Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance

Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
List of Topics
About the Editor
Second Edition Section Editors
First Edition Section Editors
Contributors
A
Abortion as Social Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
History
Social and Medical Acceptance of Abortion in the United States
Abortion and the American Medical Association
Abortion as a Tool for Population Control
Types of Abortion
Medical Abortions
Surgical Abortions
Abortion and the Law
Conclusion
References
Absenteeism in Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: The Problems and Consequences of Absenteeism
The Concept of Absence
Voluntary and Involuntary Absence
Short- and Long-Term Absence
The Determinants of Absence
Personal Characteristics
Management´s Importance for the Absence Culture
Conclusion: From Sick to Healthy Absenteeism
Cross-References
References
Abusive Leadership
Synonyms
Introduction: What Is Abusive Leadership?
Consequences of Abusive Supervision
Subordinate Retaliation and Aggression
Well-Being
Job Attitude and Job Performance
Family Well-Being
Key Boundary Conditions of the Consequences of Abusive Supervision
Antecedents of Abusive Supervision
Key Boundary Conditions of the Antecedents of Abusive Supervision
Observing Abusive Supervision
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
ACA Design: Rethinking Selznick
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: The Informal Cooptation Dilemma
Resolving the Informal Cooptation Dilemma
Conclusion
References
Academic and Professional Associations in Public Sector HRM
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
International Public Management Association for Human Resources (IPMA-HR)
Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM)
American Society for Public Administration (ASPA)
Public Administration Theory Network (PA Theory Network)
International City/County Management Association (ICMA)
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Academic Citizenship
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Meanings of Academic Citizenship
Determinants of Academic Citizenship
The Interplay Between Academic Citizenship and Research
Valorization of Academic Citizenship
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Academic Encumbrances: Endowments Are for Scholarships
Synonyms
Introduction
Better Academic Citizens
Endowments
Investment and Spending Rules for Endowments
Types of Endowments
Top 10 Tier 1 and Ivy League Schools with Largest Endowments
The List
Legacy Opportunities
Harvard University and Brookings Institution: Reports on Education
The Realities of Student Debt
Conclusion
References
Accountability
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Role of Accountability
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Accountability and Accounting: Insights from Russian Public Sector Reform
Synonyms
Introduction
Toward Defining Accountability
Some Thoughts and Reflections on Public Sector Accountability
Accountability and Accounting in the Light of Russian Public Sector Reform: A Macro-Micro Link
The First Wave of Public Sector Reforms in Post-Soviet Russia
Reform Efforts Toward NPM in Russia: Reality or Rhetoric?
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Accountability and Corruption, Europe
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Specific Risk Areas
Selected Vulnerable Sectors
Integrity and Transparency of the Financial Sector
Corruption at the Regional and Local Level
Foreign Bribery
State-Owned Companies
Petty Corruption
Links Between Corruption and Organized Crime
Control Mechanisms and Prevention
Prioritizing Anticorruption Policies
Political Accountability
Use of Preventive Policies
Financing of Political Parties
Effectiveness of Anticorruption Agencies
External and Internal Control Mechanisms
Rules on Conflict of Interest
Transparency of Lobbying
Asset Disclosure
Criminal Law
Capacity of Law Enforcement, Prosecution, and Judiciary
Transparency Policies and Freedom of Information
Whistleblowers´ Protection
Public Procurement
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Accountability and Democratic Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Section: Ethics and Accountability
Introduction: The Accountability Problem
Perspectives on Accountability Problems
Solutions to Accountability Problems
Analysis and Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Accountability and Ethics
Why ``Accountability´´ Is an Important Concept
Different ``Meanings´´ of Accountability
The Quality of Government
How the Different Meanings of Accountability Is Linked to the Quality of Government
More Controls as a Consequence of NPM
Trust in Professions
The Strengthening of Administrative Controls
Impartiality in the Exercise of Power
Systems and Culture on Different Levels
Different Forms of Accountability and the Quality of Government: Implications
Cross-References
References
Accountability and Ethics in Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conceptualizing Accountability Across Geographic Bounds
Assessing the Legal Setting: Who Is Legally Responsible?
Board Accountability: What Standards of Performance Apply?
Conceptualizing Ethics Across Geographic Bounds
What Ethical Values or Standards Should Be Applied?
Evolving Ethics and Accountability Through Professional Codes of Conduct
A Model Code: Independent Sector´s 33 Principles of Good Governance and Ethical Practice
Improving Ethics and Accountability with Codes of Conduct: Translating Principles into Practice
The Ultimate Challenge of Voluntary Codes of Conduct and Self-Regulation: Enforceability!
Translating Principles into Enforceable Practices: Three Illustrations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Accountability and Governance in Fiji
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Overview of Fijian Accountability Institutions
Accountability Institutions Today
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Accountability in Colombia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Discourses on Accountability
Mechanisms of Horizontal Accountability
Transparency and Vertical Accountability
Social Accountability
Corruption Control and Accountability
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Accountability in Federal Government
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
A (Very) Brief Overview of Accountability and Delegation
What About Transparency?
Accountability Is a Process, Not an Instance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Accountability in the Judicial Administration of Bangladesh
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is Meant by ``Accountability´´?
To Whom Are Individual Judges and the Judiciary Accountable?
For What Should Individual Judges and the Judiciary as an Institution be Accountable?
Analyzing Principles and Identification of Problems
The Accountability of Individual Judges
Accountability to the Executive of the State
Accountability to the Legislative Branch of the State
Internal Accountability of the Judiciary
Accountability to the Public
The Limits of these Forms of Accountability and Practices
The Institutional Accountability of the Judiciary
Accountability to the Executive Branch of the State
Accountability to the Legislative Branch of the State
Accountability to the Public and Amenity to Scrutiny by Civil Society
Loopholes of Judicial Administration
Administrative Lacunas Are as Follows
Other Tribulations
Expectation of People to the Judiciary
Suggested Remedial Measures
Conclusion
References
Accountability in Tourism Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Environmental Governance and Accountability
Caribbean Cruise Tourism
Environmental Accountability Relationships in Cruise Tourism
Conclusion
References
Accountability Mechanisms
Synonyms
Accountability in Scope
Tools and Processes
Individual or Organizational?
Compliance or Values Based?
Conclusion
References
Accountability Systems, Brazil
Synonyms
Introduction
Framework
Accountability Institutions in Brazil
Strenghtening Governance in Brazil
Cross-References
References
Accountability, Politics, and Power
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is Accountability?
Conceptualizing and Defining Accountability
Framing Accountability in Typologies and Power Relationship
Accountability as a Process
Accountability and Politics: Political Accountability
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Accountability: Breaches and Trust
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Nonprofit Accountability
Breaches of Trust
Nonprofits and Trust
Framing Accountability
Improving Accountability
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Accounting for Employee Benefits
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
International Accounting Convergence Between the Private and the Public Sectors
Private Sector Accounting for Employee Benefits Under the IAS/IFRS
Public Sector Accounting for Employee Benefits Under the IPSAS
International Accounting Convergence Involves a Financialized Accounting Model
The Uncovered Variety of Existing Pension Schemes and the Underlying Assumption
Uncovered Variety of Existing Pension Schemes
Examining the Underlying Assumption
Further Thoughts for a Comprehensive Accounting Model
Concerns Regarding the Financialized Accounting Model
Toward a Comprehensive Accounting Representation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Accounting for Infrastructures
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Infrastructures and Other Public Sector Fixed Tangible Assets
Infrastructure Assets´ Recognition and Measurement
Infrastructure Asset Management
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Accounting for Public Debt and Deficit
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Presenting the Accounting of Public Debt and Deficit Definitions
Definitions
Public
Deficit
Debt
The Difficulty and the Variety of Accounting of Public Debt and Deficits
Financial Accounting for Deficit and Debt
National Accounting for Deficit and Debt
The Importance of Deficit and Debt Control in an Economic Governance Process
Deficit and Debt in the Governance Process
In Europe, Maastricht Criteria
In the United States
Actors of the Control of Deficit and Debt
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Accounting for Public-Private Partnerships
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
PPPs and Concessions
National Accounts
PPPs
Concessions
Financial Accounting
Concepts and Main Features
Service Concession Asset Recognition and Initial Measurement
Accounting for Operator Compensation
Model 1 Financial Liability Model
Model 2 Grant of a Right to the Operator Model
Model 3 Dividing the Arrangement Model
Subsequent Measurement and Impairment
Accounting for Guarantees and Other Commitments
Accounting for Other Revenues
Presentation and Disclosure of Service Concession Arrangements
Transition Requirements to IPSAS 32
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Accounting of Hybrid Organizations
Synonyms
Introduction: Hybridity in Public Organizations
Perspectives on Accounting in Hybrid Organizations
Concluding Thoughts
Cross-References
References
Accounting Principles
Synonyms
Introduction
The Character and Modes of Public Sector Financial Accounting
Accounting Principles and Concepts
Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information
Dynamic and Static Accounting Theories
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Accrual Accounting
Synonyms
Definition
The Accounting Methods
Accrual Accounting Influence on Financial Statements
Shifting from Cash to Accrual Accounting in the Public Sector
Pro and Cons of Accrual Accounting in Public Sector Entities
Supporters of Accrual in Public Sector
Conclusions
References
Accrual Budget
Definition
Introduction
Different Approaches of Accrual Budgeting
International Overview of Accrual Budgeting Implementation
Debates About the Impact of Accrual Budgets
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Acculturation amid Globalization: Implications for University Policies and Administration
Introduction
Objectives and Purpose of the Present Study
Methods
Participants and Procedure
Data Analyses
Sociocultural Adaptation of Mainland Chinese Students
Language Barrier
Cultural Difference and Challenge in Friendship Making with Local Students
Influence of Political Tension and Discrimination Between Hong Kong and China in Recent Years
Appreciation of Some Sociocultural Aspects of Hong Kong
Psychological Adaptation of Mainland Chinese Students
Academic Adaptation of Mainland Chinese Students
Mainland Chinese Students´ Sense of Belonging to Their Institutions and Perceived University Support to Their Adaptation
Implications to University Policy and Administration
References
Accumulation of Local Government Savings
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining Financial Slack
Two Types of Government Savings
Dedicated Savings: Rainy Day Funds
Discretionary Savings: Unreserved General Fund Balance
Fund Balance Reporting: GASB 34 and GASB 54
GASB 34
GASB 54
Theoretical Debates over Organizational Saving
Factors that Explain Local Governments´ Financial Slack Accumulation
An Overview of Municipal Governments´ Discretionary Savings
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Active Representation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Demographic and Social Influences
Organizational Influences
Role Perceptions and Active Representation
Discretion and Active Representation
Conclusion
References
Active Representation in Indigenous Public Managers: New Challenges to Representative Bureaucracy Theory
Synonyms
Definition
Section
Introduction
TRB: Relevant Factors for Active Representation
Individual Factors
Organizational Factors
Factors of the Political-Social Environment
TRB in Latin America: Challenges to Indigenous Public Managers from Chilean Case
The Chilean Context to TRB
Individual Factors
Organizational Factors
Political-Social Environment
TRB in Latin-America: Implications for a Research Agenda
Cross-References
References
Activity-Based Costing in Public Services
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Construction of ABC System
Advantages and Limits of ABC in Public Services Management (Conclusion)
Cross-References
References
Adaptive Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Adaptation of Public Administration
Adaptive Public Administration
Conclusion
References
Addressing Food Insecurity: Role of Community Mapping
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Urbanization and Food Insecurity
Overview of Food Insecurity Globally
Overview of Food Insecurity in the USA
Community Mapping to Address Food Insecurity
Technology and Data Providers for Food Insecurity Community Mapping
Community Mapping Case Studies
Combined Stakeholder Participation
Local Government Stakeholder Participation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Admin Reform in Sub-Saharan Countries
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Political Economy of Administrative Reforms
Contextuality of Administrative Reforms
Administrative Reforms in Sub-Saharan Countries
Enhancing Administrative Reforms in Sub-Saharan Countries
Conclusion
References
Administering Evil in Flint: The State-Sanctioned Traumatization of an Entire Community
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Birth of a Crisis: Flint Decision-Makers
The Flint Water Crisis
The Impact of the Flint Water Crisis
Administrative Roles in the Flint Water Crisis
PA 436 of 2012 and Emergency Management Laws
The Undemocratic Nature of Emergency Management
Technical Rationality and Administrative Evil in Flint Case
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Administration and Discretion
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Administration
Discretion
Administration and Discretion
Types of Administrative Discretion
Administrative Agencies and Discretion
Abuse of Discretion
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Administrative Adjudications
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Administrative Law Judges
Formal and Informal Adjudications
Licensing
Rules of Evidence
Formal Adjudication in the States
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Administrative and Judicial Due Process
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Historical Development of the Concept of Due Process
Basic Procedural Requirements of Due Process
To Whom Due Process Rights Apply
Life, Liberty, and Property: The Interests to Which Due Process Applies
Due Process and Standards of Proof
Due Process and Access to an Attorney
Due Process and Impartial Decision Makers
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Administrative Appeal
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Types of Administrative Appeal
Mandatory and Optional Administrative Appeals
The Foundations and Rationale of Administrative Appeals
The Scope of the Administrative Appeal
The Suspensive Effect of the Administrative Appeal
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Administrative Autonomy of Public Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Delegated Authority: The Formal Autonomy of Public Organizations
Beyond Formal Design: The Actual Autonomy of Public Organizations
Theories of Administrative Autonomy
Consequences of Administrative Autonomy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Administrative Discretion
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: What Is Administrative Discretion and Why Does It Exist?
Administration Discretion in Street-Level Situations
Managerial Actions and Policymaking Discretion
Administrative Discretion and the Courts
And So, Just How Much Discretion Is Acceptable?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Administrative Discretion and Development Administration: Pet Turned into a Monster?
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Conceptualizing Discretion
Determinants of Bureaucratic Discretion
Methodology
Results and Cases
Exercise of Discretionary Power Under Ghanaian Law
Deployment of Discretion: Appearance of Impropriety and Discretionary Abuse
Discussion
Conclusions and Policy Implications
Cross-References
References
Administrative Discretion in Participatory Processes
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Understanding the Roles of Public Officials in Participatory Processes
At the Margins of Formal Rules: Administrative Discretion in Participatory Processes
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Administrative Discretion on Taxation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
SMEs in Indonesia
Taxation System
Methodology and Discussion
Tax Compliance
Tax Administration Policy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Administrative Efficiency and Policy Failure: The National Health Insurance Scheme of Ghana in Perspective
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Overview of Literature and Theoretical Perspectives
Ghana´s Experience With National Health Insurance
Measuring Efficacy or Efficiency in Policy Perspective
How the National Health Insurance Scheme in Ghana Achieved Efficiency: Evidence From the Wa Municipality
Determinants of Administrative Failure to Ensure Policy Efficiency for Health Insurance
Collaboration Between Authorities and Stakeholders to Ensure Efficiency of NHIS
Conclusion
References
Administrative Ethics
Synonyms
Introduction
Utilitarianism
Deontological Ethics
Virtue Ethics
Codes of Ethics
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Administrative Evil
Synonyms
Administrative Evil and the Holocaust
Public Service Ethics and Administrative Evil
Critical Perspectives on Administrative Evil
Conclusion
References
Administrative Hearing
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Administrative Procedure Act of 1946
Administrative Law Judges
Prehearing Procedures
The Hearing
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Administrative Intergovernmental Agreements, Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Historical Background
Contemporary Agreement-Making
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Administrative Justice
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Early Historical Applications
Views of Justice
Models of Justice
Restorative Justice
Ideological Justice
Justice Inequality
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Administrative Law and Government Employees
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Four Goals of Law for Government Employees
Hiring, Promotion, and Conditions of Employment
Discrimination
Speech and Ethics
Health and Safety
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Statutes of Interest (with Common Abbreviations Where Applicable)
Cases Cited
Administrative Law and Public Administration, Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Administrative Law and Adjacent Branches of Law
Sources of the Russian Administrative Law
Administrative Law and Russian Judiciary
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Administrative Law Judges and Politics
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Who Are Administrative Law Judges? What Do they Do in the Federal Government?
Political History of ALJs
Evidence Regarding ALJ Decisionmaking
State ALJs
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Administrative Politics and Lobbying Regulation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Regulating Lobbying: The State of the Art
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Administrative Politics: Context, Roles, and Process
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: The Societal Context
Control of Bureaucracy
An Economic Perspective
New Public Management
The Post-NPM Era
Administrative Discretion
The Role of the Administrator in a Democratic Society
Models of Administrative Discretion
Conclusion: Administrative Politics in a Multidimensional Context
References
Administrative Procedure
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Administrative Procedure Versus Court Procedure. Hybrid Procedures: Tribunals
Administrative Procedure: Phases
The Importance of Codifying the Administrative Procedure
Codification of Administrative Procedure in the USA
Codification of Administrative Procedure in the EU
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Administrative Reform
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Brief History of Administrative Reform
Administrative Reform and Organizational Performance
Theories of Reform Leadership
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Administrative Reform in Ireland: Exploring Continuity and Change in the Irish Civil Service
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Civil Service Reforms of the 1920s
Civil Service Reforms of the 1930s-1950s
Civil Service Reforms of the 1960s-1980s
Civil Service Reform and Ireland´s Accession to the European Economic Community (EEC)
Civil Service Reform and the Introduction of Social Partnership Agreement
Civil Service Reform and the Introduction of Strategic Management Initiatives (SMI)
Civil Service Reforms of the 2000s-2018
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Administrative Reform in Malaysia: Experimenting with Collaborative Governance
Synonyms
Introduction
Collaborative Governance
About PEMANDU
Pemandu and Its Collaborative Effort Involving Cabinet Ministers
Designing the Collaborative Process
The Social Labs
Highlights of Malaysia´s Collaborative Governance: A Permanent Feature of the Malaysian Bureaucracy?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Administrative Resilience: Potential Approach for Disaster Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Complexities of Systems
Administrative Resilience in Public Administration
Characteristics of Administrative Resilience
Administrative Resilience in Resilient Thinking Paradigm
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Administrative Responsibility
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Classical Definition
Complications
Size and Complexity
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Administrative System of the European Union
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Legal Framework of European Public Administration as a Multilevel Administration
Systemic Considerations About European Union Administration
Characteristics of the EU Administration
Multilevel System
The Incongruence of Competences
The Importance of Networks
Demographic Heterogeneity
Institutional Fragmentation
Principles of the EU Administration
The Administrative Structures of European Union Institutions
European Parliament´s Administrative Structure
European Commission´s Administrative Structure
European Council´s Administrative Structure and Council of the EU´s Administrative Structure
European Court of Justice´s Administrative Structure
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Administrative Theory of Ethics
Synonyms
Introduction
Philosophy and the Formal Study of Ethics
Administrative Ethics
Normative Theories Implicit in Administrative Ethics
Normative Ethics in American Politics and Administration
Consequentialist Ethics in Administrative Theory and Practice
Duty Ethics in the Constitution and Administration
Virtue Ethics in the Constitution and Administration
Ethical Dilemmas and Contending Values
Constructivist and Poststructuralist Approaches
Foucaultian Ethics
Lacanian Ethics
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Adverse Action
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Employee Discipline and Adverse Action
Discrimination Cases and Adverse Action
Whistle-Blowing and Adverse Action
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Advocacy and Policy Influence
Synonyms
Definition
Why Nonprofits Advocate
Controversial Issues
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Advocacy Coalition Framework and the US Immigration Policy
Synonyms
Advocacy Coalition Framework
ACF to Immigration Policies: Security Versus Economy
The US Visa Waiver Program and ACF
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Advocacy Groups
Synonyms
Definition
Historical Development
Assumptions
Categorization
Groups in Advocacy Coalition Framework
Benefits of Advocacy Groups
Disadvantages of Advocacy Groups
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Affirmative Action as Social Policy
Definition
Introduction
Social Policy
Overview of Affirmative Action
Affirmation Action as a Social Policy
Conclusion
References
Affordable Housing Policy in Penang State of Malaysia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Penang State´s Own Brand of Affordable Housing
Housing Affordability: Pricing
Broader Affordability Issues: Green Design and Community Living
Conclusion
References
African-American History Commission Act, 400 Years of
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Prior Key Legislation Regarding Enslavement in the USA
Passage of the Act
The Act
The Act as a Civil Rights Victory
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Agency Costs and the Quality of Education in the UK Universities
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Background of Agency Costs
Proxies of Agency Costs
Agency Costs and Organizational Performance
Agency Costs in the UK Universities
Conclusion
References
Agency Rulemaking
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Background
Administrative Procedure Act (APA)
Rulemaking Process
Types of Rulemaking
Types of Adjudication
Rulemaking Versus Adjudication
Review
Guidance Documents
EPA ``Waters of the United States´´ (WOTUS) Rulemaking Controversy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Agency Theory in Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Transaction Costs
Game-Theoretic Aspects of Agency Theory
Agency Theory in Public Administration
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Agenda Setting
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Agenda Setting Processes
Political Influence
Windows of Opportunity
Systematic Indicators
Feedback from Existing Programs
Changes in Perception
Focusing Events
Lessons from Disasters
Media Influence
Public Participation in Decision-Making That Impacts Their Lives
Agenda Blocking
Conclusions
References
Agrarian Reforms
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Agrarian Reform
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Agricultural Government Commercial Company
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Fiji Rice Limited
Suggestions
References
Alienation and Accountability as Depicted Through Movies
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Modern Times
Hierarchy
Market Theory and Dehumanization
Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice Agencies
High Noon
The Public Servant, Weber, and Marx
Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice Agencies
Public Opinion, Pluralization Conflict, and Accountability
Concluding Thoughts
References
Alternative Marketing Strategies in Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Alternative Marketing Approaches
Using Digital Applications
Strategic Fund-Raising
Solicitation of Grants
Competition with Commercial Enterprises
``Unrelated´´ Enterprises
Program-Related Enterprises
Licensing
Joint Ventures and Contracting
Renting Out of Unused Capacity
Investments
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Alternative Recruitment Strategies
Synonyms
Brief Definition of Alternative Recruitment Strategies
Introduction
Evolution of Recruitment Strategies
Analysis of Alternative Recruitment Strategies: Contemporary Practices and Diversions
Future Implications and Recommendations
Conclusion
References
Amortization and Depreciation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Depreciation of Property, Plant, and Equipment
Component Approach
The Depreciation Charge
Useful Life and Residual Value
Future Economic Benefits of Property, Plant, and Equipment and Their Consume
The Depreciation Method
Impairment
Recognition and Measurement Issues in Case of Application of the Revaluation Model
Amortization of Intangible Asset
Amortization Period and Amortization Method
Review of Amortization Period and Amortization Method
Further Accounting Issues of Amortization and Depreciation
Changes in Accounting Estimates
Finance Leases
Service Concession Arrangements
Disclosure Issues
Information to be Presented on the Face of the Statement of Financial Performance
Reporting Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Segment Assets and Expense
Cross-References
References
Analysis of Factors of Overpricing in Public Procurement: A Study for Low-Performing EU Countries
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Procurement Life Cycle
Factors Influencing Public Procurement
Cross-References
References
Animal Care in Disaster Response
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Animal Care in Disasters Pre-Katrina
Animal Care During Katrina
Animal Care Post-Katrina
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Anti-corruption Agencies
Synonyms
Defining Anti-corruption Agencie
Development of ACAs
Typology of Anti-corruption Agencies
The Universal Model (The Independent Commission Against Corruption, Hong Kong)
The Investigative Model (The Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau, Singapore)
The Parliamentary Model (New South Wales Independent Commission Against Corruption, Australia)
The Multi-agency Model (United States Office of Government Ethics)
Functions of ACAs: Watchdogs or Guard Dogs
Why ACAs Fail in Developing Countries?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Anti-corruption Institutional Multiplicity Facade in Uganda
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Definition and Classifications of Corruption
Theoretical Drivers and Effects of Corruption
Anti-corruption Institutional Multiplicity
Anti-corruption Institutional Multiplicity in Uganda
Ineffective Monitoring and Supervision Structure
Lack of Implementing Powers
Political Interference
Uncoordinated Way of Doing Things
Dispersion of Limited Finances
Corruption Within Anti-corruption Agencies
Weak Anti-corruption Laws and Rule by Law
Conclusion and Recommendations
Cross-References
References
Anti-corruption Measures in Uganda
Synonyms
Introduction
Rescission (Nullity) of Contracts
Monetary Fines
Debarment
Confiscation
Whistleblowing
Asset Declaration
Criminalizing Money Laundering
Cross-References
References
Anti-corruption Policy in Regional Governments, Latin America
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Corruption, Corruption Risk, Risk Monitoring System of Corruption
Conclusions
References
Anticorruption Reforms and Governance
Synonyms
Introduction
Antecedents and Causes of Corruption
Measuring Corruption
Linking Good Governance and Corruption
Main International Anticorruption Initiatives
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Anti-corruption War and the Ambivalence of Legalism in Nigeria
Synonyms
Definition of Terms
Introduction
Theoretical Aperture on Corruption
Nigerian State and Perception of Corruption
The War Against Corruption and Nigerian State: Mechanism and Strategies
Criminal Justice System, Plea Bargaining, and Anti-corruption Crusades
Between the Gatekeepers and Getaway: Anti-graft Agencies and the Conundrum of Legalism
FRN v JUSTICE ADENIYI ADEMOLA & 2 ORS
FRN v MRS. PATIENCE JONATHAN
EFCC V OZEKHOME
FRN V ORUBEBE
EFCC V HYDIAZIRA NGANJIWA
Anti-corruption Institutions and the Politics of Uncertainty
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Antitrust in India
Synonyms
Introduction
The Administration
Case of Google
Conclusion
References
Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Trade Measures
Synonyms
Brief Definition
Introduction
SPS Agreement and Its Implications for the Pacific Island Exporters
Ways of Supporting the Pacific Island Exporters to Comply with SPS Standards
Conclusion and Recommendations
Cross-References
References
Arbitration and Governance
International Commercial Arbitration Governance
Synonyms
Introduction
Definition of Arbitration
International Commercial Arbitration
Meaning of International Arbitration
Meaning of an Arbitration Commercial
Principles of Governing Arbitration
Arbitration Agreement
Institutional Arbitration and Ad Hoc Arbitration
Lex Arbitri
Selection of Arbitrators
Language
Separability of the Arbitration Agreement
Arbitration Clause
Legal Frameworks
Party Autonomy and Principles of Public Policy
Challenges for Local and International Commercial Arbitration
Selection of the Arbitrator
Selection of the Arbitration Institutions
Expenses
Timing of the Arbitrators and Institutions
Enormous Laws
Conclusion
References
Legal Instruments
Web Links
Case Laws
Arbitration in Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Types of Arbitration
Arbitration Around the World
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Labor Market in Bangladesh
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
AI and Its Impact on the Labor Market
How AI Applications Will Shape the Labor Market of RMG and Textile Sector of Bangladesh in Next Two Decades?
