Global Groundwater: Source, Scarcity, Sustainability, Security, and Solutions

Global Groundwater
Copyright
Contents
List of Contributors
About the Editors
Forewords
I Foreword on groundwater as a resource
II Foreword on groundwater for society
III Foreword on groundwater for sustainability
IV Foreword on groundwater for future
V Foreword on groundwater research
Preface
Acknowledgment
Disclaimer
Introduction: Why Study Global Groundwater?
References
1 Global groundwater: from scarcity to security through sustainability and solutions
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Groundwater source and availability
1.3 Groundwater scarcity
1.3.1 Quantity
1.3.2 Groundwater quality
1.4 Groundwater sustainability and security
1.4.1 Groundwater–food–energy nexus
1.4.2 Urbanization
1.4.3 Groundwater trade and hydro-economics
1.5 Solutions
1.5.1 Enhancing irrigation and urban groundwater efficiency
1.5.2 Groundwater rejuvenation
1.5.3 Desalination
1.6 Conclusion
References
2 Groundwater of carbonate aquifers
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Carbonate geochemistry and hydrochemical evolution
2.3 Porosity and permeability
2.4 Recharge and flow
2.5 Water supply and environmental issues
2.6 Challenges in monitoring and modeling
2.7 Conclusion
References
3 Groundwater resources in Australia—their occurrence, management, and future challenges
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Groundwater resources in Australia
3.3 Historical development of groundwater
3.4 Evolution of groundwater management
3.5 Current groundwater usage
3.6 Groundwater management issues
3.6.1 Overuse and overallocation of groundwater
3.6.2 Groundwater-dependent ecosystems
3.6.3 Impacts of groundwater extraction on surface-water systems
3.6.4 Effect of climate change on groundwater resources
3.6.5 Impacts of mining on groundwater resources
3.6.6 Land and groundwater salinization
3.6.7 Seawater intrusion
3.7 Future challenges
3.7.1 Managed aquifer recharge
3.7.2 Declining resources for understanding and managing groundwater
3.8 Conclusion
References
Further reading
4 Groundwater storage dynamics in the Himalayan river basins and impacts of global change in the Anthropocene
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Hydrology and climate of Himalayan river basins
4.2.1 The Indus river basin
4.2.2 The Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna river basin
4.2.3 The Irrawaddy river basin
4.3 Groundwater for drinking and agricultural use
4.4 Groundwater storage dynamics in Himalayan river basins
4.4.1 Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment: Earth observation satellite monitoring
4.4.2 Dynamics in Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment terrestrial water storage
4.4.3 Mapping groundwater storage using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
4.4.4 Reported changes of groundwater storage and impacts of global change
4.5 Concluding discussion
Acknowledgments
References
5 Groundwater variations in the North China Plain: monitoring and modeling under climate change and human activities toward...
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Impacts of human activities on groundwater in the North China Plain
5.3 Climate change impact on groundwater in the North China Plain
5.4 China’s South-to-North Water Diversion
5.5 Review on groundwater storage assessment in the North China Plain
Acknowledgment
References
6 Emerging groundwater and surface water trends in Alberta, Canada
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Data and methods
6.2.1 Study region
6.2.2 Groundwater level observation
6.2.3 Observations of surface water
6.2.4 Rainfall and snowmelt water
6.3 Results and discussions
6.3.1 Rainfall and snowmelt water
6.3.2 Surface water level changes
6.3.3 Groundwater level changes
6.4 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
7 Groundwater irrigation and implication in the Nile river basin
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Surface water in the Nile basin
7.3 Land use and irrigation in the Nile basin
7.4 Groundwater in the Nile basin
7.5 Aquifers in Nile riparian countries
7.5.1 Groundwater in Egypt
7.5.2 Groundwater in Sudan and South Sudan
7.5.3 Groundwater in Ethiopia
7.5.4 Groundwater in the Extended Lake Victoria basin
7.6 Discussion and conclusion
References
8 Groundwater availability and security in the Kingston Basin, Jamaica
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Kingston Hydrologic Basin
8.2.1 Population and water supply
8.2.2 Hydrogeology of the KHB
8.2.3 Climate of the KHB
8.3 Methodology and analytical procedures
8.3.1 Field work
8.3.2 Water quality analysis
8.4 Results and discussion
8.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
9 Transboundary aquifers: a shared subsurface asset, in urgent need of sound governance
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Definition of transboundary aquifer: international and intranational
