms
3.5.1.1 Laws and regulations relevant to biosafety
3.6 Agency regulations
3.6.1 Biosafety certification
3.6.1.1 Procedures and guidelines for obtaining permission in favor of working with genetically modified organisms
3.6.1.2 Laboratory
3.6.1.3 Field-release
3.6.1.4 Release into the market
3.6.1.5 Application procedure for permission to import, introduce, field trial, or release genetically modified organisms/l...
3.6.1.6 Issue of permit
3.7 General administration of quality supervision, penalties, inspection and quarantine, import and export, and transit
3.8 Guidance for safety assessment of genetically modified organisms in Bangladesh
3.8.1 General precautions
3.8.2 General principles of safety assessment
References
4 Agricultural genetically modified organisms (GMOs) regulation in China
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Genetically modified organisms legislation
4.2.1 Ministry of agriculture and rural affairs
4.2.2 General administration of quality supervision, inspection and quarantine
4.3 Genetically modified organism regulation in China
4.4 Genetically modified organism approval and certification
4.5 Genetically modified organisms labeling policy
4.6 Consumer preferences and political stance
4.7 Approved agricultural genetically modified organisms of China
4.8 Genetically modified organism liability regime
4.9 Genetically modified organisms import legislation
4.9.1 Unauthorized genetically modified organism regulation
4.9.2 Plant variety rights legislation
4.9.3 Plant breeder’s right
4.9.4 Food safety law
4.9.5 Seed law
4.9.6 Restrictions on genetically modified organisms in China
4.10 Socioeconomic impacts of genetically modified organisms
4.11 Conclusion
References
5 GMO Regulations in India
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Recent scenario of genetically modified organisms in India
5.2.1 Guideline of genetically modified organisms in India
5.3 Endorsements and preclusions
5.4 Patterns in area, production, and productivity of genetically modified crops in India
5.5 Monetary, social and environmental impact of genetically modified crops in India
5.6 Biosafety concerns
5.6.1 Transgenic animals for economic advancements
5.7 Benefits of mouse
5.8 Uses of genetically modified animals
5.9 Agricultural applications
References
6 Adaptation of genetically modified crops in Pakistan
6.1 Current status of genetically modified organisms in Pakistan
6.2 Role of biotech sector in the economy of Pakistan
6.3 Status of research on genetically modified organisms in Pakistan
6.4 Status of commercialization of genetically modified organisms
6.5 Genetically modified crops in Pakistan
6.6 Legislation
6.6.1 National laws specific to genetically modified organisms
6.6.2 National Biosafety Committee
6.7 Technical Advisory Committee
6.8 Institutional Biosafety Committee
6.8.1 Relationship of IBC, TAC and NBC
6.8.2 Regulatory authority
6.8.2.1 Biosafety certificate
6.8.2.2 Production and marketing license
6.8.2.3 Labeling of GMOs
6.8.2.4 Regulations of emerging gene editing technologies
6.8.3 General administration of quality supervision, penalties, inspection, and quarantine
6.9 Types of import and export
6.10 Regulatory laws for monitoring and testing
References
Further reading
7 Genetically modified organisms in Korea: state of affairs, policy, and regulation
7.1 Summary
7.2 Genetically modified organisms in Korea
7.2.1 Definition of and criteria for genetically modified organisms in Korea
7.2.2 Genetically modified organism cultivation and imports in Korea
7.2.3 Genetically modified organism consumption and awareness in Korea
7.2.4 Genetically modified organism research in Korea
7.3 Genetically modified organism policy in Korea
7.3.1 Management of genetically modified organism safety in Korea
7.3.2 Genetically modified organism damage relief
7.3.3 Biosafety information center
7.4 Genetically modified organism regulation in Korea
7.4.1 Genetically modified organism labeling in Korea
7.4.2 Criteria for mixing of genetically modified organisms
7.4.3 Process for genetically modified organism R&D in Korea
7.4.4 Import, product, and processing of genetically modified organisms
References
8 Genetically modified organism status, regulation, approval, labeling, and consumer perception in ASEAN
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Genetically modified organism commercialization and economic importance
8.3 Status of regulation on genetically modified organism biosafety
8.4 Approval genetically modified organism status
8.5 Genetically modified organism R&D status
8.6 Labeling of genetically modified organisms
8.7 Public perception, awareness, and acceptance of genetically modified organism products
8.8 Conclusions
References
9 Current and future perspectives of genetically modified organisms in North America
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Regulation of genetically modified organisms
9.2.1 Canada
9.2.2 Mexico
9.2.3 The United States
9.2.3.1 FDA
9.2.3.2 EPA
9.2.3.3 USDA
9.3 Principles and roles of genetically modified organism labeling
9.4 Labeling policies of genetically modified organisms
9.5 Consumer interest in information and consequence for food security
9.6 Consumers attitude and preference for genetically modified organisms
9.7 Guidance for safety assessment of genetically modified organisms
9.8 Conclusion
References
10 Genetically modified organisms in Europe: state of affairs, birth, research, and the regulatory process(es)
10.1 State of genetically modified organism affairs in Europe
10.2 Birth and growth of genetically modified organism research in the Europe
10.3 Highlights of the EC-sponsored research on genetically modified organisms (and their safety)
10.4 Politics and regulation of genetically modified organisms in the Europe
10.4.1 Background