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
AI Applications in the Public Sector
AI Challenges in the Public Sector
AI Technology Implementation
AI Law and Regulations
AI Ethics
AI Society
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Assessing Procurement Reforms in Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Current Reforming
Problems
Main Directions of Reforming of System of Purchases
System-Wide Recommendations
Debureaucratization
Personalization of Responsibility
Monitoring Not Only of Procedures, But Also Results
The Fastest High-Quality Development and Deployment of the Catalogue of Goods, Operations, and Services
Electronic Shop
Thematic Recommendations (Affect Separate Processes of the State and Municipal Order)
Conclusions
Cross-References
Asset Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Definition and Classification of Assets in the Public Sector
Measuring the Value of Public Assets
Financial Reporting of Public Assets
Public Asset Register
Institutional and Legal Framework of Public Asset Management
Best Practices of Asset Management in Government Entities
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Auction Systems and Public Procurement
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Requirements and Procedures
Price-Only auctions
Price-Only Auction with Independent Private Cost
Price-Only Tendering with Interdependent Cost Signals
Multidimensional Auctions
Verifiable Quality
Uncertain but Verifiable Quality
Unverifiable Quality
Corruption
Collusion
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Auditing
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Types of Public Sector Audit
Financial Audit
Performance Audit
Compliance Audit
Other Kinds of Public Auditing
Public Sector Auditing Bodies. Organization and Functions
INTOSAI
Institute of Internal Auditors
European Courts of Auditors
Internal Audit Service
Supreme Audit Institutions
Regional Audit Institutions
Principles of Public Sector Auditing
Public Sector Auditing Standards
Auditing Standardization at an International Level
IFAC
INTOSAI
Institute of Internal Auditors
Auditing Standardization at a European Level
Auditing Standardization at National, Regional and Local Levels
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Auditing for Financial Reporting
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Financial Statement Audit in the Public Sector
Verification of Financial Statements Compliance to Laws and Regulations
Analysis of Financial Statements Elements
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Auditing Principles
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Types of Public Sector Auditing
Principles of Auditing
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Authentic Leadership
Synonyms
Introduction
Authentic Leaders
Self-Awareness
Multiple Identities and Authenticity
Becoming an Authentic Leader
Authenticity and Leadership
So Now What?: How to Select an Authentic Leader in an Interview Process?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Authority in Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Why Authority Is Not Just Formal Power
Authority as Legitimate Domination
Authority as a Social Relationship
Social Psychological Research on Authority
The Psychological and Psychoanalytic Views of Authority
Authority in Organizations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
B
Balanced Scorecard
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Balanced Scorecard Framework and its Practical Applications Example of the Public Sector
Usefulness of the Balanced Scorecard in the Public Environment
An Example of Balanced Scorecard in the Public Environment
Budgetary and Financial Perspective
Citizen Perspective
Internal Process Perspective
Civil Servant Perspective or Potential Perspective
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bangladesh Civil Service (BCS) Examination
Synonyms
Definition
Civil Service
Cadre
Introduction
Civil Service System in Bangladesh
General Cadres
Technical/Professional Cadres
Recruitment Rules of Bangladesh Civil Service
Bangladesh Civil Service Examination
Eligibility Criteria to Apply
Age Limit
Educational Qualification
Nationality
Quota in the Civil Service
Structure of the Examination System
Preliminary Test
Written Test
BCS Oral Examination
Problems and Issues in the BCS Examination
Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Bankruptcy Risk and Political Connection in Indonesia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Literature Review and Hypothesis Development
Data and Variable Measurement
Sample and Data Sources
Measurement of Bankruptcy Risk
Measurement of Political Connection
Empirical Results
Descriptive Statistics and Correlation
Main Analysis
Impact of Political Connections on Bankruptcy Risk
Political Connections, Bankruptcy Risk, and Leverage
Additional Tests
Conclusion
Cross-References
Appendix 1
References
Benefits and Wages in Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Why Does a Cross-Sector Compensation Differential Exist?
Labor Donation Hypothesis
Property Rights Hypothesis
What Is the Relationship Between Wages and Benefits in Nonprofit Organizations?
Negative Association
Positive Association
What Constitutes an Appropriate Method to Explore Cross-Sector Compensation Differentials?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Best Practice Versus a Diagnostic Approach to Public Service Reform: The Malaysian Experience
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Best Practice Versus a Diagnostic Approach to Public Service Reform
Public Service Reform in Malaysia
Reform Results: Evidence on Selected Reforms
Discussion: Learning from Malaysia´s Experience
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Biafra´s Secessionist Movement
Synonyms
Definition of Terms
Introduction
Adapted from Ojo .J.S. Global Journal of Human Social Science, Volume 14 Issue 4: 17-35.
The New Waves of Biafra Secessionist Movement
Biafra Claimed Territory
Nigeria´s Federal Political Structure
Political Restructuring as an Antidote for Secession
A Designed Model for Regionalism
Conclusion
References
Bias in the US Criminal Justice System
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Law Enforcement
Corrections
Courts
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bibliometrics in Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Relevance
Data Sources and Types of Bibliometric Analyses
Bibliometric Studies in the Field of Public Administration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bid Protest Behaviors in Public Procurement
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Protest
Bid Protest
Bid Shopping
Bid Peddling
Bid Rotation
Bid Suppression
Specification of Protest Participation
Bid Protest Behaviors and Their Theoretical Explanations
Justice Perceptions
Procedural Justice, Distributive Justice, and Interactional Justice
Interactions
Networking
Coordination
Feedback Behavior
Organizational Learning
Information Acquisition
Knowledge Sharing
Conceptual Framework for Bid Protest Behaviors
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bioethics and Health Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Four Principles
Public Attitudes and Involvement
Bioethics Commissions
Global Considerations
Contemporary Issues
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Biometric Voter Registration, Zimbabwe
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Introducing BVR in Zimbabwe: Its Framework and Procedure
Shortcomings in Zimbabwe´s BVR
Inadequate Voter Education
Insufficiently Funded and Poorly Designed Voter Education
Intimidation and BVR
The Voter Registration Centers and BVR
Unsatisfactory Manpower and Equipment
The Problems Encountered by ``Aliens´´ in the BVR
Proof of Residence and BVR
Transparency
The Voter Registration Figures: A Cause for Concern?
Lessons Drawn and the Implications for BVR Elsewhere
Conclusion
References
Birth Trajectory and Population Policy in South Korea
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Research Background
Data and Method
Results
Discussion and Conclusion
References
Boards of Directors in Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Roles and Responsibilities
Board Composition
The Role of Board Officers
Successful Governance
Board Models
Boards in NGOs
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Boko Haram Insurgency and Defense Corruption
Synonyms
Definition
Boko Haram
Defense Corruption
Introduction
Military and Nigerian State
Corruption and Political Environment of DasukiGate Scandal
Defense Institution, Arms Procurement, and Corruption Vulnerability
The Nexus Between Corruption and Insecurity
Conclusion
References
Border Governance and Shoot-to-Kill Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Border Studies: Conceptual and Theoretical Perspectives
Border Governance and Shoot-to-Kill Policies
Policy Analysis
Illustrative Case Study
Causes and Consequences
Implications and Future Research
Conclusion
References
Bottom-Up Anti-corruption Approach
Synonyms
Defining Bottom-Up Anti-Corruption Approach
Early Development of the Bottom-Up Approach of Anti-Corruption
Why Is Bottom-Up Anti-Corruption Critical?
Models and Implications of Bottom-Up Anti-Corruption Approach Worldwide
Criticism and Limitations of Bottom-Up Anti-Corruption
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Boundary Spanning and Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Boundary Spanning in Theory and Practice
Conclusion and Opportunities for Future Research
Cross-References
References
Branding´s Strategy in Regional Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Key Issues in the Region
Analysis of the Saratov Region Development Potential
The Development of the Region Based on the Analysis of Municipalities
Branding of the Territory as a Basis for Development of the Region
Conclusion
References
Bridging the Funding Gap
Synonyms
Introduction
Some Basic Fundraising Realities
Create Your Pitch
Building a Financial Model
Divide the Pie: Sharing the Equity
Due Diligence
Sources of Capital
Angels
Accelerators
Competitions
Crowdfunding
Economic Development
Foundations
Grants
Venture Capital
Private Equity
Conclusion
References
Bridging the Skills Gap in the Bahamas
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Bahamas Technical and Vocational Institute
Online Education
Intensive Online Faculty Training
Faculty and Staff Professional Development: Online
Accelerated Technical Training Program
Student Satisfaction
Community Support
Post-COVID Workplace Skills
Summary
References
British Model of Local Government and Personnel Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Organizational Setup of the United Kingdom´s Local Government
Personnel Management of the United Kingdom´s Local Government
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Budget Analysis
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Importance of the Budget in the Public Sector
Budget Classifications
Revenue Classifications
Economic Classification of Revenue
Expenditure Classifications
Economic Classification of Expenditure
Functional Classification of Expenditure
Cross-Classification of Expenditure by Functional and Economic Classification
Comparison of Approved Budget and Executed Budget
Budget Indicators
Budget Execution Indicators
Indicators of the Budget Structure
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Budget Approval and the Legislative Process
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Politics of the Budgetary Process and Incrementalism
Budget Approval and NPM
Budget Approval in a Globalized World
Good Practices on the Role of the Legislature in the Budget Process
Budget Process Activities
What Is Approved?
Budget Process Institutions
Good Practices of the Legal Framework for the Budget Process
Constitutions
Budget System Laws
Country Examples
The United States of America
The Russian Federation
The People´s Republic of China
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Budget Cycle
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Budget Preparation
Legislative Approval
Executive Implementation
Accounting and Auditing
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Budget Cycle: Preparation, Execution, and Revision
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Budget as a Political Act: Budget Preparation and Approval
Democracy and Transparency of the Budget Debate
The Budget: A Bargaining Area
Budget as a Technical Act: The Budget Elaboration
Input-Based Budget
Outcome or Performance-Based Budget
The Monitoring of Multi-Year Budget Commitments
Multiannual Budgets
Commitment Authority: An Essential to the Analysis of Fiscal Sustainability
Multi-Year Expenditure Management and Sincerity of the Budget
Budget as a Managerial Act: Budget Execution and Revision
Monitoring and Control of Expenditure Budgets
The Monitoring of the Results of Budget Execution by the Parliament
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Budget Execution: Spending Patterns During the Fiscal Year
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Budget Cycle: Budget Execution
Spending Patterns
Remedies for Wasteful Spend-Downs
Carry-over Rules
Extending the Fiscal Year
Limiting Spending at the End of the Fiscal Year
Aggregating the Budget of Subunits
Transferring Funds
Closer Monitoring
Improving Information System
Surpluses Should Not Justify Future Budget Cuts
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Budget Formulation Process of Japan´s National Government
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Government Stage
Ministry of Finance
The Outline of the Government Stage
Abolition of MOF´s Draft and the Revival Negotiations
Establishment of the Council on Economic and Fiscal Policy
The Diet (Parliament) Stage
The Difference Between the Budget and the Bill
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Budget Office
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Requirements for Effective Budget Offices
Dangers for Budget Offices
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Budget Policy and Reconstruction in Iraq
Introduction
Historical Evolution of Budgeting in Iraq
Occupation-Era Budgeting and American Failure
Aftermath of the Invasion
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Budget Punctuations and Incrementalism
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Incrementalism in the Budgetary Process
Punctuated Equilibrium in the Budgetary Process
Budget Punctuation Typologies
Parallel Punctuation
Sequential Punctuation
Complementary Punctuation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Budget Reform and Political Reform
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Political Problems of Budget Reform
Solutions to Push Budget Reform
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Budgetary Assistance for Crisis Management
Synonyms
Introduction
Crises
Natural Disasters
Man-Made Disasters
External Assistance for Crises Management
Funding
Training and Education
In-House Solutions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Budgetary Constraints
Synonyms
Definition of Budgetary Constraints
Introduction
Types of Budgetary Constraints
Budgetary Constraints in Europe: The European Stability and Growth Pact
Legislation to Reinforce and Strength SGP
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Budgetary Politics
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Makes Public Budgeting Unique?
What Are the Components of Public Budgets?
Politics of Expenditures
Politics of Revenue
Politics of Balancing the Budget
Approaches to How Politics Influences Public Budgets
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Budgetary Principles
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Budgeting Process and the Budget Document
Financial Management, Financial Viability, and Budgetary Rules
Principles for a Successful Budgeting Process and Budgetary Governance
Principles for Sound Financial Management and Budgeting
Reforms, Austerity Drift, and Consolidation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Budgeting and Austerity
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Constitutes ``Good Budgeting´´?
Why Budgets Failed to Be ``Austere´´ When the Crisis Hit?
Some Policy Considerations
How Can Budgeting Become Austere Again
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Budgeting and Decision-Making
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Nature and Purposes of Budgeting
Budgeting and Decision-Making Theory
Budgeting Process and Decision Makers
Budget Models and Reforms
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Budgeting and Finance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Aspects of Budgeting
Differences Between Budgeting and Finance (with Reference to Public and Private Sector)
Public Finance and Its Classification
Nexus Between Government Budgeting and Finance
Modern Approaches in Public Budgeting
Budgetary Practices in the World
Actors and Interactions in Government Budget
Executive
Legislature
Execution of the Budget
Accounting and Auditing
Citizen´s Participation in Budgeting and Finance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Budgeting and Public Finance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Political Perspective
Economic Perspective
Managerial Perspective
Perspective of Purpose
Institutional Perspective
Approach to Budgeting
Budgetary Process
Cross-References
References
Budgeting for Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Data Gathering
Preparation and Approval
Implementation
Monitoring and Reporting
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Budgeting in the Public Sector
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Budgeting for the Public Sector and Differences with the Business Sector
The Budgetary Cycle
Budget Preparation and Formulation
Budget Approbation
Budget Execution
Monitoring and Control of the Budget
Budgeting Principles: Budgetary Stability and Financial Sustainability
Types and Methods for Budgeting
Expenditure and Revenue Budgets
Annual and Multiannual Budgets
Incremental Budgeting
Zero-Based Budgeting
Performance-Based Budgeting
Program Budgeting
Program Planning Budgeting System (PPBS)
Performance, Results, and Output-Based Budgeting
Participatory Budgeting
The Budgetary Bases: Accrual Versus Cash Basis
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Budgeting Techniques: Incremental Based, Performance Based, Activity Based, Zero Based, and Priority Based
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Incremental-Based Budgeting (IBB)
The Relevance Loss of Traditional Models: Time for Change?
Performance-Based Budgeting (PBB)
Activity-Based Budgeting (ABB)
Zero-Based Budgeting (ZBB) and Priority-Based Budgeting (PYBB)
Why Does Zero-Based Budgeting Have Some Pragmatic Weaknesses? Is Priority-Based Budgeting a Long-Term Solution?
A Priority-Based Budgeting Empirical Example
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Building a Civil Service System for Yemen
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Social Structure and the Civil Service System in Yemen
The Functions of the Civil Servants in Yemen
Reflection for Donor Policies and Experts
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Building Reform Capacity
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Capacity, Mindset, and Attitude Transfer
Methodology Scope and Approach of Public Administration Training Evaluation
Data Collection
Tajikistan
Bangladesh
Results of the Empirical Analysis and Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Bullying in Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Types of Bullying at the Workplace
Factors in the Rise of Workplace Bullying
Impact of Workplace Bullying
Addressing Workplace Bullying
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bullying in Public Administration
Synonyms
Introduction
Theoretical Framework
Approach to Background and Predictors of Work Harassment
Power and Leadership as Antecedents of Bullying
Power
Individual Role of Each Human Resource Profile in City Councils
Control, Supervision, and Disciplinary Possibilities
Independence
Leadership
Based on Ability, Training and Management Skills
Based on Hierarchical Position and Capacity to Inflict Punishment
Relationship Between City Councils and Prevention Legislation
Protection that Prevention Legislation Provides Civil Servants of the City Councils
Inspectorate´s Supervision and Its Capacity to Penalize
Supervision and Control of City Councils
Areas Where Supervision is Established
Background Factors of Work Harassment or General Psychosocial Risks
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and Administrative Culture in Bangladesh
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Bureaucracy and Administrative System Under the British Rule
Bureaucracy and Administrative System During the Pakistani Rule
Bureaucracy and Administrative System in Bangladesh
Features of Administrative Culture in Bangladesh
Power and Authority Relationship
Trust
Commitment to Organization
Autonomy
Political Responsiveness
Societal Responsiveness
The Elitist and Authoritative Characters of Civil Servants
Change Versus Status Quo
Bureaucratic Corruption
Factionalism and Fragmentation
Lack of Administrative Accountability
Inefficiency-Underperformance Conundrum
Centralization of Administration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and Capitalism
Synonyms
Introduction
Capitalism and Free Markets
The Power of Hierarchy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and Citizen Journalism
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Origins
Bureaucracy and Governance: A Discourse
Citizen Journalism: Implication for Media Practice
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and Cooperation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Factors Affecting Cooperation
Cooperation at Different Levels
International Cooperation
Conclusion
References
Bureaucracy and Culture
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Origins
The Relationship Between Bureaucracy and Culture
Bureaucracy and Culture in the Light of Sociological Paradigms
Bureaucratic and Cultural Modes of Control
OLC Perspective on Bureaucratic and Cultural Modes of Control
Bureaucracy and Culture in Public Management Literature
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Bureaucracy and Democracy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Bureaucracy and Democracy: A Paradox of Governability Under Stress
Public Administration in the Fire Zone of Bureaucracy and Democracy
Models of Bureaucracy and Democracy in a Globalized World
The State Dominance: Administrative-Driven Models and Top-Down Governability
The Peoples´ Dominance: Citizen-Driven Models and Bottom-Up Governability
Bureaucracy, Democracy, and the Decline of the Welfare State
Bureaucracy, Democracy, and Citizens´ Expectations
How Bureaucracy and Democracy Affect Governability in a Global World
Bureaucracy and Democracy Under the Information Age Revolution: E-democracy and E-bureaucracy in Modern States
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and Economic Growth
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Quality of Bureaucracy
The Size of Bureaucracy
Research Challenges
Endogeneity and Methodology of Large-N Studies
Bureaucracy and Political Regimes
Organization of Bureaucracy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and Efficiency
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Efficiency in the Public Sector Organizations
Bureaucracy and Efficiency in Public Institutions
Preliminary Research on Bureaucracy.
Utility-Maximizing Models of Bureaucracy
Budget Maximization
Slack Maximization
Expense Preference
Public Choice Theory and Bureaucracy
Alternative Perspectives on Bureaucracy
Dunleavy´s Model of Bureau Shaping
Bureaucrats and Politicians
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and Gender
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Historical Roots of the Gender of the Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy as a Mechanism to Ensure Gender Equality
Bureaucracy as a Policy Actor that Can Contribute to Gender Equality
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and Internationalization
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Dimensions of Internationalization
International Public Administration
Transmission Channels of and Obstacles for Internationalization of Bureaucracies
Diffusion Effects
National Bureaucratic Resistance
Power Shifts Toward and Within the Executive and the Transformation of Accountability
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and Leadership
Synonyms
Introduction
Overview
Leadership
Four Frames of Public Organizations
Structure
Human Resources
Political
Symbolic
Complexities of Leading Public Bureaucracies
Performance Management
Creating Public Value
Strategy
Innovation
Cross-Sectoral Leadership
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and Media
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Mobile Phones and Governance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and Outsourcing
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Debate on Bureaucracy and Performance
Privatization and Outsourcing: Transforming Bureaucracies into Market-Oriented Organizations
Privatization Pitfalls: Theoretical Problems
Barriers to Success: Managerial Problems of Contract Management
Setting Clear Goals and Performance Criteria
Choosing Contractors
Monitoring Performance of Contractors
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and Partisan Issues
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Partisanship and Political Neutrality
Bureaucracy and Partisanship in the Colonial Era
Bureaucracy and Partisanship in Post-Independence Ghana
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and Personality
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Big Five Personality Traits
Openness to Experience
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Bureaucracy versus Human Nature
Individual Personality versus Bureaucratic System
Bureaucracy as a Leadership Style
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and Personality: Does Employee Ethnicity Matter?