9.3 Governance—collaboration, potential dispute resolution
9.4 Water availability as a driver for governance
9.5 Current global inventory and classification of transboundary aquifers
9.6 Review of recent developments—the Red Queen effect
9.7 The place of transboundary aquifers in national priorities
9.8 SDGs as a driver toward sound governance of transboundary aquifers
9.9 The climate change megatrend and relevance to transboundary aquifers
9.10 Transboundary aquifers under high developmental stress
9.11 Estimating the urgency of sound governance as a function of water abundance/water scarcity
9.12 Case history: the Stampriet aquifer—Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa
9.13 Hurdles to progress in intercountry dialogue—the “invisibility cape”?
9.14 The hiatus in the progress to adoption of the Draft Articles
9.15 Conclusion: light at the end of the tunnel
Conflict of interest
Acknowledgment
References
10 Transboundary groundwater of the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna River delta system
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Geologic and geomorphologic setting
10.3 Aquifer framework
10.4 Groundwater flow system
10.5 Hydrogeochemistry
10.6 Groundwater arsenic contamination
10.7 Policy interventions and management options for arsenic mitigation
References
Further reading
11 Groundwater drought: environmental controls and monitoring
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Environmental controls on groundwater
11.2.1 Precipitation
11.2.2 Subsurface hydrogeological conditions
11.2.3 Large-scale climate phenomena
11.3 Groundwater drought monitoring
11.3.1 Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment data assimilation for groundwater drought monitoring
11.3.2 Other groundwater drought indicators
11.4 Characteristics of groundwater drought at the global domain
11.5 Discussions and future research
References
12 Groundwater scarcity in the Middle East
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Water resources: current use and future trends
12.3 Impacts of water scarcity
12.3.1 Water resources and climate change
12.3.2 Water quality
12.4 Water resources management
12.4.1 Mitigation to water scarcity
12.4.1.1 Desalination
12.4.1.2 Treated wastewater reuse
12.4.1.3 Rainwater harvesting and artificial aquifer recharge
12.5 Case studies
12.5.1 Jordan River
12.5.2 Tigris–Euphrates River
12.5.3 Nile River
12.5.3.1 Victoria Nile or the White Nile
12.5.3.2 Blue Nile River basin
References
13 Groundwater scarcity and management in the arid areas in East Africa
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Typical characteristics of the dryland areas
13.3 Typologies of hydrogeology difficulties in arid areas in the East Africa
13.3.1 Arid volcanic mountains (old rugged volcanics)
13.3.2 Rift volcanics and pyroclastics
13.3.3 Nazareth series ignimbrites
13.3.4 Extensive limestone and sandstone plateaus, rocky hills, and plains in arid environments
13.3.5 Extensive loose inland alluvio-lacustrine, inland deltaic, and coastal plain aquifers
13.3.5.1 Permissible hydrogeology environments
13.4 Current and past drinking water delivery practices
13.5 Securing water in difficult hydrogeological environments
13.5.1 Identifying and protecting viable aquifers
13.5.2 Adaptation of customary water schemes
13.5.3 Enhancing water availability by water harvesting
13.5.4 Water quality management
13.5.5 Long distance and interbasin water transfer
13.5.6 Investing in sustainability of existing systems
13.6 Policy and practice implication
Acknowledgment
References
Further reading
14 Global geogenic groundwater pollution
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Global distribution of geogenic groundwater pollutants
14.2.1 Arsenic
14.2.2 Fluoride
14.2.3 Selenium
14.2.4 Uranium
14.2.5 Salinity
14.3 Conclusion
References
15 Out of sight, but not out of mind: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in groundwater
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Analytical methods for monitoring per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
15.3 Sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances to the environment
15.3.1 Aqueous film-forming foam
15.3.2 Landfill leachate
15.3.3 Industrial sources
