This newly revised edition of Global Environment discusses the major elements of the geochemical cycles and global fluxes found in the atmosphere, land, lakes, rivers, biota, and oceans, as well as the human effects on these fluxes. Retaining the strengths of the original edition while incorporating the latest discoveries, this textbook takes an integrated, multidisciplinary, and global approach to geochemistry and environmental problems and introduces fundamental concepts of meteorology, surficial geology (weathering, erosion, and sedimentation), biogeochemistry, limnology, and oceanography. New concepts and information in this updated edition include changes of atmospheric carbon dioxide over geologic time, major advances in the study of chemical weathering of rocks, ocean acidification, and important environmental problems, such as the amelioration of the acid rain problem due to reduction in sulfur deposition, problems with nitrification of soils and lakes, and eutrophication of rivers and estuaries. An expanded chapter explores atmospheric chemistry and changing climate, with the most up-to-date statistics on CO2, the carbon cycle, other greenhouse gases, and the ozone hole. Only requiring a fundamental understanding in elementary chemistry, yet taking into account extensive and current data, this text is ideal for students in environmental geochemistry, environmental geology, global change, biogeochemistry, water pollution, geochemical cycles, chemical oceanography, and geohydrology, and serves as a valuable reference for researchers working on global geochemical and environmental issues. * Revised edition takes a close look at global fluxes involving the atmosphere, land, lakes, rivers, biota, and oceans, and the human effects on these fluxes * Detailed discussion of basic concepts including meteorology, surficial geology (weathering, erosion, and sedimentation), biogeochemistry, limnology, and oceanography * An expanded up-to-date chapter on atmospheric chemistry and changing climate, including CO2, other greenhouse gases, and ozone * Presentation of major advances in the study of chemical weathering * Discussion of current environmental topics * Global coverage of environmental problems involving water
Author(s): Elizabeth Kay Berner, Robert A. Berner
Edition: 2
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Year: 2012
Language: English
Pages: 701
City: Princeton
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface to the Second Edition
1. Introduction to the Global Environment: The Water and Energy Cycles and Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation
Introduction
The Global Water Cycle
Major Water Masses
Fluxes between Reservoirs
Geographic Variations in Precipitation and Evaporation
The Energy Cycle
Introduction
Radiation and Energy Balance
Variations in Solar Radiation: The Atmospheric and Oceanic Heat Engine
Circulation of the Atmosphere
Oceanic Circulation
Introduction
Wind-Driven (Shallow) Circulation
Coastal Upwelling
Thermohaline (Deep) Circulation
2. Air Chemistry: The Greenhouse Effect and the Ozone Hole
Atmospheric Gases
Carbon Dioxide
Present and Future CO2 and the Surficial Carbon Cycle
Past CO2 Levels
Other Greenhouse Gases: Methane, Nitrous Oxide
Other Greenhouse Gases: Halogens and Tropospheric Ozone
Radiative Forcing by Anthropogenic Factors
Climatic Effects of Radiative Forcing: Climate Sensitivity, Global Warming, and Hydrologic Changes
Observed Changes in Temperature and Atmospheric Circulation
Observed Changes in the Water Cycle: Water Vapor, Precipitation, Streamflow, and Storms
Observed Changes in Ice, Sea Level and the Oceans
Predictions for Future Climate Change
Aerosols
Aerosol Cloud Effects
Types of Aerosols
Gaseous Emissions
Sulfate Aerosols
Black Carbon Aerosols
Organic Carbon Aerosols
Biomass Burning Aerosols
Nitrate Aerosols
Mineral Dust Aerosols
Sea-Salt Aerosols
Surface Dimming by Aerosols
Aerosols and the Hydrologic Cycle
Black Carbon Aerosols and Snow Cover
Ozone and the Ozone Hole
Stratospheric Ozone: The Ozone Hole
Tropospheric Ozone: Air Pollution
3. Air Chemistry: Rainwater, Acid Rain, and the Atmospheric Cycles of Sulfur and Nitrogen
Introduction
Formation of Rain (and Snow)
Water Vapor in the Atmosphere
Condensation
Sublimation
Rain (and Snow) Formation