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Theoretical Expectations
Employee Ethnic Identification and Coworker Social Support
Ethnic Identification and Interpersonal Fairness
Coworker Social Support and Employee Ownership Personality
Rationale for Linking Ethnic Identification to Psychological Ownership Three-Model Factor of Employee Personality
Description of Participants
Measures of Variables
Determination of Measurement Model Adequacy
Determination of Model Validity
Results
Direct Relationship between Ethnic Identification and Psychological Ownership Personality
Mediating Role of Coworker Social Support
Mediating Role of Interpersonal Fairness
Discussions, Contributions, and Implications
References
Bureaucracy and Policy Alienation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Policy Alienation Model
Measuring Policy Alienation
Conclusion and Future Research Suggestions
References
Bureaucracy and Politicians Agenda: Examining Politics-Administration Relationship in Ghana
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Theoretical Overview
The Politics-Administration Dichotomy and Civil Service Neutrality
Politicization: A Threat to Neutral Competence?
Consequences of Politicization
Methodology
Discussion: Contextual Analysis of Public Service Neutrality-Politicization in Ghana
Recruitment into the Public Service
Loyalty-Competence Maze: A Political Expediency Choice?
``Technicized´´ Termination of Appointments
Special/Personal Assistants ``Syndrome´´
Appearance of Impropriety
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and Politicians Relations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Bureaucracy and Politicians Relations: Theoretical and Conceptual Notes
Politics-Bureaucracy Relations in a Comparative Context
Bureaucracy and Politicians: The Relationship Underpinning Variables
The Systemic or Organizational Factors
Recruitment, Training, and Motivation
Politico-Administrative Culture and Values
Legitimacy and the Style of Leadership
Professionalism and Specialized Knowledge
Institutional Structure
The Contextual Factors
Social Background and Role Orientation
Policy Formulation and Implementation
Regime Types and Ideology
Politicization of Bureaucracy
Self-Image and Mutual Interaction
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and Politicians: Dynamics and Challenges
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Dynamics
Challenges
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and Politics
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Question of ``Who´´ Makes Decisions
Analytic Perspectives and Empirical Dynamics of the Relationship Between Politics and Bureaucracy
Political Control of the Bureaucracy
Bureaucratic Politics: Resources and Interactions Between Politicians and Bureaucrats
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and Professionalism
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: The Professional Bureaucracy
Professions as Institutions
Costs and Benefits of Professionalism
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and Public Opinion
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is Public Opinion?
What Is Bureaucracy?
The Academic Context
Bureaucratic Legitimacy
The Historical Context in America
Hummel vs. Goodsell Debate
Popular and Political Discourse
Popular Discourse
Political Discourse
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and Public Policy
Synonyms
Definitions of Bureaucracy
Definitions of Public Policy
Introduction
Features of Bureaucracy
Permanent Character
Hierarchical Organization
Political Neutrality
Professional and Trained
Fixed Salaries
Bound by Rules and Regulations
Bound by a Code of Conduct
Features of Public Policy
Decision-Making
Reflects Key Guidelines
Action Oriented
Contemporary and Futuristic
Formulated by Governmental Agencies
Public Interest
Optimum Utilization of Resources
Involvement of Various Agencies
Functions of Bureaucracy
Implementation of Governmental Policies and Laws
Policy-Formulation
Managing Administration
Legislative Work
Revenue Collection and Financial Administration
Data Repository
Functions of Public Policy
To Organize Society
To Control Conflict
To Collect Revenue
To Distribute and Redistribute Resources
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and Public Trust
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Definition of Political Trust
Importance of the Trust for Public Administration
Public Opinion Surveys
Determinants of Political Trust
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and Revolutions in the Arab World
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Historical Background
Bureaucracies and Revolutions in the Arab World
First-Wave Revolutions: The Post-Independence Era
Second-Wave Revolutions: The 1950s and 1960s Revolutionary Coups
Purge Movements
The Size of the Bureaucracy
The Composition of the Bureaucracy
Bureaucratic Processes and Behaviors
The Politicization of the Bureaucracy
Controlling the Military
The Security State
Third-Wave Revolutions: The Arab Spring Movement
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and Service Delivery
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Direct Service Delivery and ``Old´´ Public Administration
Outsourcing and New Public Management
Co-production and New Public Governance
So, Which Delivery Method to Which Service?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and System Maintenance
Synonyms
Definitions
The ``Behavioral Factor´´
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy and the New Public Management
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
What Is the Spending Review?
Connections Between Spending Review and NPM
Similarities and Differences from Budgeting, Managerial, and Regulatory Tools
Conclusion
References
Bureaucracy in Bangladesh: A Disaster Management Perspective
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
A Brief History of Bureaucracy
Characteristics of Bureaucracy
Role of Bureaucracy on Disaster Management
Challenges Regarding Disaster Management
Tendency of Elitism
Centralization of Decision-Making
Lack of Coordination
Policy Recommendations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy Responsiveness
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Three Major Approaches to Achieve Bureaucracy Responsiveness
``Citizen-Get-What-They-Want´´
``Dare-to-Say-No´´
``Let´s-Work-Together´´
Factors Associated with Bureaucracy Responsiveness
Organizational Factors
Political Control
Policy Clients
Bureaucratic Values and Intentions
Task Difficulty
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy, Bureaucratic Politics, and Democracy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Visiting the Empire
Perspectives on Bureaucracy and Bureaucratic Theory
Bureaucratic Politics and Democratic Theory
Democracy and Democratic Politics
Conclusion: Reconciling Bureaucracy and Democracy?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucracy, Leadership, and Ethics as Reflected Through Movies
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Bureaucracy
Leadership
Business Ethics and Morality
Key Takeaways
Conclusion
References
Bureaucratic Accountability and Performance
Synonyms
Definition
Accountability Dimensions
Formal and Informal Accountability
Accountability and Performance
Concluding Remark
Cross-References
References
Bureaucratic Autonomy
Synonyms
Introduction
Bureaucratic Autonomy: Concept
Bureaucratic Autonomy: Categories
Bureaucratic Autonomy and Quality of Government
Measuring Bureaucratic Autonomy
Concluding Remarks
References
Bureaucratic Capacity and Public Healthcare Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Literature: Delegation and Bureaucratic Capacity
Organization of Public Healthcare in Australia
Computational Aspects of Bureaucratic Capacity in Public Healthcare Organizations
Policy Implementation Status (PiS) at the Hospital Level (ALOS)
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Bureaucratic Culture in the Context of Globalization
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Bureaucratic Culture: The Concept
Traditional Bureaucratic Cultures: Criticisms
Impact of Globalization on Bureaucratic Culture: The Reality
Changes in Bureaucratic Culture in the Context of Globalization
Conclusions
References
Bureaucratic Culture, Corruption and Accountability in Sri Lanka
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Bureaucratic Culture: Theoretical Insights
Bureaucratic Culture in Sri Lanka
Constitutional Changes and Bureaucratic Culture
Governance Reforms and Bureaucratic Culture
Corruption and Bureaucracy Culture
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Bureaucratic Dysfunctions Through Black and White Lens, Film Review of the Modern Times and High Noon
Synonyms
Introduction
Modern Times
High Noon
Conclusion
References
Bureaucratic Elites
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Origin of Bureaucratic Elite
Bureaucratic Elite and Democratic Pluralism
Bureaucratic Elite or Oligarchy
Bureaucratic Elite Within the State
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucratic Growth
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theories of Bureaucratic Growth
Evolution of Growth of Government in the United States
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Bureaucratic Inertia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Disaster Management: A Complex Reality at a Glance
Inertia in Bureaucratic Organizations: Some Insights
Disaster Management Dilemma
Conclusion
References
Bureaucratic Influence in Policy Formulation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Politics and Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy and Policy-Making
The Bureaucrat as Policy Maker: The Policy Bureaucrats
Mechanisms of Influence of Policy Bureaucrats in the Policy-Making Process
Discretion as an Influence Factor of Policy Bureaucrats
Policy Expertise
Conclusion
References
Bureaucratic Machine, The
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Machine Metaphor
Parts of the Bureaucratic Machine
Lower-Bureaucratic Machine
Middle-Bureaucratic Machine (MBM)
Upper-Bureaucratic Machine
Characteristics of the Bureaucratic Machine
Bureaucratic Machine as a Control Symbol in Organizations
Conditions Necessary for Bureaucratic Machine Effectiveness
Dysfunctions of the Bureaucratic Machine
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucratic Policymaking
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Street-Level Bureaucratic Policymaking
The Road Safety Policy Process in Kenya
Method
Result
The Level of Violation by Vehicle Type
Types of Vehicles Targeted for Road Traffic Policy Implementation
Correlating Vehicle Targeting and Road Safety Policy Noncompliance
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Bureaucratic Politics
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy
Critique of the Bureaucratic Politics Model
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucratic Power
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Size and Tenure
Power
Essential Nature
Legislative and Executive Oversight
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucratic Red Tape
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Meaning and Scope of Bureaucratic Red Tape
Theoretical Approach on Bureaucratic Red Tape
Causes and Results of Bureaucratic Red Tape
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucratic Red Tape in the Philippines
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Image of Philippine Bureaucracy
Reform Initiatives to Prevent Graft and Corruption
The Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007
The Formulation and Implementation of Anti-Red Tape Act in the Philippines
Research Methodology
The Study Locale
Participants to the Study
Findings
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Bureaucratic Reform
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Classical Theory of Bureaucratic Reform
New Types of Bureaucratic Reform
The Setting of Bureaucratic Reform
Antecedents and Effects of Bureaucratic Reform
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucratic Structure
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
An Organizational Approach
How Bureaucratic Structure Affects Governance (Processes)
Policy-Making
Implementation
Conclusion
References
Bureaucratic Structure Hypothesis
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Model
Benchmark
Task Structure
Conclusion
References
Bureaucratic Structure Hypothesis, The
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Bureaucratic Structure
Theoretical Approach of the Bureaucratic Structure Hypothesis
The Rational Approach
The Bureaucratic Hypotheses
Functions of the Bureaucratic Structure Hypothesis
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucratization and Service Delivery in Nigeria
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Friedrich and Finer Debate
The Making and Functioning of Nigerian Bureaucracy from 1966 to 1999
Reforms and the Trend of Nigerian Bureaucracy from 1999 to 2018
Complementarity of Bureaucratic Institution and Civil Democratic Governance
Bureaucratization: Effective Service Delivery Tool in Nigeria
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucrats as Hybrids
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Forms of Hybridity
Causes and Theoretical Perspectives of Hybridity
Bureaucrats as Hybrids
Tensions and Challenges of Hybrid Bureaucrats
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bureaucrats as Specialists
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Birth of Expert Identity of Bureaucrats
The Significance and Outcomes of Specialization
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Burnout in Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Problem for Nonprofits
Causes of Burnout
Burnout Impacts
Reduction and Prevention
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Business Continuity
Synonyms
Introduction
Business Continuity
Business Continuity Planning
Business Continuity Planning and Public Policy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Business Plan: An Overview on Essentials and Strategies
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Global Business Strategy
Funding Options for Entrepreneurs
Example of Evolving Finance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Butterfly Theory of Crisis Management
Synonyms
Introduction
Butterfly Theory
Crisis Management
GHP Model of Crisis Management
Butterfly Theory of Crisis Management
Cross-References
References
C
Capacity Building
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Concept Characteristics and Historical Evolution
Administrative Reform and Capacity Building
Capability
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Capital Budgeting
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Financial Management (PFM) and Capital Budgeting
Capital Budgeting Techniques
Capital Budgeting Processes
Phase 1: Planning
Phase 2: Evaluation
Phase 3: Project Analysis and Selection
Phase 4: Implementation
Phase 5: Control and Project Review
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Caregivers´ Roles and Challenges, Evidence from Rural and Urban Somalia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Methods
Study Design and Context
Study Participants and Sample Procedure
Eligibility Criteria
Data Generation Tools and Procedure
Data Analysis
Results and Findings
Women Caregivers Roles
Socio-Economic Roles
Spiritual
Domestic
Women Caregivers Challenges
Financial
Physiological
Work-Related Challenges
Restriction on Social Life
Discussion and Implication
Conclusion and Limitations
Cross-References
References
Caregiving and Coping, Women Caregivers of Older People in Rural and Urban Somalia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Informal Care in the Somali Context
Informal Caregivers´ Challenges and Coping Strategies
Research Question
Methods
Study Design
Study Participants and Sample Procedure
Eligibility Criteria
Data Collection Procedure
Data Analysis
Results and Findings
Sociodemographic Characteristics of Study Sample
Caregivers Coping Strategies
Social Support from Well Wishers
Taking Intermittent Caregiving Breaks
Taking Part-Time Assignments
Belief in Allah
Financial Discipline
Discussion
Limitations of Study
Conclusion and Implications
Cross-References
References
Cash Accounting
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conceptual Framework and Recognition of Elements of Financial Statements
Accounting Methods of Recognition: Measurement Focus and Basis of Accounting
The Flow of Financial Resources Measurement Focus
The Flow of Economic Resources Measurement Focus
The Use of Cash-Basis Accounting as a Method of Recognition: Advantages and Disadvantages
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Cash Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction to the Treasury Function and Cash Management
Objectives of Cash Management
The Control of Cash Flows
Banking Arrangements and Centralization of Cash Balances: The Treasury Single Account
The Treasury Single Account Structure
Centralization of Payment Transactions Under a Treasury Single Account Structure
Designing a Modern Cash Management System
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Cash Management in the US Accounting Systems
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Cash Mobilization
Cash Investments
Bank Services
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Casuistry in Public Organizations
Casuistry as a Method
Casuistry´s Tradition
Casuistry´s Slide into Disrepute
Casuistry and Applied Ethics
Examples of Casuistry Applied
References
Cause-Related Marketing
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Development of Cause-Related Marketing
Benefits and Concerns of Cause-Related Marketing
Mechanics of Cause-Related Marketing
Breast Cancer Causes as Long-Term Successful Cause-Related Marketing
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Causes and Consequences of Crisis
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Social Construction of Reality
Winners and Losers in Image Construction of Crises
Media Attention: Creating the Mind-set of Crisis
Trayvon Martin Coverage: Sanford, Florida
Freddie Gray Coverage: Baltimore, Maryland
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Causes of Organizational Conflict
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Cause One: Task Interdependence
Cause Two: Differences Between Values and Beliefs
Cause Three: The Absence of/or Ambiguous Rules
Cause Four: Resource Scarcity
Cause Five: Ineffective Communication
Cause Six: Incompatible Goals
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Centralization and Decentralization
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Centralization
Concentration and Deconcentration
French Model
Decentralization
Territorial and Functional Decentralization
Decentralization Policy
Conclusion
References
Centralization and Decentralization: Balancing Organizational and Employee Expectations
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Defining Centralization and Decentralization
Advantages vs. Disadvantages of Centralization and Decentralization for Organizations and Employees
Employee and Organizational Preferences and Expectations
Balancing Organizational and Employee Expectations, Needs, and Preferences
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Challenges of Forest Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Perspectives on Forest Devolution
Challenges of Forest Governance
Gaps Between Forest Devolution Rhetoric and Practices
Conflicting Objectives Among Actors Involved
The Potential Negative Impacts of Property Rights on Actors´ Cooperation
Conclusion
References
Challenges of Tax Administration Reforms in Nigeria
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Overview of Tax Administration Reforms in Developing Countries
Tax Policy Reforms
Tax Administration Reforms
Assessment of Tax Administration Reforms
Tax Administration Reforms in Nigeria: Challenges and Possible Solutions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Challenges to Inter-organizational Collaboration: Examining US Stabilization Efforts
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Characterizing Network Collaboration
Frustrated Action Networks
Insecurity Drove Collaboration Instability
Security
Staff Turnover
Interrelated Impacts
Conclusion
Theory of Unstable Networks: Perpetual Emergence
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Changes in the Model of Municipal System in Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
General Characteristics of Local Self-Governance
Types of Municipal Entities and Their Development
Constitutional Status
Functions and Responsibilities of Local Self-Governance
Financial Resources
Political Institutions and Public Involvement
Municipal Servants and Municipal Deputies
Control by Federal and Regional Levels of Power
Conclusion: Institutional Perspectives
Cross-References
References
Changing Nature of Global Armed Conflict
Introduction
The Changing Nature of War
New Armed Conflict
Conclusion
References
Changing Organizations of Multilevel Water Management, European Union
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The EU Water Framework Directive: A Framework for Crosscutting Water Management
Coordination and Mechanisms Fostering Connectedness
How the European Commission and the CIS Accommodates for Coordination
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Chaos Theory of Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Nature of Causality
The Butterfly Effect
Attractors
Bifurcation
Applicability
Implications
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Charters of Budget Honesty
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Australian Charter of Budget Honesty
Criticisms
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Child Welfare Agency Management: Accountability Relationships and Systemic Change
Synonyms
Definitions
Four Dimensions of Accountability
Accountability Sources of Authority and Control
Accountability and the State Child Welfare Agency
Four Sources of Accountability in the Context of CWA Administration
CWA Systemic Change and Managing Accountability Relationships
Incomplete Diffusion of Agency Policies and Procedures
Agency Capacity to Support Diffusion of Institutional Change
Funding/Budget to Support Institutional Operations and Change Processes
Accountability, Leadership Instability, and Change
Accountability, Data Management, and Change
Accountability, Assessment, Quality Assurance, and Systemic Change
Accountability, Managing PBCs, and Change
Conclusion
References
Chile´s Political Party System
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Origin and Evolution of the Party System
Multiparty System, Participatory Division and Legislative Cohesion
Coalition Governments and Party System
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Chile´s Trade Policy Based on Export Promotion
Synonyms
Definition
Standard Economic Approach on Export Promotion
Chile´s Export Promotion Strategy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Chilean Electoral System: A Moderate D´Hondt PR
Introduction
The Electoral Rules for Parliamentary Elections
The New Rules in Operation: Proportionality, Fragmentation, and Quotas
Disproportionality
Fragmentation
Gender Quotas
Final Remarks
References
China in the Caribbean
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
China´s Relations with the Caribbean
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
China´s Belt and Road Initiative
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Scope of the BRI
Aim, Structure, and Financing of the BRI
Policy Implications of the BRI
Constraints and Challenges to the BRI
Conclusion
References
Christian and Evangelical Higher Education in America
Synonyms
Introduction
Main Text: Christian Higher Education in America
Birth of the Evangelical College
Scrutiny of Evangelical Colleges
Taxpayer Support
Global Developments
Conclusion
References
Christianity and Meeting the Needs of the Poor, the Homeless, and the Imprisoned
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Sin Dehumanizes
Jesus´ Alternative
The Christian Task
Jesus´ Alternative
Not Solely a Problem of Individuals
Systems and Structures
Jesus´ Alternative
Carried Out in the Public Sphere
Government
Conclusion
References
Recidivism Rates
Population
Alabama 2015 Poverty Rate
Number of Churches in Alabama
Size of Churches in USA
Churning
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Explanations and Effects
Empirical Evidence
Goodhart´s Law
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Cities and Climate Change
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Causes of Climate Change in Cities
Impacts of Urban Climate Change
Key Stakeholders
Climate Change Planning and Policies
Cities and Climate Adaptation and Mitigation
Climate Resilience and Cities
Cities in Action: Two Case Studies
Conclusion
Cross-References
Reference
Citizen Journalism and Crisis Management: Nigeria and South Africa
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Origins
Citizen Journalism as Pseudo-journalism: Cases from Nigeria
Citizen Journalism and South Africa Xenophobia
Conclusion: Citizen Journalism in Nigeria
Cross-References
References
Citizen Mistreatment May Hurt Public Service Worker´s Feeling
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Background of Public Service in Korea
Citizen Mistreatment in Korea
Effects of Citizen Mistreatment
Conclusion
References
Citizen Participation and Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Political Context
Methods of Citizen Participation in Nonprofit Organizations
Volunteerism
Financial Donation
Membership
Benefits of Citizen Participation in Nonprofit Organizations
Barriers to Citizen Participation in Political Systems
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Citizen Participation in Public Management
Synonyms
Introduction to Citizen Participation
The Democratic Dimension of Citizen Participation
The Administrative Dimension of Citizen Participation
Solving Problems with Citizen Participation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Citizen Participation: Rationales and Approaches
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Drivers of Citizen Participation in the Policy Agenda
Defining Citizen Participation
State of the Art: Citizen Participation Approaches
Scaling up the Approaches to Citizen Participation
Co-Design, Co-Decide, Co-Produce, and Co-Evaluate
State of Art: Rationales to Citizen Participation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Citizen Satisfaction with E-Government Services in Malaysia
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Citizen Satisfaction with E-Government Services
Conclusion
References
Citizen Satisfaction with Government Services in Japan
Synonyms
Definition
Summary
Introduction: Citizen Satisfaction as an Index of Citizen Needs
Gap Between Subjective and Objective Measurements
Nonlinear Effects of Performance to Satisfaction
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Citizen-Administration Relationships
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Traditional Model
Consumerist model
Participatory model
Conclusion
References
City Management: Public Policies and Citizenship from an Older People Population Perspective
Synonyms
Concept
Introduction
Aging and Citizenship
Public Policy and Active Aging
Cities for All
Sustainable Development and Active Aging
Final Considerations
Cross-References
References
Civil Dialogue
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Forms and Standards for Civil Dialogue
Examples of Projects Related to Civil Dialogue
Poland: ``A Dialogue Platform `Cracow is Talking´´´
Sweden: ``Citizens´ Panel in the Municipality of Gnosjö´´
Sweden: Civic Councils in the Municipality of Hudiksvall
Germany: Civil Dialogue for the Sake of Social Inclusion of the Elderly
France: A Participatory Budget in the Town of Grigny
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Civil Rights
Synonyms
Introduction
Civil Rights Defined
Civil Rights and Public Education
Waiting for Superman Documentary Critics
The Issue of Charter Schools as a Civil Rights Movement
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Civil Rights in Other Countries
Synonyms/Acronyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Framework and Literature
The Role of Government in Securing Civil Rights
Africa
Angola
India
Russia
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Civil Service Development in Kazakhstan
Synonyms
Introduction
Civil Service Regulation 1995-Present
Present Civil Service Model
Civil Service in Numbers
The Agency on Civil Service Affairs and Anti-Corruption
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Civil Service Law and Public Personnel Management
Synonyms
Introduction
Major Civil Service Laws and Regulations
Constitutional Law and Civil Service
Civil Service Reform
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Civil Service Models in Latin America
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Civil Service Models from an Historical Perspective
Characteristics and Changes of Civil Service Models
Evaluation of the Civil Service Models in Latin America
Conclusion
References
Civil Service Reform and Ethics
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Definition of Governance and Ethics
The Traditional Link Between Government, Personnel Administration, and Ethics
Why Countries Started to Deviate from the Traditional Government Models
The Nature of Change and the Implications for the National Civil Services
Toward the End of Bureaucracy, Bureaucracy-Lite, or the Return to Leviathan?