15.3.4 Other sources
15.4 Occurrence studies
15.5 Removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from groundwater
15.5.1 Granular activated carbon
15.5.2 Ion-exchange resins
15.5.3 Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis
15.6 Conclusion
References
16 Geogenic-contaminated groundwater in China
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The distribution and formation of geogenic-contaminated groundwater
16.2.1 High-salinity groundwater
16.2.2 High-Fe and -Mn groundwater
16.2.3 High-As groundwater
16.2.4 High-fluoride groundwater
16.2.5 High-/low-iodine groundwater
16.2.6 High-nitrogen groundwater
16.2.7 Other trace elements
16.3 Cooccurrence of different geogenic-contaminated groundwater components
16.3.1 High salinity and fluoride
16.3.2 Arsenic and fluoride
16.3.3 Iron, manganese, and ammonia
16.4 Geogenic-contaminated groundwater affected by anthropogenic activities
16.4.1 Further salinization of groundwater
16.4.2 Elevated groundwater hardness
16.4.3 Cross contamination of aquifers
16.4.4 Trace element release/sequester due to redox change
16.5 Conclusion
References
17 Screening of emerging organic pollutants in the typical hygrogeological units of China
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Materials and methods
17.2.1 Study area and sample collection
17.2.2 Chemicals
17.2.3 Analytical method
17.2.4 Risk characterization
17.3 Results and discussion
17.3.1 Presence of antibiotics in groundwater
17.3.2 Statistical analysis
17.3.3 Environmental risk assessment
17.3.4 Screening of antibiotics in groundwater
17.4 Conclusion and further research
Acknowledgments
References
18 Groundwater pollution of Pearl River Delta
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Study area
18.2.1 Hydrogeological and geological conditions
18.2.2 Characteristics of urbanization and industrialization in the Pearl River Delta
18.3 Materials and methods
18.4 Results and discussion
18.4.1 Groundwater chemistry
18.4.2 Groundwater quality and main impact chemicals
18.4.3 Groundwater contamination
18.4.3.1 Arsenic, manganese, and iron contamination in groundwater
18.4.3.2 Lead, nickel, and mercury contamination in groundwater
18.4.3.3 Nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, and iodide in groundwater
18.4.3.4 Organic contaminants in groundwater
18.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
19 Hydrochemical characteristics and quality assessment of water from different sources in Northern Morocco
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Material and methods
19.3 Hydrochemistry
19.3.1 Source water chemical facies
19.3.2 Quality of source waters for irrigation
19.4 Control of chemical element concentrations
19.4.1 Binary ion correlations
19.4.1.1 Na+–Cl− correlation
19.4.1.2 K+–Cl− correlation
19.4.1.3 Ca2+–HCO3− correlation
19.4.1.4 Ca2+–SO42− correlation
19.4.2 Cl–SO4–HCO3 diagram
19.4.3 Index of base exchange
19.4.4 Water standards and potability
19.4.5 Sodium and potassium
19.4.6 Calcium and magnesium
19.4.7 Chlorides
19.4.8 Sulfates and bicarbonates
19.5 Principal component analysis
19.5.1 Variable space
19.5.2 Individual space
19.6 Water minerals equilibrium
19.6.1 Carbonates equilibrium
19.6.2 Silica equilibrium
19.6.3 N2–Ar–CH4 gases diagram
19.7 Conclusion
References
20 Arsenic in groundwater in the United States: research highlights since 2000, current concerns and next steps
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Research on arsenic in groundwater: 2000–20
20.2.1 Sources of Arsenic in groundwater
20.2.2 Key biogeochemical processes that influence As cycling
20.2.2.1 Arsenic species in water
20.2.2.2 Adsorption reactions
20.2.2.3 Redox processes
20.2.3 Tools for studying arsenic
20.2.3.1 Analytical tools
20.2.3.1.1 Measuring arsenic speciation
20.2.3.1.2 Sequential extraction
20.2.3.1.3 Spectroscopic methods
20.2.3.2 Spatial maps
20.2.3.3 Modeling
20.2.3.3.1 Reactive transport models
20.2.3.3.2 Statistical models
20.2.4 Mechanisms of arsenic release to groundwater
20.3 Hydrogeochemical settings for arsenic in groundwater in the United States
20.3.1 Sand and gravel aquifers
20.3.1.1 Alluvial aquifers
20.3.1.2 Basin-fill aquifers
20.3.1.3 High Plains aquifer
20.3.2 Basaltic rock aquifers
