Global mobile satellite communications (GMSC) are specific satellite communication systems for maritime, land and aeronautical applications. It enables connections between moving objects such as ships, vehicles and aircrafts, and telecommunications subscribers through the medium of communications satellites, ground earth stations, PTT or other landline telecommunications providers. Mobile satellite communications and technology have been in use for over two decades. Its initial application is aimed at the maritime market for commercial and distress applications. In recent years, new developments and initiatives have resulted in land and aeronautical applications and the introduction of new satellite constellations in non-geostationary orbits such as Little and Big LEO configurations and hybrid satellite constellations as Ellipso Borealis and Concordia system. This book is important for modern shipping, truck, train and aeronautical societies because GMSC in the present millennium provides more effective business and trade, with emphasis on safety and commercial communications. Global Mobile Satellite Communications is written to make bridges between potential readers and current GMSC trends, mobile system concepts and network architecture using a simple mode of style with understandable technical information, characteristics, graphicons, illustrations and mathematics equations. Global Mobile Satellite Communications represents telecommunications technique and technology, which can be useful for all technical staff on vessels at sea and rivers, on all types of land vehicles, on planes, on off shore constructions and for everyone possessing satellite communications handset phones.
Author(s): Stojce D. Ilcev
Edition: 1
Year: 2005
Language: English
Pages: 494
CONTENTS......Page 6
Foreword......Page 17
Preface......Page 19
Acknowledgements......Page 21
1.1. Abstract......Page 23
1.2. Overview......Page 24
1.2.1. Development of Mobile Radiocommunications......Page 26
1.2.2. Evolution of Satellite Communications......Page 27
1.2.3. Experiments with Active Communications Satellites......Page 28
1.2.4. Early Progress in Mobile Satellite Communications and Navigation......Page 30
1.3. Development of Global Mobile Satellite Systems (GMSS)......Page 32
1.3.1. Definition of Global Mobile Satellite Communications (GMSC)......Page 33
1.3.3. Network Architecture of GMSC......Page 35
1.4.1. Maritime Mobile Satellite Communications (MMSC)......Page 38
1.4.2. Land Mobile Satellite Communications (LMSC)......Page 39
1.4.3. Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Communications (AMSC)......Page 41
1.4.4. Global Mobile Personal Satellite Communications (GMPSC)......Page 44
1.5.1. International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and Radio Regulations......Page 46
1.5.2. International Maritime Organization (IMO) and Regulations......Page 47
1.5.3. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and Regulations......Page 49
1.5.4. International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)......Page 50
1.5.5. World Meteorological Organization (WMO)......Page 51
1.6. Satellite Communications Organizations and Operators......Page 52
1.6.1. International Satellite Communications Organization......Page 53
1.6.2. Former International MSS Operators......Page 57
1.7. Frequency Designations and Classification of Services......Page 60
1.7.1. Fixed Satellite Service (FSS)......Page 62
1.7.2. Mobile Satellite Service (MSS)......Page 65
1.7.4. Radio Navigation Satellite Service (RNSS)......Page 68
1.7.6. Broadcast Mobile Satellite Service (BCMSS)......Page 69
1.7.7. Broadband Mobile Satellite Service (BBMSS)......Page 71
1.7.8. Meteorological Mobile Satellite Service (MLMSS)......Page 72
2.1.1. Space Environment......Page 79
2.1.2. Laws of Satellite Motion......Page 80
2.1.3. Horizon and Geographic Satellite Coordinates......Page 84
2.2. Spacecraft Launching and Station-Keeping Techniques......Page 92