The Psychologization of HRM
The Destandardization and Individualization of HRM
The Destandardization of Remuneration and Fairness Perceptions
The Destandardization of Recruitment Policies and Fairness
The Effects of Change
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Civil Service Reforms and Governance Challenges in Nigeria
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Role of Civil Servants
Functions of Political Leaders in the Ministries
Functions of Administrative Leaders in the Ministries
Historical Overview of Civil Service in Nigeria
Nigerian Public Bureaucracy Under the British Rule
Nigerian Public Bureaucracy from 1960 to 1966
Nigerian Civil Service (1966-1979)
Civil Service During the Second Republic (1979-1983)
Civil Service (1983-1999)
Civil Service Reform or Governance Reform in the Fourth Republic
Federal Character and Politicization of the Civil Service
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Civil Society in Post-Soviet Countries
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Government Crowding Out Effects and Russian Civil Society
The Soviet Legacy, the Role of Government, and Informal Social Networks
Two Sides of Russian Social Networks
Utility Perception of Social Networks and Formal NGOs
New Trends
Conclusion and Discussion
Depersonalized Bureaucracy of NGOs and Unclear Motives
Cross-References
References
Civil Society Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Social Contexts to Capture the CSOs
Shift of Values and Roles of the CSOs
Public Support and Partnerships
A Size and Dimensions of the CSO Sector
Recent Trends: Social Enterprise and ICT Usage
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Civil Society Organizations in Municipal Development Strategies
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
CSOs and Strategic Planning Process
Strategic Planning in Local Government Setting
Participation of CSOs in Strategic Planning at Municipal Level
CSOs in the FBiH and Their Participation in the Strategic Planning Processes
CSO´s Relevance in the Strategy Formulation Process: The Model
Model Measures
Organizational Context (F1)
Proficiency (F2)
Relevance (F3)
Model Testing
Measurement and Structural Model
Interpretation of the Model Testing Results
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Civilian Bureaucracy and In-basket Technique
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Features of In-Basket Technique
The Exercise of In-Basket
Question





Conclusion
References
Climate Change in the Caribbean
Synonyms
Introduction
About Climate Change
The Caribbean and Climate Conferences
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
General Characteristics of the Caribbean
Adapting to Climate Change
Conclusion
References
Climate Change, Agricultural Productivity, and Farmers´ Response in India´s North-East
Synonyms
Introduction
Changes in Agroclimatic Condition of Assam
Spatio-temporal Variation in Composite Agricultural Productivity
Land Use Pattern and Area of Operational Holdings in the Sample Village
Cropping Pattern in the Sample Villages
Measures Adopted to Mitigate Climate Risk in the Study Area
Adaptability of Farmers in Response to Climate Change
Concluding Remarks
References
Coastal Zone Hazards Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Coastal Zone Hazards
Case Study: Louisiana
Federal Coastal Programs
Example of Mitigation Projects
Caernarvon Freshwater Diversion Project
Canaveral National Seashore Restoration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Code of Ethics
Synonyms
Distinctions in Public Administration Codes of Ethics
Development of Codes of Ethics in USA
Development of a Universal Code of Ethics for Government Administrators
Nature and Content of Codes of Ethics in Professional Associations
Implementation and Enforcement
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Collaboration and the Environment
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Collaboration as a Governance Strategy
Government Versus Governance
Collaborate to Deliver Services and Increase Public Value
Collaborate or Go It Alone?
Bureaucracy Is a Good Idea When
Collaboration May Be a Good Idea When
Influence of Environment on Strategic Choice
The Collaborative Challenge
Conclusion and Lessons for Practice
Cross-References
References
Collaborative Community Development
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Urban Planning and Community Development
Birth of the Concept in American Inner Cities
Scholarly Evolution of the Concept
Collaborative Community Development and Global South
Summary
Cross-References
References
Collaborative Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Understanding Collaborative Governance
Limitations of Collaborative Governance
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Collaborative Governance in Broward County with the Grantee as the Critical Variable
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Grantee and Health Services
Modeling Grantee Roles
Model I
Model II
Reflecting on the Grantee´s Impact
Cross-References
References
Collaborative Governance Without Hierarchy: The Case of South Dallas Project
Synonyms
Introduction
Collaborative Governance Framework
South Dallas Project
The SDP Collaborative Governance Model
Conclusions and Implications
Cross-References
References
Collaborative Networks as Public Administration Instruments
Collaborative Networks Definition
Introduction
Types of Interorganizational Networks
Policy Networks
Governance Networks
Collaborative Networks
Benefits of Collaborative Networks to Public Administrators
Using Collaborative Networks as Public Administration Instruments
Statewide Health-Focused Collaborative Networks: Accountable Communities of Health (ACHs)
Conclusion
References
Collaborative Public Management (CPM)
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Context and Factors Promoting CPM
Characteristics of CPM
Network
Challenges of CPM
Conclusion
References
Collective Action in Social Entrepreneurial Ventures
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Concept of Collective Action
Resource Acquisition
Co-creation
Social Entrepreneurial Ventures in Uganda
Applying a Complex Adaptive Systems Lens to Collective Action
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Collective Authenticity: A Case for Subordinates
Synonyms
Introduction
Authenticity and Culture
Authenticity and Attitudes
Authenticity and Its Measurement
Conclusions and Theoretical Implications
Cross-References
References
Collective Dimensions of Leadership
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Why a Collective Leadership Perspective Today?
Exploring the Collective Dimensions of Leadership
Collaborative Governance and Collective Leadership
Implications and Conclusion
Cross-References
References
General Leadership References
Public Administration References
Collectivistic Versus Individualistic Work Culture: A Theoretical Perspective
Synonyms
Introduction
Individualistic Versus Collectivistic Work Culture
Collective Versus Individualistic Work Culture and Knowledge Transfer (Work Experience Sharing)
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Colonial Administration in Nigeria
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Objectives and Strategies of Colonialism in Nigeria
British Administration in Nigeria and Reactions Towards It
Impact and Legacies of Colonial Administration in Nigeria
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Colonial Administration in the English-Speaking Caribbean
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Understanding Colonial Administration
Conclusion
References
Colonial Legacy in Development Administration
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Colonial Legacy and the Idea of Development Administration
Characteristics of Development Administration
Challenges of Colonial Legacies in Development Administration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Combining the Contingent Valuation Method with Citizen Advisory Committees
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
CVM´s Analytical Framework and Public Decision-Making in a Multilevel Regime
The Tenuousness of Citizens´ Place and Role Distorts the Traditional CVM Framework
The Characteristic Features of Citizen Advisory Committees
CACs´ Ability to Involve Themselves in the Various Stages of the CVM Valuation Process
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Communication in Public Administration and Governance, Trinidad and Tobago
Synonyms
Introduction: Understanding the Role of Communication
Definition
Defining Governance and Communication
Strategic Communication for Good Governance
Global Governance
Global Governance and Communication Models
Governance in the English-Speaking Caribbean
Governance Model(s) in the English-Speaking Caribbean
Communication and Governance Best Practices
Politics and Governance in Trinidad and Tobago
Governance Structure
Governance and Communication in Trinidad and Tobago
Government as Communicator
Corporate Governance
Civil Society
The Press
Summary and Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Communication Management of COVID-19 in Nigeria
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Origins
COVID-19, Nigeria Experience and Crisis Management
COVID-19, Government Palliative and Communication in Nigeria
COVID-19, Media and Ethics in Nigeria
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Communication Within the Nonprofit
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Two Theoretical Paradigms
References for Nonprofit Communication: Social Capital and Civil Society
The Politicization and Commercialization of Nonprofit Communication
Role Tensions as Communication Challenges
Passive and Active Members
Employees and Volunteers
Leaders and Followers
Experts and Laymen
Professionalizing Nonprofit Communication?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Community Crisis Management: The Case of Broward County´s HIV/AIDS Collaboration Without Hierarchy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Three-Actor Domains of HIV/AIDS Collaboration in Broward County
Domain I: Service Providers
Domain II: Non-elected Community Leaders
Domain III: Target Populations
The Council as Avenue for Collaboration
The Difference Collaboration Makes
References
Community Resettlement
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Community Resettlement in the United States
International Examples
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Community Resilience and Crisis Management
Definitions
Introduction
Social Capital
Social Vulnerability
Social Vulnerability and Differential Disaster Experience
Community Resilience
Resilience and Social Capital
Resilience, Social Capital, and Adaptive Capacity
Resilience, Social Capital, Adaptive Capacity, and Networks
Networks, Social Capital, and Access to Power Systems in the Disaster Context
Social Capital and Increased Disaster Resilience
Therapeutic or Altruistic Community
Grassroots Citizen and Community-Based Organization (CBOs) Participation
Inclusion and Social Capital
Conclusion
Appendices
Appendix A
Appendix B
References
Community-Based Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Utility of Community-Based Organizations
Models of Community-Based Organizations
Independent Organizations
Networks
Public-Private Partnerships
Regional Initiatives
Foundations
Faith-Based Community Organizations
Conclusion
References
Company Structure and Legal Implications
Synonyms
Introduction
Key Parameters
Control
Tax Effects
Legal Liability
Ability to Raise Capital
Continuity of Existence
Required Filings
Entity Structure
Sole Proprietorship
Partnerships
General Partnership
Limited Liability Partnership
Limited Partnership
Issues Common to All Partnership Types
Limited Liability Corporation (LLC)
Corporation
Tax-Exempt Entities
Related Issues
Jurisdiction
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Administrative Culture
Synonyms
Definitions
Description
Cross-References
References
Comparative Administrative Cultures Between Developed and Developing Countries
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Comparative Administrative Cultures
Developed Countries
Developing Countries
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Administrative Reforms
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Sources of Change
The Difference Between Administrative Reforms and Civil Service Reforms
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Administrative Reforms: Nigeria, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Brazil
Synonyms
Definitions
Comparative Public Administration
Public Service Reform
Introduction
Methodology and Approach
Theoretical Framework
Underpinning Theory
A Comparative Review of Public Service Reforms in Malaysia, the Philippines, Brazil, and Nigeria
The Malaysian Experience
Structural Adjustment
Improved Productivity and Delivery of Services
Making the Most of Staff
A New Public Service Code of Conduct
The Philippine´s Experience
Nurturing Public Service Ethics
Inculcating Bureaucratic Excellence
Empowering the Employees
The Brazil Experience
Transparency
E-Governance
Network Governance
The Nigerian Experience
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative and Development Public Administration and Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Theory Behind Responsive Regulation
The Case for Responsive Regulation in the Securities Industry
An Illustration: Application to the Securities Industry
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Approaches to Private, Voluntary Development Aid
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Labeling and Describing Small, Private, Voluntary Development Aid
Why Small, Private, Voluntary Development Aid?
Small, Private, Voluntary Development NGOs
Conclusion
References
Comparative Capacity Development
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Background Concept
Directions of Research
Operationalizing and Measuring State Capacity
State Capacity Vis-à-Vis Policy Implementation Framework
State Capacity and Democratization
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Civil Service
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Framework of Analysis
Weberian State Hypothesis
Prismatic-Sala Model
Methodology
Research Approach
Research Design
Source of Data
Findings
Civil Service in the Three Countries
Civil Service in Ghana
Civil Service in Gabon
Civil Service in Zimbabwe
Recruitment Based on Meritocracy in the Civil Service of the Gabon, Ghana, and Zimbabwe
Similarities/Variations in Meritocratic Recruitment: Gabon, Ghana, and Zimbabwe
Nature of Government
Economic Factors
Cultural Values of Society
Conclusion
References
Comparative Civil Service Reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Perspectives on Civil Service Reform
Civil Service Reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa
Reducing the Size of the Civil Service
Enhancing Civil Service Pay
Enhancing Civil Service Capacity and Performance
Improving Ethics and Accountability
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Concepts of Technology for Strategic Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Concepts of Technology
Economic Concept of Technology
The Pythagorean Concept of Technology
The Systems Concept of Technology
A Systemic-Purposeful Conception of Technology
Conclusion and Managerial Implications
Cross-References
References
Comparative Conservation Studies: A ``Bottom-Up´´ Collaborative Governance
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Conceptual Overview
Social Capital and Natural Resource Development
Methods
Study Context
Results and Discussion
Proposals Writing to be Given a Sanctuary Status
Continuous Lobbying at Local Level
Anchoring Collaboration Towards Effective Wildlife Governance
Personal Commitment
Appropriate Steps to Domesticate the Wildlife
Public Education and Sensitization
Championing Conservation Efforts: A Challenging Yet Worthwhile Activity
Conclusions and Policy Implications
Cross-References
References
Comparative Critical Decisions in Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Typologies of Crisis and Risks for Applying Critical Decisions
Crisis Management and Types of Critical Decisions
Responsive Critical Decision
Proactive Critical Decision
Recovery Critical Decision
Structure of Decision-Making and Strategies for Critical Decisions
Improvisation for Critical Decisions
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Comparative Decentralization Policy Trajectories in Egypt and Tunisia
Synonyms
Introduction
Decentralization as Policy Sequencing
The Central Government´s Decentralization Path
The Subnational Government´s Decentralization Path
Other Paths to Decentralization
Tracing the Sequential Path of Decentralization in Egypt
The Sequential Path to Decentralization in Tunisia
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Digitalization
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
State of Art
Defining E-disclosure Attitude
A Comparative Study of E-disclosure Attitude in Italy and Spain
Findings
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Efficiency Studies
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Measuring Efficiency: Methodologies
Data Envelopment Analysis
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Evaluation Systems
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Rating Systems for Individuals
Rating System for Organizations
Rating System for Countries
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Federalism and Law
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Federalism and the Comparative Method
Methodological Challenges: Small N
Methodological Challenges: Great Variety
Case Studies
Federalism as a Dependent Variable
Origins
Success and Failure
Evolution and Erosion
Courts and the Constitution
Federalism and Constitutionalism
The Judicial Safeguards of Federalism?
Governing Federal Systems
Fiscal Federalism
Intergovernmental Relations
Reform
Federalism as an Independent Variable
Federalism as Hindrance?
Federalism as Facilitator
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Fiscal Policies
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Main Features of Fiscal Policies
Comparative Fiscal Policies among Different Levels of Government
Comparative Studies as a Technique for Fiscal Policy
Comparative Fiscal Policy: The Perspective of International Governance
Conclusion
References
Comparative Health Policies
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Health Policy
Policy Definition
Definition of Health
Importance of the Health Sector
Health Systems
Health System Components
Health Policy Issues
Comparative Health Policy
Purposes
Comparative Study Forms
Comparative Methods
Challenges
Findings
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Healthcare Systems
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Health Systems
Health Definition
Health System Dimensions
Levels of Health Systems
Health System Types
Development of Health Systems
Health System Components
Health System Importance
Comparing Health Systems
Purposes
Levels of Comparison
Variables for Comparison
Comparative Methods and Study Forms
Challenges
Findings
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Historical Analysis, A Methodological Perspective
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Distinctive Features of Comparative Historical Analysis
How Comparative Historical Analysis Is Undertaken
The Relevance of Comparative Historical Analysis
Conclusion
References
Comparative Hypotheses for Technology Analysis
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Multiple Working Hypotheses for Technological Analyses
Traditional Multiple Working Hypotheses for Technology Analysis
Hypothesis of Demand for Technology
Induced-Innovation Hypothesis
Learning by Doing Hypothesis
Learning Via Diffusion Hypothesis of Technology
Disadvantage of Beginning Hypothesis of Technology
Specialization Via Scale Hypothesis of Technology
Path Dependence Hypothesis of Technology
Hypothesis of the Competitive Substitution of Technology
Predator-Prey Hypothesis
New Multiple Working Hypotheses for Technology Analysis
Hypothesis of Killer Technologies
Hypothesis of Technological Parasitism
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Incentive Systems
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Comparative Incentive Systems: Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Incentives
Relations between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Incentives and Management Implications
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Information Management in Australia and Vietnam: The Case of Gov 2.0
Introduction
Unified IGIM Framework in the Context of Gov 2.0
Comparative IG and IM in Australia and Vietnam
Consideration of Policies Constructs
Consideration of Technology Constructs
Consideration of People Constructs
Consideration of IM Processes and Practices Constructs
Consideration of Information Quality Constructs
Conclusion
References
Comparative Institutional Changes
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Comparative Theories of Institutional Change
Designed-Based Theories of Institutional Change
Evolutionary Theories of Institutional Change
Theories of the Equilibrium View of Institutions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Institutions and Organizations: United States and Brazil
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Formal Regional Institutions in the US Context
Councils of Government
Regional Planning Agencies
Metropolitan Planning Organizations
Formal Regional Institutions in the Brazilian Context
Metropolitan Coordination
Regional Planning Agencies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Models of Inquiry
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Development of the Methods of Scientific Inquiry in the Philosophy of Science
General Models of Inquiry
Specific Methods of Inquiry in Social Sciences
Experimental Method
Counterfactual Methods
Multiple Working Hypotheses
Game Theory
Multi-agent Programmable Modeling Environment
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Performance Systems
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Common Features of Performance Management Systems
Alignment with Purpose Statement
Policy on Performance Management
Setting of Standards
Performance Appraisal
The Evolution
Contextual Issues
Skills Base
Strengths of Unions
Leadership
Technology Uptake
Common Problems in Performance Management Systems
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Performance Systems: An Assessment
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Comparative Performance Systems: An Assessment
Designing Comparative Performance Systems and Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Comparative Policy Implementation Research
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Evolution of Policy Implementation Research
Problems and Challenges of Policy Implementation Research
Conclusion
References
Comparative Policy Reforms
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Comparative Reforms to Date
An Alternative Approach
Underpinning Concepts: Quality of Life and Peer-to-Peer Learning
Case Studies in Improving Quality of Life
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Comparative Political Elites
Synonyms
Definition
Section
Introduction
What Are Political Elites?
How to Study Political Elites?
Political Elites in Latin America
Conclusion and Future Agenda
Acknowledgment
References
Comparative Presidential Systems, Latin America
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Origin
Institutional Traits
Constitutional Powers
Legislative Initiative
Veto Power
Capacity to Legislate by Decree
Emergency Powers
Agenda Setting
Nonlegislative Powers
Partisan Powers
Conclusions
References
Comparative Public Administration and Globalization
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Understanding Globalism
Contrasting Views of Globalization
Global Structures and Actions
Comparative Public Administration
Development Administration Stimulated by Globalization
Conclusion
References
Comparative Public Governance and Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: The Problem of Comparing Public Governance and Management
Perspectives on Comparative Public Governance and Management: Problems and Paths to Solutions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Public Management Systems
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Systems in Comparative Public Management
Comparative Analysis by Means of Review of Literature
Background
Categories and Types of Public-Private Partnership
The Review Process
PPP Use for Public Works
PPP Use by Country
Discussion/Summary
Further Research
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Public Performance Management Systems
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Performance Measurement to Management
Challenges of Performance Management
Importance of Performance Management
Scientific Management
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Total Quality Management
New Public Management
Logic Models
Balanced Scorecard
Lean Six Sigma
Governance Era
Good Governance
New Public Governance
Conclusion
References
Comparative Public Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining the Field: Uniqueness and Similarities
Contested Identities and Major Trends in Research
Challenges and Opportunities in Future Development
Conclusion
References
Comparative Public Sector Accounting Standards
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Users and Their Information Needs
Comparative Public Sector Accounting
The Percentage of Satisfaction of the User Needs by IPSAS 17
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Standards of Administration: Auditing
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
History of the Office of the Auditor-General in South Africa
The Role of the Auditor-General in South Africa
Public Sector Auditing
Internal Auditing in the Public Sector
Risk Management
Responsibilities of Internal Audit in Risk Management Include
Control
Governance
The Significance of Internal Auditing in the Public Sector
Comparative Role of Internal and External Auditing in the Public Sector
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Studies
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Why Comparative Studies Are Important in Scientific Research
Levels of Analysis in Comparative Studies
Typologies of Comparative Studies
Techniques for Comparative Studies
Case Study Method
Focused Comparisons
Statistical Analysis
An Application of Comparative Study
Conclusion: Advantages and Risks of Comparative Studies
Cross-References
References
Comparative Studies of Rural Women Employment
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Women Employment
Comparative Global View
Dimensions of Women Employment
Economic
Geographical
Sectorial
Agriculture and Allied Fields
Industry and Services Sectors
Striving for Better Future Women Employment
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Theories and Causes of War
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Traditional Theories of the Causes of War
Theory of No Economic Advantage from Wars
Theory of War Based on Historical Causes
Theory of Natural Human Combativeness
Theory of Biological and Sociological Necessities to Protect Nations from Decline
Theory of Psychological Diversity Between Populations
Theory of the Demographic Causes of War
Modern Theories of the Reasons for Wars
Theories of the Failure in Bargaining
Theory of the Democratic Peace
Theory of Endogenous Power
Theory of the Global Leadership of Superpower
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Theories of the Evolution of Technology
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theories of the Evolution of Technologies Based on Competition Between New and Established Technologies
The Viewpoint of Technological Substitution and Competition Between Technologies
Model of Fisher and Pry
Predator-Prey Approach
New Theories of the Evolution of Technologies based on Multimode Interactions
The Viewpoint by Utterback and Other Scholars
Theory of Technological Parasitism and Virus Technologies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comparative Urban Development
Synonyms
Introduction
Signifying Comparison
Defining the Urban
Sources of Urban Growth
Comparative Perspectives
Conclusion
References
Comparative World-Systems Theories
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
World-Systems Theory
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Competence in Bureaucracy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Neutral Competence
Responsive Competence
Conclusion: Contextual Considerations for Bureaucratic Competence
Cross-References
References
Competency-Based Management in Public Administration
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Competency
Competency Development in Public Sector
The Separate Public Sector Fora
Competencies and Public Sector Reforms
Competency-Based Management in the Public Administration
Development of the Competency Model
Competencies and the Recruitment of the Civil Servants
Competencies and the Performance Appraisal of the Civil Servants
Challenges
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Competition and Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Reluctance to Recognize Competitive Environment
Structure of Competition
Controversies Arising from Competition by Nonprofits
Advantages Arising from Tax-Exempt Status and Other Conditions
Acquisition of Influence Through Lobbying and Government Regulation
Discrediting Competitors
Applying Disincentives for Clients to Cooperate with Competitors
The Alternatives of Competition and Cooperation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Competitive Acquisition Processes
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Competition in Public Contracting
Types of Competition in Acquisition
Restriction of Competition
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Competitive Sourcing
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Why Does Competition Matter?
How Much Competition Is Enough?
How Competitive Are Government Markets?
Managing Competitive Sourcing and Markets
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Complex Interaction of Administration and Law
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Law as the Basis of Public Administrator´s Actions
The Legislature
Legislative Action as the Basis of Administrative Power
Legislative Accountability Checks
The Executive Branch
Executive Action as the Basis of Administration
Executive Branch Accountability Checks
The Judiciary
Judicial Action as the Basis for Public Administration; Judicial Methods of Accountability Checks
Conclusion
References
Complexity and Governance
Definition
Introduction
State of Art and Future Perspectives
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Complexity Behavior in Financial Cooperatives
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Components of Complexity Behavior
Complexity Behavior as a Cooperative Technique
Challenges of Managing Complexity Situations in Financial Cooperatives
Recommendations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Compliance Theory of Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Types of Power
Types of Involvement
Compliance Relationships
Power Specialization
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Compliance Versus Ethical Capacity
Synonyms
Introduction
Ethics in Public Service
Compliance-Based Approaches to Ethics in the Public Sector
Ethical Capacity Building in the Public Sector
Contrasts and Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Comprehensive Model of Decision-Making
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is a Comprehensive Decision-Making Model?