20.3.3 Glacial aquifers
20.3.4 Sedimentary rock aquifers
20.3.4.1 Special case: Mesozoic Rift Basins
20.3.5 Crystalline and meta-sedimentary rock aquifers
20.3.6 Coastal plain (semiconsolidated) aquifers
20.3.6.1 Atlantic coastal plain
20.3.6.2 Southeastern/Gulf Coastal Plain
20.3.7 Geothermal areas (western United States)
20.4 Research highlights from 2000 to 2020
20.4.1 Nationwide datasets show statistical and spatial patterns of groundwater As
20.4.1.1 The public has more access to arsenic data
20.4.2 Statistical models yield can predict drivers of arsenic release to groundwater
20.4.3 Statistical models can produce probability maps of arsenic risk
20.4.4 Arsenic concentrations may (but do not always) change over time
20.4.5 Human activities can promote arsenic release to groundwater
20.4.5.1 Impact of well pumping
20.4.5.2 Managed aquifer recharge
20.4.5.3 Introduction of anthropogenic organic carbon can drive reductive dissolution
20.4.6 Research leads to improved technology for arsenic detection and treatment
20.4.6.1 Improved remediation methods
20.4.6.2 Development of biosensors to detect As
20.5 Current concerns about arsenic in groundwater in the United States
20.5.1 Most, but not all, public water supplies are meeting the drinking water standard
20.5.2 Homeowners are responsible for testing of private well water
20.6 Next steps
20.6.1 Required testing would improve identification of wells with elevated As
20.6.2 More support is needed for homeowners, especially in areas of high risk
20.6.3 More data are needed for prediction of spatial and temporal patterns
20.6.4 Education and effective communication can improve awareness and action
20.6.4.1 Tools and training for analysis of big data sets
20.6.4.2 Communication with the public about the risks of As
References
21 Hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater quality in the states of Texas and Florida, United States
21.1 Groundwater quality in Texas
21.1.1 Edwards–Trinity plateau aquifer
21.1.2 Ogallala aquifer
21.1.3 Seymour aquifer
21.1.4 Pecos Valley Aquifer
21.1.5 Carrizo aquifer
21.1.6 Barnett Shale aquifer
21.2 Aquifers in Florida
21.2.1 Floridan aquifer system
21.2.2 Sand-and-gravel aquifer
21.2.3 Biscayne aquifer
Acknowledgments
References
22 Groundwater pollution in Pakistan
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Groundwater quality
22.2.1 Biological contamination of groundwater
22.2.1.1 Punjab
22.2.1.2 Sindh
22.2.1.3 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
22.2.1.4 Azad Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan
22.3 Chemical contamination
22.3.1 Organic pollution of groundwater
22.4 Inorganic pollution of groundwater
22.4.1 Trace and heavy metals
22.4.1.1 Arsenic
22.4.1.2 Cadmium
22.4.1.3 Lead
22.4.1.4 Nickel
22.4.1.5 Iron
22.4.1.6 Zinc
22.4.2 Major anions
22.4.2.1 Nitrates
22.4.2.2 Phosphates
22.4.2.3 Sulfates
22.4.2.4 Fluoride
References
23 Groundwater of Afghanistan (potential capacity, scarcity, security issues, and solutions)
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Topography and hydrogeology of Afghanistan
23.3 Scarcity of groundwater quality and quantity
23.3.1 Quality challenges of groundwater in Afghanistan
23.3.2 Quantity challenges of groundwater in Afghanistan
23.4 Afghanistan groundwater sustainability
23.5 Afghanistan groundwater security
23.6 Solutions
References
24 Groundwater resources sustainability
24.1 Sustainability and sustainable development
24.2 Sustainability of groundwater services
24.2.1 Groundwater services
24.2.2 Potential threats to groundwater services
24.2.2.1 Intensive groundwater abstraction
24.2.2.2 Artificial drainage
24.2.2.3 Salinization and pollution
24.2.2.4 Climate change and sea-level rise
24.3 Approaches to pursuing, restoring, or enhancing groundwater resources sustainability
24.3.1 The umbrella: groundwater governance and management
24.3.2 Hydrogeological approaches to defining sustainability limits of abstraction
24.3.3 Enhancing groundwater recharge
24.3.4 Water demand management
24.3.5 Groundwater quality management
24.3.6 Adaptation to climate change and sea-level rise
24.3.7 Environmental management
24.4 Geographic variation of groundwater resources sustainability
24.4.1 General comments
