Global Labour in Distress, Volume II: Earnings, (In)decent Work and Institutions

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Graphs
List of Tables
Introduction: Policies for All Seasons: The Post-Cold War Era
1 Introduction
2 A Changing World
3 Changing Paradigms
4 Taxing as a Tool
5 Concluding Remarks
References
Part I: Inequality
Income Inequality and Effectiveness in Redistribution
1 Introduction
2 Inequality Post-1991
3 Tackling Inequality
4 In This Part: Earnings and Inequality
References
Changing Perspectives on Inequality and Development
1 Introduction
2 Conceptual Issues
3 Inequality and Justice
4 The Instrumental Effects of Inequality
5 Is Rising Inequality Inevitable?
6 Policy Perspectives
7 Political Economy
8 Conclusions
References
Income Inequality and Labour
1 What Are the Drivers of Income Inequality?
2 COVID-19 and Income Inequality
3 Conclusion
References
Unions and Wage Inequality
1 Introduction
2 Unions and Wage Inequality
3 A Review of the Literature on Unions and Inequality
4 Estimating the Effect of Unions on Wage Inequality
5 Summary and Conclusions
6 Data Appendix
References
Economic Transformation and the Gender Earnings Gap in Urban China
1 Introduction
2 Changes in China Affecting Urban Workers
3 Methodological Considerations
4 Data and Research Strategy
5 A Statistical Picture of the Changed Urban Labour Force
6 Earnings Functions
7 Decomposition of Average Gender Gaps
8 Decomposition Using the Distribution Approach
9 Conclusion
References
The Geography of Poverty, Inequality and Wealth in the UK and Abroad: Because Enough Is Never Enough
1 The Origins of the Statistics and Cartography of Poverty in England and Wales (1845–1901)
2 From the First National Counts to the First National Surveys (1895–1965)
3 Current Era and the Persistence of Poverty over Time (1968–2008)
4 Poverty, Inequality and Wealth and Why Enough Is Never Enough
5 Conclusion
References
Measuring Inequality of Opportunity for the Backward Communities: Regional Evidence from the Indian Labour Market
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
Affirmative Action Policies in India
Literature Review
3 The Data
4 A Comparison of Income: Some Stylized Facts
5 Determinants of Wage: Estimating a Mincerian Equation
6 Analysing Inequality of Opportunities
Estimation of Inequality of Opportunities
Decomposition of Inequality
7 Conclusion and Implications
References
The COVID-19 Pandemic, Economic Inequality and Democracy
1 Introduction
2 Inequality
3 Democracy
4 Conclusions
References
Part II: (In)decent Work
Decent Work for Change
1 From Work to Decent Work: The Evolution of a Concept
2 Working Conditions Since 1991
3 Decent Work Agenda on the Rise
4 In This Section: (In)decent Work
References
Minimum Wages and Poverty with Income-Sharing
1 Introduction
2 Minimum Wage and Poverty: Individuals in a Competitive Labor Market
3 The Social Sharing Model
4 The Family Sharing Model
Case A
Case B
Case C
5 Discussion and Conclusion
References
What Is Unemployment in Europe? Concepts and Measurement in the European Community Household Panel