10.4.2 Legal framework
10.4.3 European Food Safety Authority
10.4.4 Genetically modified organism labeling
10.4.4.1 Voluntary labeling
10.4.4.2 Mandatory labeling
4.4.2.1 Panlabeling
4.4.2.2 Labeling for designated products only
10.4.5 Need for genetically modified organism reforms in the regulatory framework in the Europe
10.4.6 Approaches for reforming the genetically modified organisms legislation in the Europe
10.4.6.1 Reforming of scope legislation and genetically modified organisms definition
10.4.6.2 Reforming of postauthorization requirements and beyond
10.4.6.3 Reforming of risk governance
References
11 Genetically modified organisms in Russia: state of affairs, politics, and regulation
11.1 Genetically modified organisms in Russia: state of affairs
11.1.1 History of genetically modified organism development in Russia
11.1.2 Role of biotech sector in the economy of Russia
11.1.3 Status of the genetically modified organism research in Russia
11.1.4 Status of genetically modified organism commercialization in Russia
11.2 Genetically modified organism interest group politics in Russia
11.2.1 General characteristics of the Russian genetically modified organism interest group politics
11.2.2 Common public concerns about genetically modified organisms
11.2.3 Position of the scientific community
11.2.4 Position of antigenetically modified organism groups
11.2.5 Position of the media
11.2.6 Position of the religious groups
11.2.7 Position of the environmentalist groups
11.2.8 Position of the business groups
11.2.9 Position of the government
11.3 Genetically modified organism policy in Russia
11.3.1 History of the national genetically modified organism policy formulation
11.3.2 National genetically modified organism development programs
11.3.3 Laws and regulations that apply to genetically modified organisms
11.4 Genetically modified organism regulation in Russia
11.4.1 Government agencies responsible for genetically modified organism regulation in Russia
11.4.2 Biosafety certification of genetically modified products
11.4.3 Registration of genetically modified organism products
11.4.4 Labeling of genetically modified organism products
11.4.5 Regulations of emerging gene editing technologies
References
12 An overview of regulations of genetically modified organisms in Türkiye
12.1 Background
12.2 Present genetically modified organisms status and their maintenance policies in Türkiye
12.3 Genetically modified organisms legislation in Türkiye
12.4 Basic principles on different aspects of current genetically modified organisms legislation in Türkiye
12.4.1 Inspection system legislation
12.4.1.1 Prohibitions
12.4.1.2 Risky product and risky countries
12.4.1.3 Biosafety board decisions
12.4.2 Certificate of genetically modified organisms or nongenetically modified organisms
12.4.3 Documents taken into account in genetically modified organisms controls
12.4.4 Conformity for import
12.4.5 Labeling
12.4.5.1 Labeling as genetically modified organisms
12.4.5.2 Labeling as nongenetically modified organisms
12.4.6 Sampling
12.4.6.1 Sample analysis and assessment
12.4.7 Export control of genetically modified organisms and products thereof
12.4.8 Transit pass controls of genetically modified organisms and products thereof
12.4.9 Domestic control of genetically modified organisms
12.4.10 Traceability
12.5 Conclusion
References
13 GMOs in Mediterranean & Balkan countries: state of affairs, research, and regulation
13.1 Public perception and acceptability
13.1.1 Labeling
13.1.2 Characterization of public opposition to genetically modified crops and foods
13.1.3 Industry responses to public attitudes
13.1.4 Role of education and scientific knowledge
13.1.5 Experiment in public engagement and education
13.1.6 Consumers’ views
13.1.7 Evidence of health risks
13.2 Role of NGOs in public perception of genetically modified organisms in the EU
13.2.1 Direct action against genetically modified crops
13.2.2 Scientific evidence on genetically modified organisms represents various conclusions
13.2.3 NGOs’ use of science
13.2.4 Considerations beyond science
13.2.5 Differing evaluations of risk and need for policy change
13.2.6 NGOs’ role in the progress of genetically modified golden rice
13.2.7 The gene editing debate
13.3 Legislation
13.4 Agency regulations
13.5 General administration of quality, supervision, penalties, inspection, and quarantine. Import and export transit
References
14 Genetically modified crops in Africa: constraints, prospects, and policies
14.1 Constraints and prospects for African food security
14.2 African genetic resources and their potential
14.3 Public perception of biotechnology and African policies on genetically modifies crops
14.4 Conclusion
References
15 Regulation of CRISPR edited food and feed: legislation and future
15.1 Background
15.2 Genetically modified crops and their potential benefits
15.2.1 Regulatory perspectives of genetically modified organisms
15.2.2 Process-based regulations for genetically modified organisms
15.2.3 Product-based regulations for genetically modified organisms
15.2.4 Plants with novel traits
15.3 Existing GMOs regulations: can we apply GMOs regulation to GenEd crops?
15.4 Modern biotechnology techniques: GenEd toolbox
15.5 Risks associated with CRISPR/Cas9 technology
15.6 Current regulations of GenEd crops in different countries
15.6.1 United States
15.6.2 European Union
15.6.3 India
15.6.4 Australia
15.6.5 Canada
15.6.6 Argentina
15.7 One solution to all regulatory problems: a scalable regulation system
15.8 Public perception and acceptance of GenEd crops
15.9 Ethical issue of regulation
15.10 Social concerns about genome editing
15.11 Cost of regulation
15.12 Governance of GenEd crops
15.13 Future perspective
References
Index
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