Air Motion in Cloud Formation
Chemical Composition of Rainwater: General Characteristics
Cl−, Na+, Mg++, Ca++ and K+ in Rain
Gases and Rain
Sulfate in Rain: The Atmospheric Sulfur Cycle
Sea-Salt Sulfate
U.S. Sulfur Emissions
Conversion of Sulfur Dioxide to Sulfate in Rain
Biogenic Reduced Sulfur
Other Sulfur Sources: Biomass Burning, Volcanism, and Soil Dust
Sulfur Deposition on Land
Anthropogenic Sulfur Deposition in the United States
Atmospheric Sulfur Cycle: Human Perturbation
Radiative Forcing from Sulfate Aerosol
The Atmospheric Nitrogen Cycle and Nitrogen in Rain
N2, Nitrogen Fixation, Denitrification, and Total Nitrogen Fluxes
Nitrogen Cycle: Anthropogenic Changes and Climate
Atmospheric Nox and Nitrate in Rain
Nitrate in Rain: Anthropogenic Sources
Nitrate Deposition in Rain and the Nitrate-Nitrogen Cycle
Ammonium in Rain: Atmospheric Ammonium-Nitrogen Cycle
Ammonium in Rain
Reactive N Deposition
Acid Rain
The pH of Natural Rainwater
Acid Rain from Pollution
Acid Rain in Europe
Acid Rain in the United States from 1955 to 1985
Acid Deposition Changes in the United States from 1980 to 2007
Acid Rain in Other Parts of the World
Distinguishing Naturally Acid Rain from That Due to Pollution
Effects of Acid Rain
4. Chemical Weathering: Minerals, Plants, and Water Chemistry
Biogeochemical Cycling in Forests
Soil Water and Microorganisms: Acid Production
Chemical Weathering
Minerals Involved in Weathering
Silicate Weathering Reactions: Secondary Mineral Formation
Mechanism of Silicate Dissolution
Rate of Silicate Weathering
Silicate Weathering: Soil Formation
Carbonate Weathering
Sulfide Weathering
Groundwaters and Weathering
Garrels’s Model for the Composition of Groundwaters from Igneous rocks
5. Rivers
Introduction
Components of River Water
River Runoff
Major World Rivers
Suspended Matter in Rivers
Amount of Suspended Matter
Human Influence
Chemical Composition of Suspended Matter
Chemical Composition of Rivers
World Average River Water
Chemical Classification of Rivers
Relief and River-Water Composition
Major Dissolved Components of River Water
Chloride and Cyclic Salt
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium and Magnesium
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Silica
Sulfate
Sulfate Pollution and Acidic Rivers
Organic Matter in Rivers: Organic Acidity
Organic Acid Rivers
Chemical and Total Denudation of the Continents as Deduced from River-Water Composition
Nutrients in River Water
Nitrogen in Rivers: The Terrestrial Nitrogen Cycle
Reactive Nitrogen Deposition and River Transport in the United States
Phosphorus In Rivers: The Terrestrial Phosphorus Cycle
6.Lakes
Physical Processes in Lakes
Water Balance
Thermal Regimes and Lake Classification
Lake Models
Biological Processes in Lakes as They Affect Water Composition
Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Biological Cycling
Eutrophication
Limiting Nutrients
Sources of Phosphorus in Lakes
Pollutive Changes in Major Lakes: Potential Loading
Acid Lakes
Changes in Acid Lakes in the Northeastern and Upper Midwestern United States
Changes in Acid Lakes in Europe
Naturally Acid Lakes
Chemical Composition of Acid Lakes
Saline and Alkaline Lakes
7. Marginal Marine Environments: Estuaries
Introduction
Estuaries: Circulation and Classification
The Black Sea
Estuarine Chemistry: Conservative vs Nonconservative Mixing
Estuarine Chemical Processes
Inorganic (Nonbiogenic) Removal in Estuaries
Biogenic Nutrients in Estuaries
Limiting Nutrients: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Silica
Eutrophication from Nutrient Pollution of Estuaries
Coastal Hypoxia from Nutrient Loading and Eutrophication
Harmful Algal Blooms and Eutrophication
Suspended Sediment Deposition in Marginal Marine Environments
Antiestuaries and Evaporite Deposition
8. The Oceans
Introduction
Chemical Composition of Seawater
pH and the Human Acidification of the Oceans
Modeling Seawater Composition
Sillèn’s Equilibrium Model
Oceanic Box Models
Continuum Models
Energy Sources for Chemical Reactions
Major Processes of Seawater Modification
Biological Processes
Volcanic-Seawater Reaction
Interaction with Detrital Solids
Chemical Budgets for Individual Elements
Summary of Processes
Chloride
Sodium
Sulfur
Magnesium
Potassium
Calcium
Bicarbonate
Silica
Phosphorus
Nitrogen
References
Index