Difficulties of the Comprehensive Decision-Making
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Compromise
Synonyms
Definition
Conceptualization
Types and Reasons
Ethics of Compromise
Compromises in Governance
Compromise and Political Theory
Compromise in Current Conditions
Cross-References
References
Concept and Experience of Decentralization in Latin America
Definition
Introduction
Decentralization from a Political Perspective
Decentralization: An Economic Perspective
Decentralization as Political-Administrative Reform
Decentralization in Latin America
Final Remarks
Acknowledgment
References
Conceptual Perspective in the Making of Indigenous Policy in Latin America
Synonyms
Definition
Section
Introduction
Some Reflections on the Formulation of Indigenous Policy
Prevailing Paradigms and Approaches in Formulating Indigenous Public Policy
Multiculturalism and the Rise of ``Development´´ and ``Rights´´ Approaches
Interculturalism and the Rise of the ``Political´´ Approach
Main Lessons Learned from the Latin American and Chilean Case
Conclusions
References
Conflict Dynamics
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Dynamics Between Actors
Description
Methods for Analysis
Comparison to Other Conceptions of Dynamics
Dynamics Across Stages
Description
Methods for Analysis
Dynamics Across Levels
Description
Methods for Analysis
Comparison to Other Conceptions of Dynamics
Analysis and Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Conflicts and Stress Management
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Conflicts at Workplace
Work-Related Stress
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Conflicts of Interest in the Public Sector
Synonyms
Introduction
Defining Conflict of Interest
Policy Responses
The Issue of Policy Evaluation
Conclusion
References
Consolidated Accounts
Synonyms/Related Words
Definition
Consolidated Accounts: Introduction
The Growing Importance of CFS in the Public Sector
International Standards on Consolidation
Methods of Consolidation
The Determination of the Area of Consolidation
Structure of Consolidated Financial Statement
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Constitution of the Russian Federation, The
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Constitutional Federalism and Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Perspectives (and Problems?) of Public Administration
Shifts of Federalism Perspectives
Interpretation and the Debate over Control
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Constitutional Federalism and Public Administration, Russia
Synonyms
Introduction: Historical Background
Constitutional Layout of Russian Federalism
Sovereignty Issue in the Russian Federation
Means of Distribution of Powers Between Orders of Government
Federalism and the Federal Executive
The Role of Constituent Units of the Russian Federation in Public Administration
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Constitutional Intersection of Civil Liberty and Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Balancing Liberty and Administrative Values
Frameworks for Judging the Constitutionality of Public Administrative Action
Freedom of Speech and Expression
Equal Protection Under Law
Procedural Due Process
Taking Private Property for Public Use
Freedom from Unreasonable Searches and Seizures
Free Exercise of Religion and Freedom from Establishment of Religion
The Right to Keep and Bear Arms
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Enforcing Constitutional Rights Against Public Administrators
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Constitutional Law and Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Constitutional Law and Public Administration
Public Administration and Separation of Powers
The Problem of Ensuring Due Process
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Constitutional Law and Public Administration, Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Constitution of the Russian Federation and Public Administration
Federal Constitutional Laws and Other Federal Laws
``Administrative-Constitutional´´ Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation
Regional Legislation and By-Laws
Local Constitutional-Like Regulation of Public Administration Issues
Decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and Public Administration
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Constitutional Protection of Human Rights in Nusantara Countries
Introduction
Human Rights in the Constitution of Indonesia
Human Rights in the Constitution of Malaysia
Conclusion
References
Constitutional Reform in the English-Speaking Caribbean
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining constitutional reform: brief overview
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Constitutional Rights of Public Employees
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Employees´ Constitutional Rights: Scope and Limits
Freedom of Speech and Assembly and the Right to Petition for Redress of Grievances
Substantive and Procedural Due Process of Law
Equal Protection
Privacy
Free Exercise of Religion/Freedom from Establishment of Religion
Public Contractors
Enforcement of Constitutional Rights
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Construct Validity in Public Policy Research
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Concepts, Constructs, and Variables
Construct Reliability and Validity
Threats to Construct Validity
Construct Displacement
The Identity-Equivalence Problem
Conceptual Stretching
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Constructivist Theories of Leadership
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Leadership Theory
Development of Leaders
A Look to Future Research
Conclusion
References
Consultants and Place-Based Policy
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Neoliberalism - Wicked Problems for Public Administration and the Rise of Consultants
Place-Based Policy
Consultants and Place-Based Policy
Critiques of Consultants Use in Place-Based Policy Development
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Consumer Protection and Market Regulations in Solomon Islands and Fiji, Comparative Analysis
Synonyms
Brief Definitions
Introduction
Background of the Consumer Protection Institutions in Solomon Islands and Fiji
Recommendations and Conclusion
References
Consumer-Based Brand Equity Among Beverage Manufacturing Firms in Sub-Saharan Africa
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Building a Consumer-Based Brand: The Success Story of JESA Dairy Ltd.
Discussion and Implications
Ontological Variants of Consumer-Based Brand Equity Among Beverage Manufacturing Firms in sub-Saharan Africa
Brand Loyalty
Brand Perceived Performance
Brand Awareness
Brand Preference
Brand Attitude
Relationship Patterns and Antecedents of Consumer-Based Brand Equity as Derived from the JESA Story
Social-Environmental Analysis Actions
Error Management Actions
Transformation of Rules
Bonding
Discussion and Establishing Relationships
Social-Environmental Analysis Actions, Transformation of Rules, Bonding, and Consumer-Based Brand Equity
Error Management Actions, Transformation of Rules, Bonding, and Consumer-Based Brand Equity
Conclusions
Conclusion and Implications
Conclusions
Policy Implications
Theoretical Implication
References
Contemporary Civil Service Reforms in Japan
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Corruptions, Amakudari, and the Ethics Act
Consensus Building and the Basic Act of 2008
The Cabinet Bureau of Personnel Affairs and Abe Administration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Contextualizing Indigenous Entrepreneurship in the United Arab Emirates
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Indigenous Population and Indigenous Contextual Factors
Demographic Trends
Globalization
Economic
Political
Socio-Cultural Norms
Indigenous National Leadership Vision
Indigenous Entrepreneurship: Policy and Outcomes
Towards an Integrative Dynamic Framework of Indigenous Entrepreneurship
The Case of UAE
Indigenous Context of UAE
Demographic
Globalization
Economic
Political
Socio-Cultural Norms
Indigenous National Leadership Vision in UAE
UAE Policy and Programs towards Indigenous Entrepreneurship
Outcomes
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Contingency Model of Reforms in Public Sector Accounting
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Origins of the Contingency Theory
Adapting the Contingency Approach to Governmental Accounting Reforms
The (First) Contingency Model of Governmental Accounting Innovations
The Revised Contingency Model
The Financial Management Reform Process Model
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Contingency Theory of Leadership
Synonyms
Introduction: Contingency Theory
The Public Management Approach
A Contingency Model of Public Leadership
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Contingency Theory of Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Decision-Making and Other General Applications in Organizational Life
Critics of Contingency Theory
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Contract Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Proactive Contract Administration
Post-Award Meeting
Determining Acceptance
Quality Assurance (QA) and Contract Monitoring
Contract Surveillance
Contract Closeout
Payment
Reactive Contract Administration
Modifications
Delays
Contract Interpretation
Dispute Resolution
Termination of the Contract
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Contract Administration Problems
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Contract Administration Problems and Their Causes
Resolution of Contract Administration Problems
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Contract Design
Introduction
Contract Design
Next Steps
Cross-References
References
Contract Management Capacity
Synonyms
Definitions
Contract Management Capacity: The Case of the UK Public Services
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Contract Management: Perspectives of Bureaucrats and Contractors in Hong Kong
Synonyms
Introduction
Background
Five Key Attributes of Effective Contract Management
Data Collection
Results
Conception 1 by Bureaucrats
Human Resources
Communication
Information Transparency
Monitoring System
Compliance with Requirements
Conception 2 by Contractors
Human Resources
Communication
Information Transparency
Monitoring System
Compliance with Requirements
Conception 3 by Both Bureaucrats and Contractors
Human Resources
Communication
Information Transparency
Monitoring System
Compliance with Requirement
Discussion and Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
Appendix
References
Contract Monitoring
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Outsourcing Public Services
The Need for Contract Management
The Importance of Contract Monitoring
The What and How of Contract Monitoring
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Contracting with Government
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Rational of Government-Nonprofit Contracting
Scope of Government-Nonprofit Contracting
Factors Predicting Nonprofit Receipt of Government Funding
Challenges of the Government Contracting on Nonprofit Operations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Contractual Misincentives in the Outsourcing of Information Technology: A Principal-Agent Approach
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Incomplete Information Scenario
The Agent
The Principal
Contract Performance
Asymmetric Information Scenario
Contract Performance
Numerical Example
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Control of Social Spending, Russia
Synonyms
Control of Social Spending Concept
Managing Social Spending and Its Structure in Russia
Control as the Efficiency and Effectiveness Management
Cross-References
References
Convergence of Mainstream Public Finance and Islamic Finance in Public-Private Partnerships
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Convergence of Public Finance and Islamic Finance
Conclusions
References
Coopetition in the Public Sector
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Concept of Coopetition
Developing a Coopetition Segmentation Model
Segment 1: Low Level of Cooperation and Low Level of Competition
Segment 2: Low Level of Cooperation and High Level of Competition
Segment 3: High Level of Cooperation and Low Level of Competition
Segment 4: High Level of Cooperation and High Level of Competition
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Coordination and Collaboration in Crisis Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Tools for Coordination and Collaboration
Space and Coordination/Collaboration
Natural Space
Man-Made Space
Problems in Inter-organizational Coordination and Collaboration
Government Roles
North America
South America
Asia
Citizen Roles
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Coordination and Effective Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Concept of Coordination
Typologies of Coordination
Horizontal and Vertical
Procedural and Substantive
Importance
Techniques
Search for Coordination
Role of Coordination for Effective Governance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Coordination Between Municipalities in Crisis Management
Key Terms and Definitions
Introduction
Benefits and Challenges
Alternatives for Improving Coordination
Regional Approaches and Compacts
Professionalization and Doctrine
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Coordination Quality: Perceptions and Drivers Among Civil Servants
Introduction
Conceptual Clarification: Coordination
Theoretical Perspectives on Coordination
Context
Database
Coordination Quality Across Time and Coordination Dimensions
Variation in Coordination Quality: Structural and Cultural Features
Discussion
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Co-production
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Types of Coproduction
Who Is Coproducing?
Who Benefits?
At What Stage Does Coproduction Take Place?
Examples of Coproduction
Making Coproduction Work
Value for Money
Incorporation of Expertise from the People Who Use Services
Practical Skills
Social Capital
Limitations of the Coproduction Models
Coproductive Schemes Can Reinforce Rather than Build Social Capital
Coproduction May Clash with Existing Frameworks of Service Provision
Coproductive Schemes Need Secure Funding and Organizational Support
Coproduction Requires Support from and for Professional Staff
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Co-production and Governance
Synonyms
Definition
State of the Art: Problems of Governance with Co-production
Future Perspectives: Toward the Definition of a New Model of Governance
Actors
Power and Tasks
Structure and Relationships
Accountability
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Corporate Crisis Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Types of Crises
Crisis Management Phases
Pre-crisis Phase
Crisis Response Phase
Postcrisis Phase
Social Media and Corporate Crisis Communication
Leadership in Corporate Crisis Management
Implications for Organizational Policymakers in Crisis Management
Cross-References
References
Corporate Governance and Readability of Annual Reports
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Corporate Annual Report
Nonfinancial Elements of Annual Reports
Management´s Discussion and Analysis of Earnings
Auditor´s Report
Notes to the Accounts
Readability
Brief Description of Readability Formulae
Flesch Index (1948)
Fog Index (1952)
Lix Test (1968)
Dale-Chall (1948)
Kwolek (1973)
The Fry Graph (1977)
Importance of Readability in Corporate Governance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Corporate Governance and Sustainability
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Sustainability and Corporate Governance
Convergence in Corporate Governance Systems: The State of the Art
Emerging Issues: Sustainability and Convergence in Corporate Governance Systems
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Corporate Governance in Kazakhstan
Introduction
Regulatory Framework of CG Practices in KZ: Current Scenario
Recommendations for Future Reforms
Conclusion
References
Corporate Governance in the Local Public Services Sector: The Italian Case
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Municipal Corporatizations in the Italian Local Public Service Sector
Reasons for Public Utilities Aggregations
The Critical Role of Corporate Governance in the Italian Case
Evidence of Typical Corporate Governance Mechanisms in Significant Italian Mergers
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Developing Stock Exchange
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Corporate Governance Mechanisms
External Environment Mechanisms
Internal Mechanisms
Incentives to Managers
Control Mechanisms
Board of Directors
Internal Audit Mechanisms
Ownership Structure
Corporate Governance and Stock Exchange
Traditional Role of Stock Exchanges and Current State of Affairs
Recent Developments and Further Perspectives
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Corporate Intrapreneurship: An Overview
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Etymology and Origins of Intrapreneurship
Defining Entrepreneurship
Defining Intrapreneurship
Intrapreneurial Dimensions
Impediments and Drivers of Intrapreneurship
Value of Intrapreneurship
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Corporate Social Responsibility
Synonyms
Definition
The Role of CSR
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing Countries
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Benefits of CSR
CSR in Developing Countries
CSR Perceptions and Public Sector Employees
CSR Perceptions and Employees Work Behaviors
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Corporate Social Responsibility in Kazakhstan
Synonyms
Introduction
Theories of CSR
Models of CSR and Dimensions of Sustainability
Selected Studies of CSR in Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan´s Corporate Code of Governance and CSR Reporting Practices
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Corporate Social Responsibility in Public Services
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
CSR in Public Utilities Companies
The Social Information
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Corporative Social Responsibility Vs. Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Contextualization
Current Trends of the Relationship Corporative Social Responsibility Vs. Public Administration
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Corrupt Networks and the Land Grabbing Crisis in Uganda
Synonyms
Introduction
Precolonial Land Ownership and Distribution
Colonial Land Ownership and Distribution
Postindependence Land Ownership and Distribution
Constitutional Land Reforms Under the NRM Government
Corruption and Land Disputes
Corrupt Networks and Land Disputes in Uganda
How Investors, Politicians, Bureaucrats, and Security Officials Collude in Land Grabbing
Role of Brokers in Land Grabbing Networks
Role of Military Officials in Land Grabbing Networks
Conclusions and Recommendations
Cross-References
References
Corruption
Synonyms
Why Has the Focus on Corruption Increased? Why Is It of Such Concern?
Effects of Corruption
The Magnitude of the Problem
What Is Corruption?
Corruption Assessment
Combating Corruption and Its Causes
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Corruption and Development: Comparing Uganda and Singapore
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Why Compare Uganda and Singapore?
Corruption and Leadership
Avoiding Influence Peddling
Corruption and the Formation/Nurturing of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs)
Loss of Revenues
Corruption and Elections
Corruption and Health
Corruption and Environment
Corruption and Education
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Corruption and International Aid
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Explaining Corruption and International Aid
The Risk of Corruption in International Aid
Measuring Corruption
The Effects of Corruption on International Aid and Development
Fighting Corruption in International Development
Conclusion
References
Corruption in Post-Soviet Uzbekistan
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Corruption and Informal Governance in Uzbekistan: The Karimov Era
The Basic Social Fabric of Uzbek Society
Governance and Anticorruption Policies in the Post-Karimov Period
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Corruption in Public Administration: Stabbing the African State in the Back
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Conceptual Overview: Corruption as a Transaction
Conceptual Framework: Transactional Model of Corruption
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Supply Side of Corruption (Corrupter)
Case1: Theft Case Involving Four, One Freed Because of Bribe
Case 2: Notorious Armed Robbery Case
Demand Side of Corruption (Corruptee)
Pecuniary Gains
Pecuniary and Nonpecuniary Gains
The Connecting Factor/Intermediary or Facilitator
Intervening Elements
Perceived Corruptibility of Actors
Setting the Corruption Context: Outsmarting the System
``Dark Technical Advice´´ to Clients/Formidable Networks
Secrecy of the Process
Net Social Loss
Consciousness of Consequence
Mistrust in State Institutions, Institutional Degeneration, and Insecurity
Loss of State Resources: ``Throwing Away´´ or ``Failing to Recover´´
Throwing Away
Failing to Recover
Conclusions and Policy Implications
Cross-References
References
Corruption in South Sudan
Introduction
Theoretical Conceptual Framework
The Nature and Causes of Corruption in South Sudan
Legislation
Judicial System
Macroeconomic Policies
Financial Mismanagement
Corruption, Ignorance, and Poverty
Public Procurement
Public Services
Nepotism
Freedom of Speech and Press
Combating Corruption and Strengthening Whistle-Blowing
References
Corruption Management in Africa
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Corruption
Western System of Corruption Management
African System of Corruption Management
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Corruption, Brazil
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Scenario in Brazil: Perception and Experience Measurements
Brazilian Studies on Corruption
Administrative Data and the Focus on Electoral Rules
Case Studies and the Focus on Corruption Scandals
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Corruption, Iran
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Administration and Corruption
Iran and Corruption
Level of Corruption in Iran
Causes of Corruption in Iran
Administrative Causes
Socioeconomic Causes
Political Causes
Institutions in Charge of Fighting Corruption in Iran
Conclusion
References
Cost Accounting in Public Services
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Purposes
Financial Accounting Versus Cost Accounting
Cost Accounting Methods
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Cost Efficiency
Synonyms
Definitions
Cost Efficiency
Internal Controls
Job Motivation
Organizational Resources
Introduction
Literature Review and the Development of the Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
Agency Theory, Stewardship Theory, and Stakeholder Theory
Internal Controls and Cost Efficiency
Job Motivation Factors and Cost Efficiency
Stakeholder Participation and Cost Efficiency
Organizational Resources and Cost Efficiency
Development of the Conceptual/Theoretical Model
Assumptions
Conclusion
References
Costs of Ethics
Synonyms
Introduction
Dominant Western Ethical Views
Intersections of Ethics and Public Administration and Policy
Monetary Costs of Actively Pursuing Ethical Standards
Monetary Costs of Ethical Failures
Nonmonetary Costs of Unethical Behavior
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Counterterrorism and Community Resilience
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Background
Counterterrorism
Current Research Status
Paradigm in Literature
Counterterrorism Policies
Community Resilience
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
COVID-19 and Work from Home Arrangement in Hong Kong: Implications and Challenges
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Overview of Work from Home
Work from Home Amidst the COVID-19 in Hong Kong
Hong Kong in the Age of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Work from Home in Hong Kong During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
CPA and Global Governance
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
CPA and Global Governance
Challenges and Prospects of CPA for Global Governance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Creative Accounting
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Creative Accounting in the Business Sector
Creative Accounting in the Public Sector
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Credit Decision Rationality in the Money Lending Market
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Rationality: Its Conceptualization and Antecedents
Supply Assumptions
Free and Mobility of Information
Unregulated Money Lending Market
Existence of Cheaper Credit Alternatives from Both Mainstream Credit and Informal Sources
Equilibrium Position and Nature of the Market
Demand Assumptions
No Constraints to Qualification and Access to Credit Alternatives
Discussion
Financial Literacy and Financial Decision Rationality
Cognitive Ability and Financial Decision-Making Rationality
Credit Attitude and Credit Decision-Making Rationality
The Mediating Role of Cognitive Biases
Belief Perseverance Biases
Attention for Threat Bias
External Attributions Bias (EAB)
Subjective Cognition and Judgment Problems and Errors
Others Biases in Financial Decision-Making Rationality
The Biases Research Direction
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Criminal Networks
Synonyms
Definition
The Origin of the Concept of Criminal Network
Strengths and Weaknesses of a Network-Based Conceptualization of Crime
The Methodology of Network Analysis Applied to Criminal Activities
Final Remarks
Cross-References
References
Crisis Management and Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
State of Art of Crises and Governance Management
Future Perspectives
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Crisis Management Training
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Emergency Management
Examples of Good and Poor Crisis Management
What Is Crisis Management Training
Team Selection
Training Delivery
Crisis Messages
Delivering Media Messages
Information Management During a Crisis
Tiered Approach to Crisis Management Training
Maintaining Skills
The Crisis Management Plan
Media Relations
Recovery: Getting Back to Business
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Crisis, Emergency, Disaster, and Catastrophe Defined
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Terminology
Crisis
Emergency
Disaster
Catastrophe
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Critical Infrastructure and Crisis Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining Critical Infrastructure
Source of Definitions
Features of Critical Infrastructure
Public/Private Ownership Challenge
Types of Critical Infrastructure
Chemical
Commercial Facilities
Communications
Critical Manufacturing
Dams
Defense Industrial Base
Emergency Services
Energy
Financial Services
Food and Agriculture
Government Facilities
Healthcare and Public Health
Information Technology
Nuclear Reactors, Materials, and Waste
Transportation Systems
Water and Wastewater Systems
Place of Critical Infrastructure in Emergency Management
Critical Infrastructure and the Four Phases of Emergency Management
Mitigation
Preparedness
Response
Recovery
Resilience
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Critical Misunderstandings in the Nuclear Industry
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The UK´s Regulatory Framework of the Nuclear Industry
Government Departmental Control
Statutes and Standards
Regulatory Agencies
International Requirements
Discussion
Key Issues
Conclusion
References
Critical Theory of Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conditions for a Critical Theory of Organizations
Differentiation
Current Applications
References
Crowdfunding and Social Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Overview
History
Theoretical Development
A Successful Crowdfunding Campaign
Social Policy Implications
To Local Government
To Citizens
Strengths
Challenges
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
CSOs and Public Financial Management in Ghana
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Public Financial Management Process in Ghana
Methodology
Civil Society Organizations and Public Financial Management in Ghana
Participatory Planning
Participatory Budgeting
Budget Formulation
Budget Review and Analysis
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Cultural Approach to Crisis Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Culture
Culture and Emergency Management
Cultural Approach to Emergency Management
Conclusion
References
Cultural Competence in Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Background
Dimensions of Cultural Competence
Organizational Cultural Competence
Cultural Competence in Public Service
Cultural Competence in Disaster Response and Recovery
Cultural Competence Continuum
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Cultural Elements Impacting African Americans´ Access to Mental Health
Introduction
Research Method
Conceptual Structuring
Literature Search Strategy
The Systems Model and Ecological Perspective
Historical Context of Racism in Health Care
Spirituality
Results
Conclusion
References
Culture and Development
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Culture
Characteristics of Culture
Definition and Nature of Development
Culture and Social Sustainability
Culture and Economic Development
Culture and Political Development
Culture and the Realization of 2030 Development Agenda
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Culture and Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Manifestation of Culture
Symbolic
Behavioral
Subcultures
Impact of Culture
Assessing Culture
Culture and Change
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Curriculum Design for Leadership Education in UAE
Synonyms
Introduction
Theoretical Considerations
Contextual Considerations
The Leadership Program
Program Overview
Planning
Requirements
Course Model
Assessment and Lessons Learned
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Cybersecurity as Social Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Overview
Cyber-Warfare and Cybersecurity
Military and Civilian Warriors
Trends of Cyber-Warfare
Meaning of Cybersecurity
Individual Cybersecurity
Organizational Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity as Social Policy
US Cybersecurity Policies
Conclusion
References
Cyberspace and Crisis Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Key Characteristics of Cyberspace
Importance of Cyberspace
Threats and Vulnerabilities in Cyberspace
Crisis Management
Crisis Management in Cyberspace
Risk Mitigation
Building Resilience
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Cyber-tech Companies and Public Mind Control
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
A Few Examples of Cyber Public Mind Control
Big Data and Public Mind Control
Cyber-Companies´ Potential Scenarios to Influence the Public via the 5Vs of Public Data (Volume, Variety, Velocity, Veracity, ...