24.4.2 Groundwater resources sustainability endangered or disrupted by progressive storage depletion
24.4.3 Groundwater resources sustainability endangered or disrupted by water quality degradation
24.4.4 Groundwater resources sustainability constrained by environmental considerations
24.5 Conclusion
References
25 Sustainability of groundwater used in agricultural production and trade worldwide
25.1 Introduction
25.1.1 Water use for global food production and virtual water flows via international food trade
25.1.2 Sustainability of groundwater use overall and in particular for global food production
25.1.3 Quantification of groundwater depletion for food trade
25.2 Conclusion
Financial support
References
26 Groundwater and society: enmeshed issues, interdisciplinary approaches
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Socio-hydrology and socio-geohydrology: modeling of the groundwater–society interactions improved with stakeholders’ p...
26.2.1 Introduction to socio-hydrology
26.2.2 Socio-hydrology and groundwater
26.2.3 Incorporating stakeholders’ perspectives: a “public” turn for socio-hydrology
26.3 Political ecology and the hydrosocial cycle: paying attention to power relations and discourses embedded in water circ...
26.3.1 Political ecology of water
26.3.2 The hydrosocial cycle: a critical rethinking of “water”
26.4 Mobilizing hydrosocial analyses to capture ground (water) realities
26.4.1 Dispossession of irrigating farmers through institutions and infrastructures
26.4.2 State and “scientific” versus local knowledge of water
26.4.3 Groundwater and politics of scale
26.4.4 Trajectories from “safe and good” groundwater to “bad” citizens
26.5 Discussion: what interdisciplinarity for enmeshed issues?
26.6 Conclusion
References
27 Groundwater sustainability in cold and arid regions
27.1 Importance of groundwater in hydrological systems
27.1.1 Cold regions
27.1.2 Arid and semi-arid regions
27.2 The characteristics of the hydrological cycle
27.2.1 The effect of permafrost distribution, snow and /or ice on groundwater systems in cold regions
27.2.2 Hydrological processes and its effect on groundwater quality in arid and semi-arid regions
27.3 Groundwater modeling and challenges
27.3.1 Model development in the cold regions
27.3.2 Model application and challenges in the arid and semi-arid regions
27.4 The effect of climate change
27.4.1 Cold regions
27.4.2 Arid and semi-arid regions
27.5 Integrated water management for groundwater sustainability
Acknowledgements
References
28 Groundwater in Australia—understanding the challenges of its sustainable use
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Aquifers in Australia
28.3 The Great Artesian Basin
28.4 The Murray–Darling Basin
28.5 The Perth Basin
28.6 The Canning Basin
28.7 The Daly Basin
28.8 The Otway Basin
28.9 Groundwater uses
28.10 Groundwater entitlements and extractions
28.11 Groundwater salinity
28.12 Australian ecosystems and groundwater
28.13 Concluding remarks
References
Further reading
29 Groundwater recharge and sustainability in Brazil
29.1 Insights from groundwater availability in Brazil
29.2 Overview of global groundwater recharge dynamics
29.3 Studies on recharge in Brazil
29.3.1 Recharge methods used in Brazilian studies
29.4 Challenges and future directions toward a groundwater sustainability in Brazil
Acknowledgments
References
30 Groundwater management in Brazil: current status and challenges for sustainable utilization
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Groundwater resources of Brazil
30.2.1 Physical and climatic characteristics
30.2.2 Hydrogeological features of aquifers
30.3 Groundwater resource management in Brazil
30.3.1 Background of water resource management
30.3.2 National laws/legislation
30.3.3 Integrated management of surface water and groundwater
30.3.4 Management of transboundary groundwater
30.3.5 Management of mineral water resources
30.3.6 Groundwater monitoring and assessment
30.4 Alternatives for groundwater management and water sourcing
30.4.1 Adopting rainwater harvesting
30.4.2 Artificial groundwater recharge and reuse of wastewater
30.4.3 Desalination
30.5 The hydroschizophrenia of groundwater management
30.6 Final considerations and current challenges
References