2.2.1. Satellite Installation and Launching Operations......Page 93
2.2.2. Satellite Launchers and Launching Systems......Page 94
2.3. Types of Orbits for Mobile and Other Satellite Systems......Page 100
2.3.1. Low Earth Orbits (LEO)......Page 102
2.3.2. Circular Orbits......Page 105
2.3.3. Highly Elliptical Orbits (HEO)......Page 109
2.3.4. Polar Earth Orbits (PEO)......Page 113
2.3.5. Hybrid Satellite Orbits (HSO)......Page 116
2.4. Spacecraft Sub-Systems......Page 117
2.4.1. Satellite Payload......Page 118
2.4.2. Satellite Bus......Page 124
3.1. Baseband Signals......Page 129
3.1.1. Voice Signals......Page 130
3.1.3. Video Signals......Page 132
3.2. Analog Transmission......Page 133
3.2.1. Baseband Processing......Page 134
3.2.2. Analog Modulation and Multiplexing......Page 136
3.3. Digital Transmission......Page 139
3.3.2. Coded Modulation (CM)......Page 140
3.3.3. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)......Page 141
3.3.5. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)......Page 142
3.3.6. Types of Digital Shift Keyings......Page 143
3.3.7. Combinations of PSK Digital Carriers......Page 144
3.3.8. Digital Voice Coding......Page 149
3.4.1. Channel Processing......Page 152
3.4.2. Coding......Page 156
3.4.3. Decoding......Page 160
3.4.4. Error Correction......Page 162
3.5. Multiple Access Technique......Page 166
3.5.1. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)......Page 167
3.5.2. Forms of FDMA Operations......Page 169
3.5.3. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)......Page 171
3.5.4. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)......Page 172
3.5.5. Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)......Page 175
3.5.6. Random Division Multiple Access (RDMA)......Page 179
3.6. Mobile Broadband and Internet Protocols......Page 181
3.6.1. Mobile Internet Protocol (IP)......Page 182
3.6.2. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)......Page 186
3.6.3. Mobile Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)......Page 188
3.6.4. Digital Video Broadcasting-Return Channel over Satellite (DVB-RCS)......Page 194
4.1.1. Development of Antennas for MSC......Page 197
4.2.1. Mechanical Characteristics......Page 198
4.2.3. Basic Relations of Antennas......Page 199
4.3.1. Shipborne MSA......Page 206
4.3.5. MSA for Personal Satellite Terminals......Page 207
4.4.2. Crossed-Drooping Dipole Antenna (CDDA)......Page 208
4.4.3. Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA)......Page 209
4.5.1. Aperture Reflector Antennas......Page 210
4.5.2. Wire Antennas......Page 212
4.5.3. Array Antennas......Page 216
4.6. High-Gain Directional Aperture Antennas......Page 222
4.6.1. Parabolic Dish Antenna......Page 223
4.7.1. Antennas for Inmarsat System......Page 224
4.7.2. Antennas for Cospas-Sarsat System......Page 234
4.7.3. Antenna Systems for GMPSC......Page 235
4.7.4. Antenna Systems for Mobile Satellite Broadcasting (MSB)......Page 238
4.8.1. Antenna Mount Systems......Page 242
4.8.2. Antenna Tracking and Pointing Systems......Page 244
4.8.3. Omnidirectional Shipborne Antenna Mounting......Page 245
4.8.4. Directional Shipborne Antenna Mounting and Steering......Page 246
4.8.5. Airborne Antenna Mounting and Steering......Page 253
5.1. Radiowave Propagation......Page 257
5.2. Propagation Loss in Free Space......Page 259
5.3.1. Propagation Effects of the Troposphere......Page 260
5.3.2. Clear-Sky Effects on Atmospheric Propagation......Page 266
5.3.3. Transionospheric Propagation......Page 267
5.4. Sky Noise Temperature Contributions......Page 269
5.4.2. Atmospheric Noise Temperature Elements......Page 270
5.5. Path Depolarization Causes......Page 271
5.5.1. Depolarization and Polarization Components......Page 272
5.5.2. Relation between Depolarization and Attenuation......Page 273
5.6.1. Propagation in MMSC......Page 274
5.6.2. Propagation in LMSC......Page 275
5.6.3. Propagation in AMSC......Page 276