First Scenario: Taking Advantage of Public Data Volume
Second Scenario: Taking Advantage of Public Data Variety
Third Scenario: Taking Advantage of Public Data Velocity
Fourth Scenario: Taking Advantage of Public Data Veracity
Fifth Scenario: Taking Advantage of Public Data Value
Conclusion
References
D
Data-Driven Ethics Monitoring
Synonyms
Introduction
Organizational Ethics Monitoring
The Need for Better Tools
The Need for Better Understanding
Data-Driven Approaches to Ethics Monitoring
What Is Required for Effective Fault Diagnosis in Ethics Administration?
Missions, Processes, and Non-missions
Understanding Administrative Ethics
Monitoring Beyond Our Capacity?
More Efficient Means of Data-Driven Analysis?
Closing
Cross-References
References
Data-Driven Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Evolution of Data in Government
How Governments Use Data to Set and Report Goals
How Governments Use Data to Improve Program Performance
How Governments Use Data to Make Funding Decisions
The Future of Data-Driven Management
References
Debt Brake: The Swiss Experience
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Budget Deficits and Rising Debt
Political-Economic Background and Theoretical Foundation
Autonomy, Responsibility, and the Causes of Indebtedness
Impossibility of Insolvency and Continuation of State Activity
Fiscal Rules from a Political Economy Point of View
The Structure of a Fiscal Rule
The Swiss Debt Brake
Need for Action
The Swiss Debt Brake - Key Elements and How It Works
Art. 126 Financial Management
Does It Work? Empirical Findings
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Debt Capacity and Financial Sustainability in Central Government
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining Debt Capacity and Financial Sustainability
The Connection Between Governmental Debt and the Monetary Base
``Financialization´´ of Public Debt and ``The Bogeyman´´
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Debt Management and Municipal Bond Market, Korea
Synonyms
History of Local Debt Policy in Korea
Relevant Studies on Local Debt in Korea
Conclusion
References
Debureaucratization of Power in Nigeria
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Underpinning Theory
Structure and Features of the Power Sector Reform in Nigeria
The Post-reform Experience
Operators´ Capacity
Regulatory Environment
Political Considerations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Decentralization and Citizens´ Participation in Local Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Literature Review
Structure of Ghana´s Decentralization System
Theoretical Underpinning of the Study
Hypothesis Development
Decentralization and Participation
Transparency
Trust
Research Methodology
Sample and Data Collection
Measures
Results
Descriptive Statistics
Outer Model Testing (Measurement Model)
Inner Model Testing (Structural Model)
Discussion
Implications for Theory
Implications for Practice
Conclusion
Limitations and Future Research
Cross-References
References
Decentralization and Economic Growth in International Context
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Theoretical Discussions and Relevance of Decentralization
Decentralization Study: Summary and Overall Findings
Decentralization Process and Economic Growth - Evidence and Consequences
Discussion of Arguments for the Benefits of Decentralization
Discussion of Arguments Cautioning against Decentralization
Significance of the Research and Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Decentralization and Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conceptual Framework
Key Features
Importance
The Nexus Between Decentralization and Governance
Decentralized Governance Practices
Decentralized Governance Challenges
Aspects that Strengthen the Decentralization and Governance Measures
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Decentralization and Recentralization of Disaster Management in Turkey
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Decentralization Concept
Potential Benefits and Drawbacks of Decentralization
Central Governments May Delimit Decentralization
Introducing New Systems of Oversight
Mismatch Between Responsibilities and Funds
Low Levels of Central-Local Collaboration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Decentralization in Lebanon
Synonyms
Introduction
History of Lebanon´s Administrative Structures (1861-1977)
Contemporary Administrative Structures (1977-Present)
Problems with Lebanon´s Contemporary Administrative Structures
Central Control
Municipal Fragmentation
Revenue Generation
Revenue Transfer Dependency and Inequality
Decentralization Options
Decentralization Obstacles
Low Administrative Capacity
Elite Interests and Political Conflict
Conclusion
References
Decentralization in Local Government Empowerment of Bangladesh
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conceptual and Theoretical Underpinnings
Decentralization
Forms of Decentralization
A Sequential Theory of Decentralization
Potentials of Decentralization in Strengthening LGIs: A Critical Review
Analyzing the State of Decentralization in Bangladesh
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Decentralization in Sub-Saharan Africa
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Dimensions of Decentralization
Decentralization in Uganda
Merits of Decentralization
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Decentralization Promotion in Japan
Synonyms
Introduction
Decentralization Reform
Basic Principles for Decentralization and a System to Promote Decentralization
Results of the Proposed Decentralization Reform
Explicit Division of Work Between the Central Government and Local Governments
Transfer of Authorities from Central to Local Governments
Abolition of the System of Delegated Functions
Intervention by the Central Government and Rearrangement of New Rules on Necessary Supervision
Transfer of Authorities and Deregulations (Review of Obligation and Framework Imposition)
Bolster Local Financial Basis: ``A Three-Way Reform´´
Conclusion: A Decentralization Reform yet to Be Achieved
Cross-References
References
Decentralization, Partisan Politics, and National Development in Ghana
Synonyms
Introduction
Literature Review
Research Methodology
Findings of the Study
Descriptive Results
Policy Implications and Concluding Remarks
References
Decentralizing Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Governance and the Concept of Decentralization
Factors Inducing Decentralization
Types and Modes of Decentralization
The Pros and Cons of Decentralization
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Decision Making
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Importance of Public Sector Decision Making
Nature of Problems in Public Affairs
Taxonomies of Decision Making
At Individual Level
At Group Level
At (Intra)Organization Level
Decision Making and Society: The Role of Government
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Decision-Making in Networks
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining Networks and Network Typologies
Decision-Making in Networks
Discussion and Conclusions About Decision-Making in Networks
Cross-References
References
Decision-Making in Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Background in the Nonprofit Context
Decision-Making Processes
Identification of the Problem or Opportunity
Developing Alternatives
Evaluating Alternatives
Choosing and Implementing the Best Alternative
Evaluating the Decision
Conclusion
References
Decline of Coal as an Energy Resource
Introduction
The Height of Coal
Upsides/Downsides
Advantages
Disadvantages of Coal as a Source
What Is Next on the Coal Horizon
Changes in Coal Firing Strategies
Cap and Trade Control
Coal Carbon Tax
The Biden/Harris Administration
Conclusion
References
Decoupage Governance: Design-Outcome Gap
Synonyms
Introduction
Chile, Latin-American, and Policy Networks
Mental Health and High Education Public Policies
Decoupage Governance
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Defense Spending and Inequality
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Challenges for Restraining Defense Spending
Restraining Military Spending and Security
Military Spending, Economic Growth, and Inequality
Impact on Global Security
Impact on Regional Security
Potential Benefits for National and Human Security
Restraining Military Spending through Innovation and Curbs on Rent Seeking
Conclusion
References
Deficit Control
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Definition of Government Deficit
Theoretical Perspectives on the Control of Government Deficit
Deficit Control Systems
Expenditure Rules
Balanced-Budget Rules
Borrowing Rules
Deficit Control in Multilevel Governance Systems: The Case of the European Union´s Stability and Growth Pact
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Defining Corporate Governance: Shareholder Versus Stakeholder Models
Synonyms
Definition
State of Art: Defining Corporate Governance
State of Art: The Main Corporate Governance Models
The Shareholding Model of Corporate Governance
Theoretical Assumptions, Features, and Solutions of the Shareholding Model
Major Criticisms of the Shareholding Model
The Stakeholding Model of Corporate Governance
Theoretical Assumptions, Features, and Solutions of the Stakeholding Model
Major Criticisms of the Stakeholding Model
Conclusion: Future Perspectives
Cross-References
References
Definition of Nonprofit Organization
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Institutional Classifications of Nonprofit Organizations
Principal Features of Nonprofit Organizations Classification Systems
Different Types of Nonprofit Organizations
Charities (Religious Organizations)
Philanthropic Organizations (Foundations)
Voluntary Organizations (Associations, Mutuals, Unions)
Social Economy Organizations
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
Nonprofit Organizations
Civil Society Organizations
Third Sector Organizations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Delays in Litigation of Judicial Administration in Bangladesh
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Case Study: Craving Justice Crying Silently!!!
Cases in Point
Causes of Delay Identified by the Law Commission of Bangladesh
The Roots of the Problem
Reasons of the Problems
Lack of Accountability of the Judges and Lawyers
Dependency of Judiciary upon Other Administrations of the Government
Unsystematic Management of the Judicial Administration
Increasing Litigations Tremendously
Philosophy of Procrastination of Judges/Lawyers, Etc.
Priority of Trial over Compromise
Loopholes and Complexity in the Procedural Laws
Limitations of the Judges/Lawyers and the Lawmakers
Suggestions and Recommendations
Digitized Judicial Administration
Judicial Administration Should be Separated
Effective Procedure for Service of Summons
Increasing Court/Process Fees, Etc.
Opportunity for Amendment of Pleadings and Adjournments Should be Limited
Early Disposal of Interlocutory Matters
Examination and Cross-Examination on the Same or Consecutive Day
Compulsory ADR Mechanisms
High Court Rules and Order/CRO Mechanisms
Accountability of Judges
Accountability of Advocates
Accountability of the Legislature and the Executives of the State
Accountability of the Attorney Service
Processes of Land Survey, Mutation, and Registration Should be Updated
Responsibility of the People
Ends Demanded Easy Access to Justice
Conclusion
Endnote
References
Delegation of Human Resource Functions: The Jamaican Public Sector Experience
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Context
Conclusion
References
Democratic Governance in Bangladesh
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Democratic Governance
Democratic Governance in Bangladesh
Government Elected by Periodic Free, Fair, and Participative Elections
Rule of Law, Accountability, and Transparency
Access to Information and Justice
Engagement of Civil Society
Freedom of Association
Concluding Remarks
References
Democratic Governance in Developing Nations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Clarification of Key Concepts
Governance: Good and/or Democratic?
How to Assess Democratic Governance?
Democratic Governance, Economic Growth, and In(Equality)
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Internet Sources
Dependent Capitalism and Monetary Regimes: The Case of the Balkan Countries
Synonyms
Introduction
Dependent Capitalism and Monetary Regime: Theoretical Considerations
Dependent Capitalism in the Visegrd Countries
Monetary Regime as a Structuring Element of the Comparative Analysis of Capitalism
Dependent Capitalism and Dependent Monetary Regime: The Case of the Balkans from 1990 to 2015
Evolution of Monetary Regimes in the Balkans After 1990
Monetary Regimes with Limited Sovereignty: Currency Board and Unilateral Euroization
Currency Boards (1992-2015)
Unilateral Euroization (1998-2015)
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Desecuritization of the Relationship Between Turkey and Other Islamic Countries in the Middle East
Introduction
Regional Security Complex Theory
Regional Complex Theory and Middle East Region
Security Community for Regional Security of the Middle East
Creating of Regional Security Structure in the Middle East
Turkey, Model Country for Developing Regional Cooperation
Securitization and Desecuritization of Relationship Between Turkey and Islamic Countries in the Middle East
New Foreign Policy, Securitization of Foreign Policy
Deviation from Absolute Pro-Western Policy of Turkey
Desecuritization of Relationship Between Turkey and Islamic World
Conclusion
References
Design and Implementation of Legislation: The Role of Discretion
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Discretion at Work
The Political Science Perspective
Principals, Agents, and Policy
The Public Administration Perspective
Street-Level Bureaucracy
Limiting Discretion at the Street Level
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Destructive Technologies for Industrial and Corporate Change
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theories of Disruptive Technologies in Industrial Competition
Theory of Revolutionary Innovations by Abernathy and Clark
Theory of Disruptive Technologies by Christensen
Theory of Competitive Substitution Between Technologies by Fisher and Pry
Theory of Predator-Prey Relationship Between Technologies
Theory of Killer Technologies and Speed of Creative Disruption by Coccia
Conclusions and Managerial Implications
Cross-References
References
Determinants of Tax Compliance Attitude
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Literature Review
Tax Compliance and Theories of Compliance
Religiosity and Tax Compliance Attitude
Perception Toward Government and Tax Compliance Attitude
Attitude of Tax Authority Toward Taxpayers
Methodology
Design, Research Instrument, and Data Collection
Respondents
Data Analysis Procedures
Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)
Regression Results and Discussions
Conclusion
References
Developed Welfare
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Paradigm of ``Evolving Welfare´´
Conclusion
References
Developing Public Administration with Performance Dialogues
Synonyms
Brief Description
Introduction
Performance Dialogue in Addressing Complexity and Ambiguity
Using Dialogue to Break Organizational Silos and Performance Illusions Inhibiting Development
Performance Dialogue: A Continuous Process
Performance Dialogue: A Control and Learning Mechanism
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Developing World Policy Process, the Case of Ghana
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Public Policy Process in Africa
Framework for Assessing the Policy Process in Ghana
The Policy Process in Practice in Ghana
Process Dimension
Agenda-Setting Stage
Formulation Stage
Decision-Making Stage
Implementation Stage
Evaluation Stage
Other Process Issues
Program Dimension
Political Dimension
Similarities Between Ghana and Advanced World´s Policy Processes
Conclusion
References
Development Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Emergence of Development Administration
The CAG and the Evolution of Development Administration
What Is Embedded in Development Administration?
The ``Relevance´´ of Development Administration Today
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Development Administration from System Perspective
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Development Administration as a System
Inputs
Conversion Process
Outputs
Feedback
Environment
Conclusion
References
Development Administration in the Caribbean
Synonyms
Definition
Development Administration as a Concept
The Concept and Elements of Development Administration
The Features of Development Administration
The Challenges in Introducing Development Administration in Ex-colonial Societies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Development Assistance, Networks, and Community Self-Help Development
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Development Assistance and Network Building
Network Building and Community Self-Help Development
Community Self-Help Development
Structuring Relationship for Self-Help Development
Centralized Coordination
Closure-Based Coordination
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Development Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Governance, Good Governance, or Development Governance
Is There a Theory on Development Governance?
Traditional Organization Theories on Administration
Behavioural and System Theories
Economic Theories on Organization
Public Choice Theory
Agency Theory
New Public Management
Paradigm Shift in Public Administration: Evolutionary Linkages
Traditional Administration to Development Administration
Development Administration to Development Governance
Elements of Development Governance
Participation
Rule of Law
Transparency
Responsiveness and Accountability
Consensus Oriented
Equity and Inclusiveness
Effectiveness and Efficiency
Sustainability
Institutions and Actors of Development Governance
The State
The Private Sector
Civil Society (National and International) and Media
Key Issues and Concerns on Development Governance
Political Orientation
The Bureaucracy
Fiscal Management
Conclusion
References
Development Impact Fee Program
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
How Did We Get Here? Antecedents to Impact Fees and Their Rise to Popularity
The Effects of Impact Fees on Housing and Land Markets
The Next Generation of Impact Fee Programs
Conclusions
References
Development of E-Government and Its Challenges, Iran
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining E-Government
E-Government Maturity and Its Models
UN/ASPA Study: Five Stages of E-Government Model
Layne and Lee´s Four-Stage E-Government Model
The World Bank Stage Model
History of E-Government in Iran
Analysis of the Status of the Iran´s Performance in Realizing E-Government
Challenges to the Realization of E-Government in Iran
Conclusion
References
Development of E-Government in South Africa
Introduction
Historical Development of E-Government in South Africa
Social Media Use in South Africa
Future Challenges and Opportunities for South Africa
Conclusion
References
Development of Information Communication Technology Industry and Public Policy in South Korea
Introduction
Background: ICT and National Economic Growth in South Korea
Methods
Data
Knowledge Space in ICT
Findings
Discussion
References
Development of Turkish Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
From the Traditional State Administration to the Modern Public Administration
State Structure and Political System from the Ottoman Empire to the Present Day
The Birth and Development of the Modern Public Organization in Turkey
The Evolution of the Turkish Personnel System
Administration and Administrative Schools
Discipline of Public Administration in Turkey
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Devolution, Coordination, and Control of Accountability Reforms in Kenya
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Convergences in Political-Administrative Reforms for Public Accountability: A Review
Coordination and Control of Accountability Reforms in Public Organizations
A Transformative Approach and Accountability Reforms in Public Bureaucracies
Structural-Instrumental Perspective
Cultural Perspective
Environmental Perspective
Coordination and Control Structures for Accountability Reforms in Kenya
The Data Source
Networks and Partnerships: A Multiagency Approach to Coordination and Control
County Administration, Coordination, and Control of Accountability Reforms
The Reform Paradox: Re-grouping of Informal Networks and Accountability Controls
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Dictatorships and Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Factors Influencing Nonprofits in Dictatorships
Nonprofit Types
Forms of Relationships
Variations of Authoritarian Regimes and Their Consequences for Nonprofits
Challenges for International Support
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Diet and the Legislative Process, Japan
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Bill-Making Process in the Bureaucracy
Legislative Process in the Diet
Controversy About the Function of the Diet
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Differences Between Nonprofit Agencies and Membership Associations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Different Current Prevalence and Numbers
Different Typologies of Groups
Differences in Governance and Guidance Systems
Different Internal Structures as Roles and Subgroups
Different Internal Processes or Procedures
Different Management and Leadership
Different Impact and Effectiveness
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Differences in States´ Procurement Practices
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Procurement Methods or Procedures
International Influences
National Differences
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Digital Media in Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
History and Background
Opportunities
Challenges and Risks
Future Directions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Digital Social Innovators
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Digital Social Innovation
Exceptional Individuals´ Career Condition
Exceptional Individuals in e-Society
Assistive Technology (AT)
Teleworking in the Information Technology Era (IT)
Information Communication Technologies in Organizations (ICT)
Internet of Things (IoT)
Robotics
Adaption and e-Readiness Approach
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Digital Transformation, Brazil
Synonyms
Introduction
Electronic Government, Digital Democracy, and Innovations Related to State-Society in Brazil
e-Information
e-Consultation and e-Decision
Directions and Challenges
References
Digital Transparency and Open Data
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
E-Governance for Digital Transparency
Concept of Open Data
State of the Art
Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) Model
Administrative Model for Implanting Open Data and Technical Steps
Administrative Model
Technical Steps for Implanting Open Data
Methodology
Results and Proposal
Administrative Study
Technical Study
Proposal of Guidelines for Implanting Open Data in Venezuela
Guidelines for the Offer of Open Data
Preparation for Opening
Identification, Analysis, Prioritization, Documentation, Uploading, and Publication
Promotion and Follow-up
Guidelines for the Demand of Open Data
Identification of the Demand
Access to Public Data
Development of Application
Conclusions and Perspectives
Cross-References
References
Disability Bioethics: Ethical Problems in Genetic Testing in the USA
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Genetic Testing
Routinization
Informed Consent
Disability Bioethics Analysis of Routinization and Informed Consent in Genetic Testing
Emotional Harm
Epistemic Injustice
Social and Legal Discrimination
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Disaster Management and Nonprofits Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Disaster Management and Nonprofit
Disaster Mitigation
Disaster Preparedness
Disaster Response
Disaster Recovery
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Disaster Response Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
All Disasters Are Local
Local Response Organization
Incident Command System (ICS) and National Incident Management System (NIMS)
Mutual Aid/Emergency Management Assistance
Community Emergency Response Teams (CERT)
Emergency Operations Center
Regional Response: State, Province, and Prefecture
Federal Response to Disasters
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Disclosure in SOE
Synonyms
Definition
Disclosure Within the Agency Framework
Disclosure and Public Accounting Harmonization
Disclosure in SOE Within the Stakeholder Theory
Disclosure in SOE Within the Legitimacy Framework
Voluntary (Sustainability) Disclosure
Risk Disclosure
Cross-References
References
Discovery Leadership for Corporate Responsibility
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Social Contract Reasoning in Corporate Responsibility Research
The Discovery Orientation in Corporate Social Performance Research
Realizing Discovery Leadership for Corporate Responsibility
Discovery Leadership and Scientific Investigation
Some Areas for Additional Research
Cross-References
References
Discretionary Behavior: An Islamic Perspective
Synonyms
Definition
The Essence of Discretionary Behavior
Discretionary Behavior in Islamic Thinking
Concluding Thoughts
Cross-References
References
Websites
Disparity and Policy in Neighborhood Access to Financial Service Providers
Synonyms
Definitions
Neighborhood Financial Disparities
Policy
Ineffectiveness of Policy
Conclusion
References
Disparity in Government Procurement
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Parity in Government Procurement
Compelling Interest, Strict Scrutiny, and Narrow Tailoring
Disparity Studies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Diversity and Its Management in Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Historical Backdrop of the Development of Diversity Management
Two Competing Discourses: Business Case or Social Justice
The Management of Diversity Management
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Diversity and Representation in South Korea
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Representative Bureaucracy in South Korea
Balanced Public Personnel Management
Policies for Gender Equality
Policies for Persons with Disabilities
Policies for Local Talent
Policies for People with Science and Engineering Backgrounds
Other Balanced Public Personnel Policies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Diversity in Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Global Perspectives on Workforce Diversity
Canada
China
European Union
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Diversity in Public Personnel
Synonyms
Introduction
From Diversity Management to Cultural Competency in Public Administration
Administrative Discretion in Public Administration
Enhancing Administrative Discretionary Power with Cultural Competency
Conclusion: Managerial Implications for Developing Culturally Competent Discretionary Power
Cross-References
References
Diversity in the Public Workforce
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Example of Promoting Diversity: Veterans´ Preference
Example of Promoting Diversity: Individuals with Disabilities
Importance of Employment
Conclusion
References
Diversity Management and Cultural Competence in the Healthcare Field
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Healthcare Domain
Diversity Management in Healthcare
Outcomes from the Inclusion of Cultural Competence
Why Cultural Competence Is Important
Conclusion
References
Diversity Management in Egyptian Public Contexts: When the Heat Yields Cold Reactions
Synonyms
Crisp Definitions of the Key Title Words
Diversity Management: History and Trends
The Egyptian Experience in Diversity Management
Conclusion
References
Diversity Management in the Public Sector
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
United States of America
Canada
United Kingdom
Australia
New Zealand
India
Other Countries
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Diversity of Capitalism in the New EU Member States
Synonyms
Introduction
The Comparative Analysis of Capitalism
Application to the New EU Member States
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion: Strategic Plans for Start-Ups
Introduction
Developing a Diversity Consciousness
What is DEI?
Why DEI Matters
A Setting for DEI
How to Incorporate DEI
DEI and Society
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Doctoral Education Policies in South Korea
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
A Brief History of Public Policies in Korean Doctoral Education
The Challenges of Doctoral Education Policies in Korea
Policy Recommendation
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Dodd-Frank Act
Synonyms
Conclusion
Cross-References
Domains of Sustainability
Introduction
The Short History of Sustainability
The Longer History of Domains of Sustainability
The Domain of the Environment
The Domain of Economics
The Dominant Domain Structure in the Twenty-First Century
Triple Bottom Line
Millennium Development Goals
Global Reporting Initiative
Alternative Domain Structures, 1
Sustainable Development Goals
Four Streams of Integrated Sustainability
Alternative Domain Structures, 2. Circles of Sustainability
Conclusion: The Role of Domains in Policy and Practice
References
Domestic Violence
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Risk Factors
Cycle of Abuse
Why Do They Stay
Myths Associated with Domestic Violence
Why Abusers Abuse
Impact on the Family
Economic Impact of Domestic Violence
National Policies
Public Health Impact and Prevention
Conclusion
References
Donor Withdrawal and the Implications for Public Governance in Latin America
Synonyms
Introduction: Donor Shifts and Withdrawal in Latin America
Contributing Factors to Donor Shifts and Withdrawal
Middle-Income Status Designation
The Financial Crisis of 2008
Questioned Effectiveness of ODA
Militarization of Aid
Geopolitical Shifts in the Region
Implications for Public Governance
Conclusion
References
Donors´ Expectations: Lessons for Administrators
Synonyms
Definition
Philanthropy in Public Higher Education
Fundraising at Universities
Donor Expectations for Return on Investment
Questioning Philanthropy
Outcomes of Gifts
Institutional Strife
Control of Resources
Physical Space
Lessons for Administrators
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Downsizing
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: What is Downsizing?