1 Introduction
2 Unemployment Measures: A Brief Survey of the Literature
3 Benchmarking the Unemployment Measures in the ECHP
4 What Makes the Unemployment Measures Differ in and Between the ECHP Countries?
5 Model and Estimation Results
6 Concluding Remarks
References
Workers and Labour Market Outcomes of Informal Jobs in Formal Establishments
1 Introduction
2 Informal Work: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Findings
Defining the Informal Economy
Job-Based Definitions of Informal Work
The Socio-demographic Characteristics of Informal Workers
The Labour Market in the Nine African Countries
3 Methods and Data
Research Objectives and Choice of Countries
Sampling Strategy, Questionnaire, Interviews and Dataset
Operationalization of Characteristics and Outcomes
4 Findings: Determinants and Outcomes of Informality
The Informality Index
Personal and Workplace Variation of Informality
Labour Market Outcomes
5 Conclusions
References
The Rigidity of Labour Informality in Peru: The Need for a Paradigm Switch
1 Defining and Understanding Informality
2 A Spiral of Good Intentions and Bad Outcomes
References
(In)decent Work for Youth in Agro-Industrial Value Chains in Uganda
1 Decent Work for Youth and Women in Uganda
2 The Daily Work of Youth and Women in Uganda
3 Opportunities for Decent Work
4 Conclusion
References
Corporate Responsibility and Gender: Failing Women Workers in Global Production
1 Introduction
2 Corporate Responsibility: The Role of Social Compliance
3 Women Workers in Global Value Chains: The Failure of Social Audits
4 Social Compliance: A Channel for Addressing Gender Discrimination?
References
Untitled
How Family-Friendly Work Environments Affect Work/Family Conflict: A Meta-Analytic Examination
1 Introduction
2 Work-Family Conflict
3 Components of Family-Friendly Work Environments
Work/Family Programs and Policies
Family-Friendly Culture
4 The Present Study
5 Method
Database
Coding Procedure
Analysis
Facets of Family-Friendly Work Environments
Incremental Variance of Family-Friendly Work Environments over Spousal Support
6 Results
7 Discussion
Limitations and Implications for Future Research
Implications for Organizational Practice
8 Conclusion
References
How Employed Mothers in Australia Find Time for Both Market Work and Childcare
1 Introduction
2 Review of the Literature
3 Data and Method
Descriptive Analysis
Multivariate Analysis
4 Results
Multivariate Analysis
Unpaid Work
Sleep
Personal Care
Childfree Recreation
5 Conclusion
Appendix
References
Part III: Labour and Institutions
Labour Policies for All Tastes
1 Introduction
2 Minimum Wage
3 Unemployment
4 Fighting Discrimination
5 In This Section: Labour and Institutions
References
Institutions for High-Quality Growth: What They Are and How to Acquire Them
1 Introduction
2 Which Institutions Matter?
3 How Are “Good” Institutions Acquired?
4 Participatory Political Regimes Deliver Higher-Quality Growth
5 Concluding Remarks
References
Labor Standards and Labor Market Flexibility in East Asia
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Measuring Labor Standards and Flexibility
Labor Standards
Labor Market Flexibility
4 Core Labor Standards
Preferential Trade Programs and Free Trade Agreements
Multinational Codes of Conduct
IFIs and the OECD
5 Labor Market Flexibility
IFI Pressures
Labor Market Reform
6 Conclusion
References
The Recent Movement Towards a Four-Day Working Week
References
Labor Market Institutions and Demographic Employment Patterns
1 Introduction
2 A Model of Unionization and Disaggregate Employment
Key Insight
Other Dimensions of Cross-Group Heterogeneity
Partial Unionization and Wage-Setting Differentiation
An Alternative Framework
3 Empirical Evidence
The Data
Regression Results
The Empirical Impact of Unionization on Relative Employment Outcomes
Robustness
Demographic Wage Differentials
4 Conclusion
Appendix
Demographic Disaggregation of Employment and Unemployment
Institutional Indicators
References
Equilibrium Unemployment and the Duration of Unemployment Benefits
1 Introduction
2 How Potential Benefit Duration Affects Unemployment
Theory
Empirical Literature
3 Institutional Background
4 Data and Empirical Strategy
5 Empirical Estimates
Unemployment Outflow and Inflow
6 Benefit Duration and Equilibrium Unemployment
Simulations for Subgroups
7 Conclusion
References
Social Protection Schemes in Ethiopia: The Productive Safety Net Program and the Community Based Health Insurance Scheme
1 Introduction
2 Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP)
3 Community Based Health Insurance (CBHI)
References
How Impact Evaluation Is Shaping the Design of Labour Market Policies
1 Progress Made in Labour Economics Towards the Use of Causal Inference for Policy Analysis
2 The Future of Impact Evaluation for Labour Market Policy Analysis: Exploiting Its Full Potential
References
Data Gap Analysis, Indicator Selection and Index Development: A Case for Developing Economies
1 Introduction
Institutional Structure for SDG Implementation in India
2 Methodology
SDGs and Their Global TIER Classification
Indicator Selection, Data Gap and Availability Analysis
MRI Indicator Classification by Class
MRI Indicator Classification by Type of Data Source
MRI Indicator Classification by Year of Reference
State/UT Coverage and Regional Classification
Handling the Missing Data
SDG Measurement: Index Development
Normalization
Setting Indicator Targets
Weighting of Indicators and Goals
Aggregation of Indicators and Goals
SDG Index Formula
Benchmarking Strategy
Regional Benchmarks
Comparison with Country Average Scores
3 Some Observations and Insights: SDG Implementation and Data Analysis
SDG Indicator Selection, Statistical Capacity, Survey and Census Exercises
National and Local Government Relationship
Data Revolution and International Partnerships
Voluntary National Reviews
4 Data Analysis and SDG Index Creation: Results
Data Gap and Availability Analysis
Classification by Indicator Class
Classification by Type of Data
Year of Reference of the Indicators
Rationale Used to Define Global Targets
SDG Index
Benchmark States
States with Performance Less Than India Average
5 Conclusion
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
References
Illusions and Disillusions with Poverty Reduction Strategies: Growth, Crisis and the MDGs in Bolivia, Honduras and Nicaragua
1 Introduction
2 Growth and Progress Towards the MDGs and the PRSPs for Bolivia, Honduras and Nicaragua
Economic Growth and the MDGs
Bolivia
Honduras
Nicaragua
3 Macroeconomic Trade-offs in Achieving Poverty Reduction Goals
Model Framework
Pre-crisis Business as Usual Is Not Good Enough
Crisis and the MDGs
Costs of Achieving the MDGs by 2015
MDG Spending and Pro-poor Economic Recovery?
Financing Scaled-up Social Spending
4 Conclusions and Policy Implications
Appendix
References
Index