5.6.4. Surface Reflection and Local Environmental Effects......Page 277
5.6.5. Interference from Adjacent Satellite Systems......Page 288
5.6.6. Specific Local Environmental Influence in MMSC......Page 289
6.2 Inmarsat Space Segment......Page 293
6.2.1. Current Satellite Constellation......Page 294
6.2.2. Inmarsat MSC Link Budget......Page 299
6.3.2. Inmarsat Land Earth Stations (LES)......Page 300
6.3.3. Inmarsat Ground Network (IGN)......Page 305
6.4. Inmarsat Mobile Earth Stations (MES)......Page 308
6.4.1. Inmarsat Maritime Mobile Ship Earth Station (SES)......Page 309
6.4.3. Inmarsat Aeronautical Mobile Aircraft Earth Station (AES)......Page 315
6.4.4. Inmarsat Semi-fixed and Transportable Earth Station (TES)......Page 320
6.5.1. Maritime Onboard Applications and Services......Page 321
6.5.2. Land System Architecture and Operations......Page 330
6.5.3. Aeronautical System Architecture and Capabilities......Page 332
6.6.1. Inmarsat M4......Page 335
6.6.2. SCADA (M2M) Satellite Network......Page 342
6.7. Inmarsat Emergency and Safety Service......Page 343
6.7.1. Global Maritime Safety Satellite Communications (GMSSC)......Page 344
6.7.2. Global Aeronautical Safety Satellite Communications (GASSC)......Page 350
7.1. Scope of the Cospas-Sarsat System......Page 357
7.1.2. The International SAR Program......Page 358
7.2. Cospas-Sarsat Mission and Service......Page 360
7.2.1. Basic Concept of Cospas-Sarsat System......Page 361
7.2.2. LEOSAR and GEOSAR Satellite System......Page 363
7.3.1. Cospas-Sarsat VHF 121,5/243 MHz System......Page 365
7.3.2. Cospas-Sarsat UHF 406 MHz System......Page 367
7.3.4. Distribution of Alert and Location Data......Page 368
7.4. Cospas-Sarsat Space Segment......Page 369
7.4.1. LEOSAR Cospas Payload......Page 370
7.4.2. GEOSAR Space Segment......Page 378
7.5. Cospas-Sarsat Ground Segment......Page 381
7.5.1. Cospas-Sarsat Emergency Satellite Beacons......Page 382
7.5.2. Local User Terminals (LUT)......Page 384
7.5.3. Mission Control Centres (MCC)......Page 387
8.1. Big LEO GMSC Systems......Page 389
8.1.1. Globalstar......Page 391
8.1.2. Iridium......Page 398
8.2.1. Leo One......Page 404
8.2.2. Orbcomm......Page 410
9.1. Development of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)......Page 417
9.2.1. Passive GDSS......Page 419
9.2.2. Active GDSS......Page 420
9.2.3. Hybrid GDSS......Page 421
9.3.2. Land Navigation Satellite System (LNSS)......Page 422
9.4. GSAS EGNOS......Page 423
9.4.1. Development of the EGNOS System......Page 424
9.4.2. Network Architecture and System Description......Page 425
9.4.3. ESTB Experimental Program......Page 429
9.4.4. EGNOS Processing Centres and Functions......Page 431
9.4.5. Benefits and Evaluation of the EGNOS System......Page 433
9.5. GSAS MTSAT (MSAS/JMA)......Page 435
9.5.2. Space Segment......Page 436
9.5.3. Ground Segment......Page 440
9.5.4. MTSAT Network Architecture......Page 441
9.5.5. Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Service (AMSS)......Page 442
9.5.6. Current and New CNS/ATM Aeronautical Mission......Page 444
9.5.7. Special Effects of MTSAT System......Page 447
9.5.8. Ground Air Traffic Control Automation System (ATCAS)......Page 450
9.5.9. Special Ground Services......Page 451
9.6. GSAS WAAS......Page 452
9.6.1. Comparison of WAAS and DGPS Service......Page 453
9.6.2. Overview of WAAS Project......Page 454
9.6.3. WAAS System Configuration......Page 456
9.6.5. Benefits and Evaluation of WAAS System......Page 461
10.1. Aircraft GSPS......Page 463
10.1.1. General Atomic AVCS Network......Page 464
10.1.2. SkyTower (Helios) Global Network......Page 466
10.2. Airships GSPS......Page 471
10.2.1. Sky Station Global Network......Page 472
10.2.2. TAO (SkyNet) Network......Page 477
References......Page 483
About the Author......Page 489
Acronyms......Page 490
A......Page 506
C......Page 507
F......Page 508
H......Page 509
I......Page 510
M......Page 511
P......Page 512
S......Page 513
T......Page 514
Z......Page 515