31 Challenges of sustainable groundwater development and management in Bangladesh: vision 2050
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Groundwater occurrences in Bangladesh
31.3 Groundwater quality and concerns
31.3.1 Occurrences and distribution of arsenic
31.3.2 Occurrences and distribution of salinity
31.4 Groundwater uses and impacts of abstractions
31.4.1 Domestic uses in rural and urban areas
31.4.2 Irrigation uses
31.4.3 Industrial uses
31.5 Major challenges
31.5.1 Meeting increased demands in 2050
31.5.2 Impacts of climate change
31.5.3 Arsenic and other contamination issues
31.5.4 Transboundary issues
31.6 Sustainable groundwater management: vision 2050
31.6.1 Surface water harnessing
31.6.2 Better irrigation water management
31.6.3 Groundwater monitoring, abstraction controls, and licensing
31.6.4 Pollution abatement and control
31.6.5 Applications of managed aquifer recharge
31.6.6 Wastewater reuse
31.6.7 Awareness building
31.6.8 Judicial use of deep groundwater
31.6.9 Groundwater governance
31.6.10 Research and development activities
31.7 Groundwater: resource out of sight but not to be out of mind
Acknowledgments
References
32 Integrating groundwater for water security in Cape Town, South Africa
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Situating Cape Town
32.2.1 The Day Zero drought
32.2.2 Water provision and security
32.3 Groundwater opportunities
32.3.1 Table Mountain Group aquifers
32.3.2 Sandveld Group aquifers
32.4 Groundwater management challenges
32.4.1 Physical dimensions
32.4.2 Human dimensions
32.5 Conclusion
References
33 Drivers for progress in groundwater management in Lao People’s Democratic Republic
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Groundwater resources in Lao People’s Democratic Republic
33.2.1 Groundwater systems
33.2.2 Groundwater use
33.3 Major groundwater challenges
33.3.1 Quantity and quality-related issues
33.3.2 State of groundwater knowledge and information systems
33.3.3 Other barriers to groundwater management
33.4 Recent efforts to strengthen groundwater governance
33.4.1 Overview of policy, institutional, and legal changes
33.4.1.1 Changes in government policy
33.4.1.2 Changes in institutional arrangements
33.4.1.3 Revised legal arrangements
33.4.1.4 Changes enhanced by projects and investments
33.4.2 Enhancing groundwater knowledge and data management
33.4.2.1 National- and local-scale assessments in priority areas increase local knowledge
33.4.2.2 Recent policies and draft data systems aim at formalizing and systematizing data collection
33.4.2.3 Top-down versus bottom-up approaches
33.4.2.4 Modeling efforts aim at supporting groundwater planning
33.4.3 Mechanisms of stakeholder coordination and involvement
33.4.3.1 Existing issues in government coordination and overall stakeholder communication
33.4.3.2 Institutional mapping and consultation workshops as a preliminary form of cross-sector policy coordination
33.4.3.3 Consultation of stakeholders in recent groundwater policy and legislation drafting
33.4.3.4 Communities newly integrated in recent policy and legislation
33.4.4 Development of human resources and groundwater-management capacity
33.4.4.1 Existing issues with institutional and technical capacities
33.4.4.2 Training programs generate institutional capacity for groundwater management
33.4.4.3 Teaching and research capacity building to develop a community of groundwater experts
33.4.4.4 Technical capacity disseminated to groundwater practitioners
33.5 Outlook: pathways forward for Lao People’s Democratic Republic
33.5.1 Effective policy making and implementation
33.5.1.1 Promoting cross-sectoral coordination
33.5.1.2 Promoting strategic planning of groundwater resources
33.5.2 Strengthening institutional and human resource capacity
33.5.3 Continuing efforts in applied research
33.5.4 Participation of stakeholders
33.5.4.1 Awareness raising
33.5.4.2 Sustainable financing arrangements
Acknowledgments
Acronyms
References
34 Groundwater sustainability and security in South Asia
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Data
34.2.1 Study region
34.2.2 WaterGAP3 model
34.3 Results and discussions
34.3.1 Evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge
34.3.2 Contamination issues