Significance of Downsizing
Salient Issues of Downsizing
Attributes of Downsizing
Who Is Most Likely to Downsize?
Impact of Downsizing on Organizational Functioning and Productivity
Why Do Organizations Downsize? Some Important Perspectives of Downsizing
The Economic Perspective
The Arational Perspective
The Ideological Perspective
The Institutional Perspective
The Strategic Perspective
Strategies for Successful Downsizing
Implications for Managers
Conclusion
References
Due Process Rights
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
John Locke: The Political Philosophy of Due Process
Procedural Due Process Versus Substantive Due Process
The Evolution of Due Process Rights in the United States
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Dynamic Capabilities in Public Enterprises
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Dynamic Capability View
Methodology
Findings and Discussion
Airports Fiji Limited (AFL)
Fiji Ports Corporation Limited (FPCL)
Post Fiji Limited (PFL)
Unit Trust of Fiji (Management) Limited (UTOF)
Food Processors (Fiji) Limited (FPFL)
Fiji Hardwood Corporation Limited (FHCL)
Rewa Rice Limited (RRL)
Reform Initiatives: DCs
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Dynamic Relationship Between Sovereign Credit Market and Stock Market
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Data Descriptive Statistics
Results
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Dynamics of Managerial Innovation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Definition and Characteristics of Managerial Innovation
Determinants of Managerial Innovation
Dynamics of Managerial Innovation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Dynamics of the Social Construction of Reality in Light of Organizational Ethnography in an Iranian Public Organization
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Social Constructionism
My Ethnographic Fieldwork
The Unexpected Resignation
Typical Social Construction to the Target Employees
Social Construction to Make a Safe Position
Conclusion: Mahdi As a Case
Cross-References
References
E
Earned Income Strategies
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Partnerships
Sponsorships
Licensing Agreements
Cause-Related Marketing
Business Ventures
Organizational Capacity for Business Ventures
Market Research for Business Ventures
Conclusion
Cross-References
Reference
Economic Context of Public Procurement
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Economic Considerations in Public Procurement
Market Failure and Public Goods
Price Fixing and Collusion
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Economic Cooperation as a Precursor to Political Alignment: Prospects for Latin America
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Revolution and the Postcolonial Environment
Post-World War II Era
Modern Era (1980-Present)
Prospects for the Future
Conclusions
References
Economic Cost of Crime
Synonyms
Definition
Section
Introduction
Conceptual Issues
Crime, Violence, and Costs
Direct and Indirect Costs
Tangible and Intangible Costs
On the Estimation of Costs
On the Methods
Discussions on What Is the Cost of Crime
The Literature on Costs of Crime and Violence
Concluding Remarks
References
Economic Crisis and Administrative Adjustments (Reforms) in Ireland and Greece
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Trajectories of Administrative Reform Before the Economic Crisis
The Different Origins of Economic Crisis
Similar Policy Mix
The Impact of the Reform Programs
Discussion
Explanatory Factors
Fiscal Pressures
Reform Agenda
Reform Capacity
External Constraint
Ownership and the Politics of Cutback Management
Conclusion
References
Economic Development Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Traditional Policy Approaches to Economic Development
Emerging Approaches to Economic Development
Criticism of Economic Development Policy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Economic Development Strategies in the United States
Synonyms
Definition
Historical Overview
Economic Development Strategy: Where Are We Now?
Local and Regional Approaches
New Paradigm I: The Triple Helix Model
New Paradigm II: Sustainability and ``Community Development´´
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Economic Governance
Introduction
Conceptualizing Governance, Good Governance, and Economic Governance
Governance
Indicators of Governance
Voice and Accountability
Political Stability and Absence of Violence
Government Effectiveness
Regulatory Quality
Rule of Law
Control of Corruption
Good Governance
Characteristics of Good Governance
Participation
Rule of Law
Transparency
Responsiveness
Consensus Orientation
Equity
Effectiveness and Efficiency
Accountability
Strategic Vision
Economic Governance
Indicators of Economic Governance
Economic Governance and Growth and Development
Relation between Economic Governance, and Growth and Development: What Researchers Say?
Economic Governance Leads to the Implementation of Economic Policy
Economic Governance Leads to Equitable Distribution of Income
Economic Governance Leads to the Promotion of Growth and Development
A Model of Good Economic Governance
Challenges and Problems of Economic Governance and Ways Forward
Increase Spending on Fundamental Needs
Promoting Private Sector
Strengthening Banking Sector
Reforming Tax Structure
Conclusion
References
Economic Liberalization and Governance
Synonyms
Introduction
The Linkages Between Economic Liberalization and Governance
Theoretical Debates
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Economic-Administrative Systems for Local Development
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Local Development
Local Development Differs from Traditional Development Strategies by Emphasizing Endogenous Resources
Concepts and Theories of Local Development
The Neoclassical Conception
The Keynesian Conception
The Monetarist Conception
The Theory of Unequal Development
Growth Poles Theory
Input-Output Theory
Minimal Risk Theory
The Theory of Local Development Oriented on Production Factors
Systemic Approach to Local Development
Conclusion
References
Economy and Nonprofit Sector
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Economic Development and Social Justice
Nonprofit Sector Institutions
Nonprofit Sector Missions
Conclusion
References
E-Democracy and Local Public Administrations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining E-Democracy
State of Art
Future Perspectives
References
Educating for Effective Governance in Latin America
Synonyms
Introduction: A Changing Notion of Governance
Two Models of Educational Providers: National Institutes and University Degrees
Content, Curriculum, and Competencies in Educating for Effective Governance
Quality Assurance in Educating for Effective Governance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Education and Training in Crisis Management
Synonyms
Introduction
Education Versus Training: There is a Distinct Difference
Certificate or Degree
Characteristics of Education and Training Programs in Crisis Management
Crisis Management Enhanced Through Disaster Education as a Policy Function
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Education Corruption: Egypt
Synonyms
Definitions
Cross-References
References
Education Infrastructure and Employment: The Moderating Effect of NGOs
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Relevant Literature
Methodology
Data Analysis
Result and Discussion
Measurement Outer Model
Measurement Validity
Testing of Hypotheses
Discussion
Implication
Limitation and Future Research
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Education Reform and Governance
Synonyms
Introduction: Definitions
State of the Art: The Role of Ideas in Reforming Education
Future Challenges: Policy Implementation, Policy Enactment, and Policy Enablement
Cross-References
References
Education Smart Room: Designing an Intelligent Environment for Learning
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Perspectives Related to the Literature on Education Smart Rooms
Literature Review
Smart Room and Technology-Enabled Learning
Key Feature of an Education Smart Room
Gaps in the Extant Literature
Research Methodology
Research Findings and Discussions
Status of Room Design in the Higher Education Institutions in the PICs
What Could Be Done to Improve the Room Design in the PICs?
What Is the Best Layout of Classroom Design for Higher Education Institutions in the PICs?
Theoretical and Practical Implications of this Entry
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Education System in Russia: Sociocultural Reforms
Definition
Theoretical Background
Renovation of Education: From Structural and Economical to Sociocultural
Barriers of Collective Consciousness Preventing Modernization of Education
From the Premise of Education Priority as a Social Myth to Achievement of the Education Priority as a Task of National Innovat...
Risk of Underestimating Social and Mental Effects of Education in Public Policy
Education Standard as a Conventional Norm Reflecting Requirements for Education Results Made by the State, the Society, the Fa...
Personal Identity Formation as the Objective of School Education
Education as an Institute of Achieving Social Trust, Tolerance, and Prevention of Xenophobia
Certain Tasks of the Sociocultural Modernization of Education
Cross-References
Appendix 1
``Our New School´´: Social Project to Develop the Personality, Society, and State
General Features and Major Tasks of ``Our New School´´ Project as a Scientific Support of the President of the Russian Federat...
Content Development
Infrastructure
Human Resources
Economics and Mechanisms of Management and Control
Informational Support
Appendix 2
``Education as an Institute of Socialization of Persons with Health Limitations in Modern Society´´
Content Development
Infrastructure
Human Resources
Economics and Mechanisms of Management and Control
Informational Support
Educational Inequity in America´s Urban Communities
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conceptualizing Educational Inequity
USA´s Educational Inequity: A Historical Perspective
African Americans and Educational Inequity
Phase I (1877-1954)
Phase II (1954 to Present)
Conclusion
References
Educational Leadership
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Educational Leadership Theories
Instructional Leadership
Transformational Leadership
Distributed Leadership
Teacher Leadership
Domains of Educational Leadership Practice
Setting Directions and Goals
Building Relationships and Developing People
Developing the Organization to Support Desired Practices
Improving the Instructional Program
Securing Accountability
Characteristics of Successful Educational Leaders
Functioning Mechanism of Educational Leadership
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Effective Communication and Persuasion
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Effective Communication Is a Process
Effective Communication Is Persuasive
Effective Persuasion Involves Rhetorical Skills: Logos, Pathos, and Ethos
Effective Communication Involves Understanding the ``Rhetorical Situation´´
Effective Communication Requires Developing Practical Skills
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Effective Leadership of Government Contracting
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Effective Leadership in Contracting
The Government´s Role
Concluding Remarks
References
Effective Leadership of Intergovernmental Relations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Reasons for the Development of IGRs: From Powers to Policies
The Working Method of the IGR
Conflict Avoidance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Effectiveness of Local Government, The
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Essence of the ``Effectiveness´´ Concept
Initial Data for Effectiveness Evaluation
Evaluation of Municipal Educational System Effectiveness
Evaluation of Provision of Urban Amenity Effectiveness
Municipal Economic Development Control
Effectiveness of Local Public Goods´ Delivery
Satisfaction of the Population with Work of Local Government Bodies
Conclusion
Efficiency of New Zealand District Health Boards
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
New Zealand District Health Boards
Data Envelopment Analysis and Beta Regression
Data Description and Descriptive Statistics
Results
Conclusions
References
E-Governance and Ethical Leadership
Synonyms
Introduction
Imperatives of e-Governance on the Ethics of New Leadership
Ethical Leadership: The Great Transformation
Traditional Versus Modern Concepts of Ethical Leadership
Ethical Leadership Is About Strengthening Equitable Development with Efficiency and Speed
Does e-Governance Help in Installing Ethical Leadership?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
E-Governance in Bangladesh
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
E- Government and Its Conceptual Linkage
Existing Institutional Capacity of E-Governance in Bangladesh
Ministry of Science and Communication Technology
Bangladesh Computer Council (BCC)
Bangladesh Computer Samity (BCS)
Mobile Coverage and Number of Users
Problems of Implementing Digital Governance in Bangladesh
Cyber Crime
Lack of Uninterruptable and High Speed Internet Connection and Costly Data Plan
Lack of Availability of Computer Accessories, Electricity and Training Facilities
Conclusion
References
E-Government and Corruption
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
How Does E-Government Reduce Corruption?
E-Government and Other Factors Affecting Corruption
Economic Freedom
Inflation
Level of Society´s Wealth
Political Instability
Impediments to the Effectiveness of E-Government in Reducing Corruption
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
E-Government and Public Administration
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
E-Government
Challenges of Implementing E-Government
Effect of E-Government on Public Administration
Citizen-Centered Services
Information as Public Resource
New Skills and Relationships
Impact on Accountability and Management Models
Discussion and Conclusion
Cross-References
References
E-Government Policy and Legislation: A Chronological Timeline
Synonyms
Introduction
Phases of Federal E-government
The Early Years (Before 1992)
The Clinton Administration (1992-2000)
The Bush Administration (2000-2008)
Obama Administration Focus (2008-2016)
Conclusion
E-Government Procurement (e-GP)
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is e-Government Procurement (e-GP)?
International Best Practices in the Implementation of e-Government Procurement
Strategic Objectives of e-Government Procurement
Challenges in Traditional Procurement Environment
e-Procurement as an Ideal Environment for Public Procurement
Benefits of e-Government Procurement
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
E-Government to Smart E-Governance: Korean Experience and Challenges
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Brief History and Success Factors of E-Government in Korea
Contingency Model of E-Government
Industrial Society-Based E-Government (Type I, II) - ``Technocratic E-Government and Information Management-Centered E-Governm...
Technocratic E-Government (Type I)
Information Management-Centered E-Government (Type II)
Information Society E-Government - ``Transparent and Participatory E-Government´´ (Type IV)
Next Generation E-Government - ``Democratic and Governance-Type E-Government´´ (Type VI)
Next Generation E-Governance: Smart and Platform E-Governance
Conclusion
References
E-Government, Accountability, and Performance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Combining E-Government, Accountability, and Performance
Linkage Among E-Government, Accountability, and Performance
Analysis
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
E-Government, Bureaucracy, and Institutional Reform
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
E-Government
E-Government Development Model
Layne and Lee´s Four-Stage Model of E-Government Development
Catalogue Stage
Transaction Stage
Vertical Integration Stage
Horizontal Integration
Synthesis of Other E-Government Development Models
The Common Frame of Reference for E-Government Stage Models
Presenting Stage Metaphor
Assimilation Stage Metaphor
Reformation Stage Metaphor
Morphing Stage Metaphor
E-Governance Stage Metaphor
Key Relationships in E-Government
Bureaucracy
The Concept of Bureaucracy
Definition of Bureaucracy
Max Weber´s Concept of Bureaucracy
Characteristics of Bureaucracy
Public and Private Bureaucracy
E-Government and Bureaucracy
Institutional Reform
E-Government and Institutional Reform
Discussion and Conclusion
Cross-References
References
E-Government, Japan
Synonyms
Definition
Usage of the Term ``e-Government´´ in Japan
The Purposes of e-Government in the Japanese Government
The Institutional Framework for Making e-Government Policy in Japan
Future Prospects of e-Government in Japan
Conclusion
References
E-Government: Informatization of Government and Politics
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Government and Technology
Definition of E-Government
Models of E-Government Development
Technology Enactment View of E-Government
Limitations of the E-Government Concept
Conclusion: Future of E-Government Studies
Cross-References
References
Election Technologies and Voting Behavior
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Election Technologies and Election Management
Election Technologies and Voter Turnout
BVRV Technology and Voter Experience and Turnout
Perceptions of Trust in the EC and Election Outcome
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Electoral Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Perspectives
Aspects of Electoral Cycle
Electoral Governance and the Quality of Elections
Conclusions
References
1994 Electoral Reform in Japan: Background, Process, and Impact on Governance and Public Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Electoral Politics Under the SNTV-MMD
Process of the Electoral System Change
Effects of Electoral Institutional Reform
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Electoral Systems in Japan: How the National and Local Governments Are Elected
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction: The ``Hybrid´´ Electoral Systems
Japanese Electoral Systems: National Elections
Japanese Electoral Systems: Local Elections
Electoral Participation in National and Local Elections
Problems of Representation in Local Elections
References
Electricity Market Scheduling Applications in Russia
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Model Setup and Problem Formulation
Power Flow Constraints
Power Transfer Constraints
Intertemporal Constraints
Bounds for Variables
Problem Formulation
The Algorithm
Problem Reduction
Use of Parallel Processing
Stopping criterion and market equilibrium prices.
Conclusions
References
Electronic Voting Systems and Elections in Africa
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Elections in Africa
Electronic Voting System
Challenges of E-voting in Africa
Technological Challenges
Lack of Transparency
Audit of Results
Voter Education
Security
Discussion and Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Elite Panic, Japan
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Human Behavior in the Wake of a Disaster
Conclusion
References
Emergency Governance, Bangladesh
Synonym
Definition
Introduction
Justification of State of Emergency
Components and Special Power of a State of Emergency
Provisions Concerning States of Emergency in Bangladesh
Emergency Powers in Bangladesh and Their Impact on Fundamental Rights
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Emergency Management, Safety, and Security
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Security
Safety
Emergency Management
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Emergency Operations Plan
Synonyms
Definition
Origin and Underlying Principles
Concepts and Planning Methodologies
Common Problems with Emergency Operations Plans
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases and Crisis Management
Definition
Introduction
Infectious Diseases Have Been Part of Human Existence in Pre-history Times: Millions of People Have Died. No Portion of the Wo...
How Do Infectious Emerge into the Population? Why After Burning Out, Why Do They Reemerge?
Jump from Species to Species
Viruses
Ebola
Hiding Is an Unrelated Population
Other Common Factors
Fighting Back
Antimicrobial Agents
Vaccinations
Crisis Management, Organizing the Fight
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Emerging Female Entrepreneurial Leaders
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Small Business Environments
Entrepreneurial Learning
Entrepreneurial Leadership
Emerging Female Entrepreneurial Leaders
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Emerging Infectious Diseases and Emergency Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Connection of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases to Emergency Management
What Types of Strategies Need to be Coordinated?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Emerging Use of User-Generated Ratings to Supplement Healthcare Quality Reports
Synonyms
The Rise of Social Media
User-Generated Ratings and Reviews and Social Media
The Range of User-Generated Rating and Review Websites
Contrast with Other Methods of Collecting Patient Experience
Concerns About User-Generated Ratings and Reviews
Impact of User-Generated Reviews
The Future of User-Generated Ratings and Reviews
Cross-References
References
Emotional Intelligence and Organizational Leadership Effectiveness in South Africa
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Emotional Intelligence
Organizational Leadership Effectiveness
Transformational Leadership
Ubuntu Leadership
Links Between Emotional Intelligence and Organizational Leadership Effectiveness
The Current State of Emotional Intelligence Among Leaders in South Africa
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Emotional Intelligence as an Antecedent of Leader Emotion Contrasting Behaviors
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Symmetrical Outcomes of Leader Emotions
Asymmetrical Outcomes of Leader Emotions
The Roles of Emotional Intelligence, Emotional Labor, and Emotion Regulation in Leader Emotion Contrasting Behaviors
Practical Implications and Conclusion
References
Emotional Labor
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Background
Emotional Labor Versus Emotion Work and Emotional Intelligence
Emotional Labor in Public Administration
Emotional Labor in Disaster Response and Recovery
Emotional Labor and Public Service Motivation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Emotional Labor and Emotional Intelligence on Job Performance: Comparison of Public and Private Organizations in China
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Different Emotional Labor across Organizations of Different Ownership Type in China
Association Between Emotional Labor and Job Performance
Moderating Effect of Emotional Intelligence on the Relationship Between Emotional Labor and Job Performance
Implications for Practice
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Emotional Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Nature of Emotions in Organizations
The Types of Emotions in Organizations
The Social Norms of Emotion Management
Learning Emotion Management Norms
Impact of Emotion Management
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Empirical Legitimacy and Normative Compliance with the Law
Introduction
Empirical and Normative Concepts of Legitimacy
Preconditions of Empirical Legitimacy
The Motivational Qualities of Empirical Legitimacy
Widening the Scope of ``Motivation´´
References
Employee (Labor Management) Relations
Synonyms
Introduction
Definition
Public Sector
China
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
ER
China ER
Employee Benefits
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Types of Employee Benefits: Do They Really Matter for Employees?
Foreword to the Problem: How Employee Benefits Evolved
Do Benefits Matter for Employees?
Consequences of Reduction in Employee Benefits
Strategies to Prevent the Adverse Consequence
Conclusion
References
Employee Engagement in Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Outcomes of Employee Engagement in Public Administration
Antecedents of Employee Engagement in Public Administration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Employee Rights in the Public Sector
Synonyms
Introduction
The Development of Public Employee Case Law
Defining Due Process Rights for Public Employees
Free Speech Rights of Public Employees
Restriction of Internet Access by Public Employees
Right of Privacy for Public Employees
The Fourth Amendment Search and Seizures of Public Employees
Antidiscrimination Case Law
Liability, Immunity, and Remedies for Public Sector Employees
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Employee Work Motivation
Synonyms
Introduction
What Is Work Motivation?
Work Motivation as a Person´s Desire to Work Hard
Work Motivation as Psychological Forces That Lead to a Hardworking Behavior
Four Types of Work Motivation in Self-Determination Theory (SDT)
Work Motivation and Public Administration
Poorer Overall Work Motivation in the Public Sector
The Concept of ``Public Sector Motivation´´
The Concept of ``Public Service Motivation´´ (PSM)
PSM and Motivation Crowding Effect
Process Perspectives of Work Motivation
Expectancy Theory
Equity Theory
Goal Setting
Job Design
Research Tips for Young Public Administration Scholars
Cross-References
References
Employee-Friendly Practices: Fashionable, Flexible, and Fickle
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Employee-Friendly Policies and Practices
Supervisor Support
Situations in the United States, Germany, and Hong Kong
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Employment Creation for Youth in Urban Areas of Developing Economies: The Ethiopian Experience
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Literature Review and Conceptual Framework
Urban Youth Employment in Ethiopian Context
The Demand Side of the Labour Market
The Supply Side of the Labour Market
The Labour Market Information System
Government Intervention Policies and Practices
Conclusions and Policy Implications
References
Empowerment and National Fisheries Policy Implementation in Uganda
Synonyms
Definitions
Background
Structural Empowerment and National Fisheries Policy Implementation
Information Enables Fisheries Policy Implementation
The Role of Power in Fisheries Policy Implementation
Support and Fisheries Policy Implementation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
ENDSARS Protest and Centralized Police System in Nigeria
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Origins
The People´s Demands
Government Response to the ENDSARS Protest
Imposition of Curfew and Deployment of Security Agents
Central Bank of Nigeria and ENDSARS Protesters´ Bank Accounts
International Dimension of the Protest
Social Media
Celebrity Actions
ENDSARS Protest: Success or Failure?
Argument for or Against the ENDSARS Protest
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Enhance Public Value to Rescue Civilization
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Systems Approach
Redirecting
Global
Country Cases
Barriers to Creating Public Value
Conclusion: Creating Public Value to Avert Existential Threat
Rule of Law
Public Trust Principle
Prosecution of Executive Branch Public Officers
Normative Factors
References
Entrepreneurial Bureaucracy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is an Entrepreneurial Bureaucracy?
Generic Characteristics of Entrepreneurial Bureaucracies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Entrepreneurial Bureaucrat, The
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Characteristics of Bureaucratic Entrepreneurs
How Bureaucratic Entrepreneurs Get Things Done
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Entrepreneurial Competence Among Students
Introduction
Literature Review
Understanding the Dynamics of Entrepreneurship Through Framework Approaches
Venture Creation Programs: Bridging Entrepreneurship Education and Technology Transfer
The Emergence of the Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship
Serial Entrepreneurs
Self-Regulated Learning, Team Learning, and Project Performance in Entrepreneurship Education: Learning in a Lean Startup Envi...