34.3.3 Population
34.4 Summary and way forward
Acknowledgments
References
35 Role of measuring the aquifers for sustainably managing groundwater resource in India
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Regional aquifer framework
35.3 Spatiotemporal behavior of hydraulic heads and replenishable resources
35.4 How much groundwater we are extracting
35.5 Expanding groundwater contamination
35.6 Measuring and understanding the aquifers
35.7 The sustainable management plan—an example
35.8 Way forward
References
Further reading
36 Balancing livelihoods and environment: political economy of groundwater irrigation in India*
36.1 Evolution of Indian irrigation
36.2 Changing organization of the irrigation economy
36.3 Energy-irrigation nexus
36.4 Socioeconomic significance of the groundwater boom
36.5 The sustainability challenge
36.6 Sustainable groundwater governance
36.6.1 Direct regulation through legal framework and administrative action
36.6.2 Community-based groundwater management
36.6.3 Indirect instruments—energy pricing and rationing
36.6.4 The advent of solar irrigation
36.7 Conclusion: from resource development to management mode
References
37 The future of groundwater science and research
37.1 Introduction
37.2 How are fundamental groundwater perspectives changing?—“Darcy is dead”
37.3 Fossil fuel energy, geothermal energy, and mineral resources—the groundwater connection and the future
37.4 Groundwater can be a deep subject
37.5 The subterranean biological world and groundwater-dependent ecosystems
37.6 Coast to coast
37.7 Under the ocean
37.8 Extraterrestrial hydrology—the sky’s not the limit
37.9 Groundwater quality and emerging contaminants
37.10 The new tools
37.11 Laws, regulation, guidance, and governance of groundwater
37.12 Socio-hydrogeology in the future of groundwater science
37.13 Education and outreach
37.14 The unexpected challenges
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
38 Technologies to enhance sustainable groundwater use
38.1 Technology levers to enhance groundwater security
38.2 Groundwater mapping and management
38.3 Managing aquifer recharge
38.4 Managing saline groundwater intrusion
38.5 Improving groundwater-use efficiency
38.5.1 Improving irrigation and agricultural efficiency
38.5.2 Improving household water distribution and use efficiency
38.5.3 Improving industrial water-use efficiency
38.6 Purifying contaminated groundwater
38.6.1 Removing salt from brackish groundwater
38.6.2 Removing arsenic from groundwater
38.6.3 Removing fluoride from groundwater
38.6.4 Killing biological pathogens in groundwater
38.7 Improving groundwater access
38.7.1 Well digging and drilling
38.7.2 Groundwater pumping
38.8 Conclusion
References
39 Applications of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) in global groundwater study
39.1 Introduction
39.2 GRACE and GFO missions and data products
39.3 Quantification of groundwater change using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
39.4 Gravity recovery and climate experiment applications in groundwater storage change
39.5 Major error sources of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment–estimated groundwater change
39.6 Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment data assimilation
39.7 Summary
References
40 Use of machine learning and deep learning methods in groundwater
40.1 Introduction
40.1.1 Importance of advanced data-driven methods in groundwater resources
40.2 Global literature review
40.2.1 Groundwater quantity
40.2.2 Groundwater quality
40.3 Application of some of the widely used artificial intelligence methods in India
40.3.1 Methods description
40.3.1.1 Machine learning–based methods
40.3.1.1.1 Artificial neural networks
40.3.1.1.2 Random forests
40.3.1.2 Deep learning–based methods
40.3.1.2.1 Convolutional neural network (CNN)
40.3.2 Case studies from India
40.3.2.1 Application of machine learning
40.3.2.1.1 Prediction of GWL in India based on GWL and NDVI as input in ANN modeling
40.3.2.1.2 Application of random forest in groundwater contamination prediction in India
40.3.2.2 Application of deep learning
40.3.2.2.1 Using a combination of physically based modeling and CNN to learn the spatiotemporal pattern from satellite and ...
References
41 Desalination of brackish groundwater to improve water quality and water supply
41.1 Introduction
41.1.1 Brackish groundwater composition
41.1.2 Desalination
41.2 Desalination process
41.2.1 Membrane fouling and pretreatment
41.2.2 Reverse osmosis
41.2.2.1 Pretreatment
41.2.2.2 Desalination mechanism
41.2.2.3 Membranes
41.2.2.4 System design
41.2.2.5 Energy recovery devices
41.2.2.6 Posttreatment
41.2.3 Electrodialysis
41.2.3.1 Pretreatment
41.2.3.2 Desalination mechanism
41.2.3.3 Membranes
41.2.3.4 System design
41.2.3.5 Posttreatment
41.2.4 Energy consumption using conventional energy sources
41.2.5 Economics of desalination
41.2.6 Brine management
41.2.7 Brine disposal
41.2.8 Brine treatment
41.2.9 Desalination using renewable energy sources
41.2.10 Emerging desalination technologies
41.2.11 Nanofiltration
41.2.12 Semibatch reverse osmosis
41.3 Global and national trends in desalination
41.3.1 Global trends
41.3.1.1 Annual desalination expenditures
41.3.1.2 Geographic region
41.3.1.3 Target end use
41.3.2 National trends
Acknowledgments
References
42 Desalination of deep groundwater for freshwater supplies
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Groundwater desalination—influencing factors
42.2.1 Motivation for groundwater desalination
42.2.2 Considerations for groundwater desalination
42.2.3 Environmental impacts of groundwater desalination
42.3 Desalination technology assessment
42.4 Groundwater desalination in the United States
42.5 Groundwater desalination in developing countries
42.6 Decision-making for municipal desalination plants
42.7 Conclusion
References
43 Quantifying future water environment using numerical simulations: a scenario-based approach for sustainable groundwater management plan in Medan, Indonesia
43.1 Introduction
43.2 Study area
43.3 Methodology
43.3.1 Different drivers
43.3.1.1 Precipitation change
43.3.1.2 Land use change
43.3.1.3 Population growth
43.3.2 Urban flood
43.3.3 Water quality
43.3.3.1 Basic information regarding the model and data requirement
43.3.3.2 Model setup
43.4 Results and discussion
43.4.1 Precipitation change
43.4.2 Land use change
43.4.3 Urban flood
43.4.4 Water quality
43.5 Conclusion and recommendation
References
44 Managed aquifer recharge with various water sources for irrigation and domestic use: a perspective of the Israeli experience
44.1 Introduction
44.1.1 Why Israel has a significant managed aquifer recharge experience?
44.1.2 The Israeli Coastal Aquifer
44.2 Managed aquifer recharge of ephemeral stream floods in the coastal aquifer through infiltration basins, increasing fre...
44.3 Managed aquifer recharge of groundwater and especially lake water through wells for freshwater supply (1965–90 and ree...
44.3.1 Technical considerations concerning managed aquifer recharge through wells
44.3.2 Some history and experience from the managed aquifer recharge through well period 1965–90
44.3.3 New thoughts and experiments on managed aquifer recharge through wells due to availability of water of better qualit...
44.4 Managed aquifer recharge of secondary effluents in infiltration basins—the Shafdan water reclamation system for irriga...
44.5 Managed aquifer recharge of surplus desalinated seawater through infiltration basins (2014–present)
References
45 MAR model: a blessing adaptation for hard-to-reach livelihood in thirsty Barind Tract, Bangladesh
45.1 Introduction
45.2 Challenges of groundwater resource management plan
45.3 Groundwater resource potentiality
45.4 Potential zones for groundwater recharge and selection of sites for artificial recharge of groundwater
45.5 Implementation of managed aquifer recharge model
45.5.1 Piloting of managed aquifer recharge model at household level—pioneer attempt during 2013–16
45.5.2 Managed aquifer recharge model as integrated water resource management strategy in Barind Tract since 2015
45.5.3 Impact assessment of managed aquifer recharge model as integrated water resource management strategy
45.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Index