Research Methodology
Data Analysis
Demographic Analysis
Analysis for the ``Awareness About Entrepreneurship´´
Analysis for the ``Basic Knowledge about Entrepreneurship´´
Analysis for the ``Financial Knowledge for Entrepreneurship´´
Analysis for the ``Entrepreneurship Skill´´
Results
References
Entrepreneurial Governance and Civil Service Reforms in Africa
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Definition and Role of the Civil Service
Civil Service Reforms
Instruments of Reform
Objectives of Reforms
Government and Governance
Entrepreneurial Governance
Conclusion: Entrepreneurial Governance and Civil Service Effectiveness
Cross-References
References
Entrepreneurial Governance in Succession
Synonyms
Introduction
Modes of Succession
Phases Involved in Succession
Succession Models
Incumbents´ Resistances in Succession
Succession Plan and Its Importance
Incumbents´ Internal Factors Affecting Succession Planning
Founders´ Link to Reality
Homosocial Reproduction
Delegation of Power and Authority
Leadership Ability
External Factors Affecting Succession Planning
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Entrepreneurial Mind, The
Definitions
Introduction
Background
Personality Traits in Entrepreneurs
Personality Traits and Gender Differences
The Entrepreneur and Family
Leaders, Managers, and Entrepreneurs
The Darker Side of Entrepreneurship
Exploring Facets of Entrepreneurship
Franchising and Entrepreneurship
Disruptive Innovation
Industry Improvement
Offshoot Industries
Conclusion
References
Entrepreneurial Mindset Among the Youth in Sub-Saharan Africa
Synonyms
Definitions of Terms
Introduction
Learning Environment
Cognitive Heuristics
Instructional Scaffolding
Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy
Reflective Entrepreneurial Framing and Actions
Lessons Learnt
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Entrepreneurship and Serendipity
Definitions
Introduction
Background
Philosophical Perspectives on Serendipity: The Two Levers
The Quest: Increasing Search Efforts
Sagacity: Improving the Prepared Mind
Two Factors Shaping Entrepreneur Perceptions of Chance Events
Optimism
Openness
Conclusion: Living with a Tension
References
Environmental Challenges to Public Procurement
Synonyms
The Organizational Environment
Size and Structure
Professionalism
Technology
The Natural Environment
Product Life Cycle Costs
Cost and Quality of Green Alternatives
Stakeholder Commitment to Sustainable Procurement
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Environmental Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Global Environmental Governance
UN Development Decades
Sustainable Development
Earth Summit
Multilateral Environment Agreements
United Nations Environmental Program
From MDGs to SDGs
Environmental Governance: Institutions
Environmental Governance: Processes
Environmental Governance: Challenges
How to Overcome the Challenges
Conclusion
References
Environmental Injustice in Urban Settings
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
What Is Environmental Injustice?
Historical Overview of Environmental Injustice in the United States
Empirical Support for Environmental Injustice
Environmental Concerns in Urban Settings
Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Lead Poisoning
Mercury Poisoning
Industrial and Manufacturing Hazards
Illegal Dumpsites
Lack of Green Space
Conclusion
Recommended Further Readings
References
Environmental Issues in Kazakhstan
Introduction
The Aral Sea
Introduction
Current Situation
Nuclear Testing
History
The Issue
Threatened Wildlife
Snow Leopard
Introduction
The Issue
Caspian Seal
Introduction
The Issue
Saiga Antelope
Introduction
The Issue
Governance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Environmental Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Characteristics of and Characterizing Environmental Nonprofit Organizations
Activities and Roles of Environmental Nonprofit Organizations
Evolution of the Role of Environmental Nonprofit Organizations
Twenty-First Century Challenges and Environmental Nonprofit Organizations
Conclusion: Importance of Environmental NPOs in Shaping Policy
Cross-References
References
Environmental Policy in Latin America
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Before the 1990s: Technocratic Fixing and Command and Control Instruments
The 1990s: Global Drivers, Increasing Complexity, and Economic Instruments
The 2000s: Complex Governance Including Information, Conflicts, and Participation
Conclusions and Challenges
Acknowledgment
References
Environmental Policy, Japan
Pollution Problems Before and During the Period of High Economic Growth
Changes in Public Opinion and the Pollution Diet
New Environmental Problems and Stagnation of Environmental Policy
Establishment of the Ministry of the Environment and the Environmental Policy of the Twenty-first Century
Conclusion
References
Epistemology
Definition, Sources, and Evolution of the Concept
Critique of Epistemology
Epistemology, Paradigm, and Meta-Theory
Epistemology in Public Policy: Limits to Alternative Epistemology
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
E-Public Transportation, Quantitative Analysis in Fiji
Synonyms
Brief Definitions
Introduction
Literature Review
Theoretical Underpinnings: UTAUT
The Four Elements of UTAUT Model
Performance Expectance (PE)
Effort Expectance (EE)
Social Influence (SI)
Facilitating Conditions (FC)
Sacrifice (S)
Moderating Factors
Proposed Research Model
Fiji´s E-Transportation System
Methodology
Participants of the Survey
Analysis of Data
Results and Discussion
Descriptive Analysis
SEM and Hypotheses Testing
Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)
Reliability and Validity Testing
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) (Fig. 3 and Table 4)
Model Test for Fitness
Conclusion and Recommendations
Cross-References
References
Equity Theory of Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Early Social Exchange Theorists
Equity Theory
Assessing Equity
Classic Equity Theory Research
Do People Really Care About Equity?
Do Employers Care About Equity?
Do Employees Care About Justice?
There Are Many Kinds of Justice
Restoring Equity
Restoring Actual Equity
Observers´ Reactions
Justifying Injustice
Leaving the Field
Recent Research
What Is the Source of Humankind´s Concern with Justice?
Equity: A Cultural Perspective
Equity: The Evolution of a Cultural Universal
Equity: A Neuroscience Perspective
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Era-Based Budgeting System: Lessons from Budgetary Policy Failure in Iran
Introduction
The Development Trajectory of Budgeting in Iran
Challenges and Shortcomings of Budgeting System in Iran
The Need for Change in Iranian Budgeting System
Scenario-Based Approach on the Budgeting
The Crucial Role of Dynamic Monitoring
Era-Based Cellular Planning: Characteristics and Rationale
Era-Based Budgeting
Conclusion
References
Ethical Competence
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is an Ethically Competent Person?
Becoming Ethically Competent
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethical Concerns and Migrants
Synonyms
Introduction
Migration and Utilitarianism
Migration and Virtue Ethics
Migration and Deontology/Duty Ethics
Summing Up
References
Ethical Culture, Tanzania
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Antecedents of Ethical Culture and its Legal Framework in Tanzania
The Concept of Ethical Culture and Its Measurement
Measuring Ethical Culture
The Practice of Ethical Culture in Tanzania
The Clarity of the Code of Ethics in Tanzania
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethical Decision-Making: An Applied Structure Addressing Ethical Challenges
Synonyms
Introduction
Stakeholders
``Instinct,´´ ``Sensibility,´´ and Our So-Called ``Gut´´
Six-Step Applied Structure of Ethical Decision-Making
Determining Facts
Identifying the Ethical Issues
Appreciating Applicable Ethical Standards
Duty
Rights
Best Practice
Core Values
Weighing Process
Securing Required Input and Needed Expertise
Maintaining Impartiality and Transparency in Making a Decision
Reflection Upon the Decision and Its Outcomes
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethical Dilemmas in International Development Nongovernmental Organizations
Synonyms
Introduction
Interpreting/Managing ``Meanings´´ of Ideas About ``Development´´
Reconciling ``Formal´´ and ``Informal´´ Organizations
Deciding Whether to Contract with Governments or Corporations
Documenting ``Quality-of-Life´´ Improvements Amid Donor Demands for ``Hard´´ Data
Investing in Personnel Management at the Expense of Resourcing Core Mission Initiatives
Conclusion
References
Ethical Frameworks
Synonyms
Introduction
Ethical Frameworks
Democratic System Principles
Constitutional Perspectives on the Rights of Individuals, Groups, and the Community
Communitarianism
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethical Impact Theory: How Unethical Behavior at Work Affects Individual Well-Being
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Kinds of Unethical Behavior Cause Decreases in Well-Being?
Whose Well-Being Is Damaged?
How Does Unethical Work Behavior Diminish Well-Being?
What Factors Can Moderate the Decline in Well-Being?
What Aspects of Well-Being Are Affected by Unethical Behavior?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethical Issues in Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Ethical Issues
Perspectives and Solutions
Conclusion
References
Ethical Issues in Regulating Reproductive Technologies
Synonyms
Introduction
In Vitro Fertilization
Surrogacy
Egg Donation
Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis and Gene Editing
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethical Issues in Research
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Basic Principles of Research Ethics
Minimizing the Risk of Harm
Obtaining Informed Consent
Protecting Anonymity and Confidentiality
Avoiding Deceptive Practices
Providing the Right to Withdraw
Brief Historical Background of Research Ethics
Research Strategy and Research Ethics
Ethical Issues in Research Designs
Quantitative Research Design
Qualitative Research Design
Mixed-Method Research Design
Ethical Issues in Research Methods
Surveys and Structured Interviews
Observation: Overt and Covert
Informal and In-Depth Interviews
Ethical Issues in Sampling Strategies
Sampling Techniques
Sample Size
Ethical Issues in Data Analysis
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethical Leaders
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Conduct of Unethical Leaders
The Negative Impact of Unethical Leaders
Internal Controls
Fraud Prevention Initiatives by Ethical Leaders
Governance by Ethical Leaders
Conclusion
References
Ethical Leadership
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Complexity of Public Service Leadership
Ethical Leadership in Context
Ethical Leadership Defined
Attributes of Ethical Leadership
Ethical Leadership Styles
Ethical Leadership and Virtues
Moral Person and Moral Manager
Moral Manager and Empowerment
Measuring Ethics
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethical Mentoring
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Ethical Principles for Youth Mentoring Relationships
Promote the Welfare and Safety of the Young Person (Beneficence and Nonmaleficence)
Be Trustworthy and Responsible (Fidelity and Responsibility)
Act with Integrity (Integrity)
Promote Justice for Young People (Justice)
Respect the Young Person´s Rights and Dignity (Respect for People´s Rights and Dignity)
Conclusion
References
Ethical Probity in Public Service
Synonyms
Introduction
The Importance of Public Integrity
Integrity and Ethics: Definitions
Ethical Improbity: Examples and Effects
Drivers for Ethical Improbity
Safeguarding Ethical Probity
Conclusion
References
Ethical Risk Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Ethics-Morals Distinction
The Advantages of Being Ethical
Managing Risk
Corruption
Total Corruption 2 3 4 5 6 Policy Decisions
Personality and Cultural Differences
Illustrative Case
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Ethical Values
Synonyms
Cross-References
References
Ethical Values and Personal Integrity
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Ethical Values: Definition and Kinds
Who or What Can Have Ethical Values, and Where Do Values Come From?
How Stable Are Values, and What Makes Them Stick?
One Value or Many?
Resolving Conflict Among Values
Are Values Objective or Relative?
Personal Integrity: Definition
Can a Bad Person Have Integrity?
Developing Ethical Values and Personal Integrity
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethics and Accountability
Synonyms
Definition
Ethics
Utilitarian Ethics
Deontological Ethics
Aristotelian Ethics
Accountability
Conclusion
References
Ethics and Accountability Crises in Nigeria Public Administration
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Crises of Public Administration in Nigeria
Theories of Causes of Public Administration Crises in Nigeria
Theory of Resource Curse
Low Risk-High Benefit Theory
Anomie Theory
Methodology
Data Presentation and Analysis
Discussion
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Ethics and Crisis Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Overview
Predicting Unethicality by SES
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethics and Duty
Introduction
The Public Sector Emphasis
The ``Organizational Culture´´ Issue
Ethics and Public Accountability
Codes of Conduct
Earlier Thinking on Public Sector Ethics
The Democratic Context
The NPM Context
The Governance Perspective
The Modern Financial Management Context
Ethical Dilemmas for Public Officials
The Dilemma of Corruption in Government
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethics and Equality
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Ethics
Types of Ethics
Teleology
Utilitarianism
Consequences
Virtue Ethics
Deontology
Kantianism
Theory of Justice
Equality
Equality of Opportunity
Equality of Condition
Equality of Result or Outcome
The Marathon Race
Ethics and Equality
Teleological Ethics and Equality
Virtue Ethics and Equality
Deontological Ethics and Equality
Combined Approach to Ethics to Promote Equality
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethics and Good Governance
Synonyms
Introduction
What Is Good Governance? A Working Definition
Ethical Issues in Public Administration: Items that Affect Good Governance
Ethics Education: Where Are We Now?
Ethics Education: Moving Forward
Summary
References
Ethics and Mental Health Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining Mental Illness
Prevalence and Classifications
Special Populations
Mental Health Parity
False Distinctions: Differentiating Mental and Physical Health
The Ethics and Legality of Disparate Care
The Current State of Mental Health Policy Ethics and Research
Access to Care and Service Delivery Provisions
Adequacy and Affordability of Care
Expanding Bioethics: Mental Health Policy Ethics
Bioethics
Decision-Making and the Intersection of Mental Health Law, Public Policy, and Ethics
Looming Ethical Challenges
Conclusion
Glossary
Resource Sites
References
Ethics and Organizational Culture
Synonyms
Introduction
Concepts Defined
Changing the Ethical Environment
Phase 1: Formulate Ethical Strategic Values
Phase 2: Creating a Vision Through Leaders
Phase 3: Implementation Interventions
Rest´s Four Stages of Ethical Decision-Making
The Issue-Contingent Model: Jones
Issue-Risk-Judgment Model: Tan
The VBO Model: Crossan, Mazutis, and Seijts
The Woiceshyn Model
Sensemaking: Thiel, Bagdasarov, Harkrider, Johnson, and Mumford (2012)
Phase 4: Reinforcement of Ethical Organizational Cultural Behaviors
Conclusion
References
Ethics and Organizational Performance
Synonyms
Introduction
The Risks and the Remedies
Performance, Pride, and Peace of Mind
Does an Organization´s Ethicality Have Any Impact on Performance Measures?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethics and Philosophy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Ethics and Governance
Normative Approaches to Ethics
Virtue Ethics
Utilitarian Ethics
Deontological Ethics
Existentialist Ethics
Two Key Ethical Issues
Administrative Evil
Whistle-Blowing
The Intersection of Philosophy and Public Affairs
Influential Schools of Thought
Positivism/Scientism
Pragmatism
Postmodernism/Poststructuralism/Anti-foundationalism
Critical Theory
Feminism
Phenomenology
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethics and Policing
Introduction
Police Culture Leading to Noble Cause Corruption, Rule Bending, and Cover-Up
Compliance- or Values-Based Police Research
Conclusion
References
Ethics and Politics
Synonyms
Introduction and General Overview
Friedrich-Finer Debate
Rationalism and the Science of Administration
Watergate and Corruption
Democracy, Citizenship, and Regime Values
Professionalism and Codes of Ethics
Whistle-Blowing and Statutory Approaches to Ethics Enforcement
Virtue-Based Ethics
Social Equity and Sexual Harassment
The Problem of ``Dirty Hands´´ and ``Many Hands´´
Ethics Education
Ethical (and Unethical) Organizations
Conclusion
References
Ethics and Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Importance of an ``Ethical State´´
Bureaucratic Ethics Defined
The Evolving Debate on Ethics in Public Administration
The Paradox of Ethics for Bureaucrats
The Dilemma of Bureaucratic Discretion
The Dilemma of Contrasting Frameworks
Examples and Issues of Implementation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethics and Public Administration in Latin America
Synonyms
Definition
Section
Introduction
Ethics and Public Administration in Latin America: The Context and Its Evolution
Ethics and Public Administration in Latin America: The Problem of Corruption
How to Curb Corruption in Latin America?
How Are We Studying Ethics in Public Administration in the Region?
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Web Pages
Ethics and Public Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Flint, Michigan, Water Crisis
Is the Policy Ethical?
The Political Process
Implementation
Individual-Level Concerns
Group-Level Concerns
Cross-References
References
Ethics and Religion
Synonyms
Introduction
Ethics and Public Administration
Ethical Values
Ethical Leadership
Teaching Ethics
Standards Associated with Professional Ethics
Summary
Religion and Public Administration
Substantive Definitions
Functional Definitions
The ``Vocation´´ of Public Administration
Summary
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethics and Social Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Professional Ethics and Codes
Ethical Decision-Making Process Using a Problem-Solving Framework
Strom-Gottfried´s Model of Ethical Decision-Making
Who?
What?
When?
Where?
Why?
How?
Svara´s Ethics Triangle
Applying the Ethical Decision-Making Process to a Policy Example
Define the Ethical Problem
Identify Resources and Generate Options
Who Will Be Helpful?
What Are My Choices and How Will They Affect People Involved?
When Have I Faced a Similar Situation?
Where Do Ethical and Clinical Guidelines Lead Me?
Why Am I Selecting a Particular Course of Action?
How Should I Enact My Decision?
Decide and Take Action
Evaluate Outcomes, Reflect on Learning, and Document Results
Other Ethical Issues Related to Social Policy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethics and Sustainability in Local Government
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Sustainability Planning and Ethics in Local Governments
Accountability and Participative Citizenry
Public Policy and Positive Social Change
Ethics and Quadruple Bottom Line (QBL)
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethics and the Nonprofit Sector
Definition
Introduction
Ethics and the Public Interest
Nonprofits and Ethical Considerations in Public Governance Arrangements
Ethical Issues and Nonprofits
Conclusion
References
Ethics and the Public Interest
Synonyms
Introduction
Ethics in Public Administration
The Public Interest
Ethics and Public Interest: A Convergence
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethics and Trust
Synonyms
Introduction
Ethics
Theories of Moral Philosophy
Consequentialism
Deontology
Virtue Ethics
Theories of Moral Psychology
The Theory of Cognitive Moral Development (CMD)
Ethics of Care
Modern Ethical Theories
Ethical Decision-Making
Ethical Climate
Theory of Organizational Justice
Distributive Justice
Procedural Justice
Interactional Justice
Interpersonal Justice
Informational Justice
Trust
The Concept of Trust in Social Sciences
Antecedents and Building of Trust
Interest in Ethics and Trust
Conclusion
References
Ethics and Website Content
Synonyms
Introduction
Maintaining Ethics: A Challenge for Web Community
Accuracy of Content
Content Scraping
Content Spun
Content Farming
Content Control
Web Data Mining
Internet Censorship
Internet Surveillance
Internet Hacking
Spyware
Conclusion
References
Ethics and Well-Being
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Overview
Political Values
Belief in a Just World
Materialistic Values
Conclusion
References
Ethics Exemplars
Synonyms
Early Career
Career in Public Administration
Regime Values in Public Administration
Rohr´s Constitutional Theory of Public Administration
Partial Agency
Public Administration as Balancewheel
Constitutional Defects and a Refortified Executive
Enhancing Representation
The Presidency and Public Administration
Rohr´s Venture into Comparative Constitutional Administration
Promotion of a ``Constitutional School´´ of Public Administration Scholarship
Cross-References
References
Ethics in Government Finance
A Brief History of the Ethical Norms of Government Finance
Accounting/Fiscal Norm
Techno-Rational Norm
The Policy-Maker Norm
Political Norm
Budget Processor Norm
Ethical Implications
Ethical Foundations Applicable to Government Finance
The Treatment of Ethics in the Government Finance Literature
Conclusion and Observations
References
Ethics in Public Administration and Government
Ethics Management in the Public Service
The Rationale for Ethical Codes
Comparative Overview of Existing Ethics Management Tools Across National Governments and Public Administrations
Ethics Codes in the United States and Canada
Ethics Codes in Europe
Ethics Codes in Asia
Ethics Codes in International Organizations
Summary
References
Ethics in Public Service
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Ethics Legislation
Ethics Codes
Ethics Education and Training
Reporting Systems
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Ethics in Public Service: A Historical Perspective
Synonyms
Definition
Some Further Definitions
Introduction: Ethics as Freedom of Conscience
Must Virtue Be Beholden to the Whims of Warrior Gods?
Ethics and Civic Virtue as Guides to the Perplexed
Conclusion: Ethics as Transcendence
References
Ethics in the Public Sector
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Leadership Ethics
Political Ethics
Conclusion
References
Ethics Measures
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Implementation Rates
Content of Codes and Training
Impact
Cross-References
References
Ethics of Compromise
Synonyms
Introduction: The Meanings and Measures of Compromise
What Is Unethical About Compromise?
What Is Unethical About Not Compromising? Pragmatic Justifications for Compromise: To Get Something Done
More Precise Justice
Humanistic Justification
The Ethics of Compromise: Considerations and Issues
Cross-References
References
Ethics of Military Leadership, The
Synonyms
The Ethics of Military Leadership
The Oath
The Commission as an Officer
Duty
Orders
Moral Considerations in the Military
Character: Trust and Respect
Character and Moral Courage
Summary
Cross-References
References
Ethics of Nonprofits
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Differences with Other Sectors of Economy
Internal Solutions to Existing Problems
External Professional Support
Implementation Challenges
Theoretical Perspective
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethics of Resiliency in Crisis Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Resilience and Adaptability
Ethics of Resilience, Preparedness, and Crisis Management
Natural Hazards and Climate Change
World Trends in Risk Mitigation and Disaster Recovery
Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Mitigation
Resilience Planning and Resilience in Practice
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethics of Sustainability
Synonyms
Introduction
Defining Sustainability
Economic Dimensions
Social Dimensions
Environmental Dimensions
Integrating Three Ethical Traditions Under the Heading of Sustainability
Environmental Ethics
Social Ethics
Economic Ethics
Practical Guidance for Developing Ethical Sustainability Strategies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethics Officers
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Evolution of Ethics Officers
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethics Policy
Synonyms
Introduction
Preliminary Concepts and Theoretical Background
Ethics Policy in Transforming Context
The Role of Codes of Ethics
Ethics Policy and Administrative Organization
Ethics Policy and Administrative Communication
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethics Training
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Ethics Training in the United States
History
Topics Generally Covered in Ethics Training
The Training Process
The United Nations
Ethics Training in the United Kingdom, India, and China
The United Kingdom
India
China
Other Countries
Recommendations for Creating an Effective Training Program
An Effective Training Program Should Teach Both Ethics Values and Applicable Laws
An Effective Training Program Should Provide Notice of Expectations
An Effective Training Program Should Inspire and Appeal to Individuals´ Better Selves
An Effective Training Program Should Provide In-Person Training
An Effective Training Program Should Provide Introductory and Ongoing Guidance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethinomics
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Overview
Advantages of Being Ethical
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethnic Power Versus Regional Power Relations: The Case of Sudan and South Sudan
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Data
The Case of Sudan
The Case of South Sudan
Leadership Legitimacy and Institution Building
Conclusion
References
Ethnicity in the Caribbean
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Ethnicity - A Global Perspective
Conclusion
References
Ethnoracial Politics
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Social and Economic Equality
Political Incorporation
Sovereignty
Immigration
Identity and Coalition-Building
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
European Harmonization and EPSAS
Synonyms
Background: The Sovereign Debt Crisis as the Starting Point for EPSAS
Steps Taken by the European Commission
Council Directive 2011/85 EU
Public Consultation on the Suitability of IPSAS for the Member States in 2012
Study on ``Overview and Comparison of Public Accounting and Auditing Practices in the 27 EU Member States´´
Report of the European Commission in 2013
Brussels Conference in 2013
Consultation on Governance by Eurostat on EPSAS in 2013
PwC Study Performed on Behalf of Eurostat in 2014
Support of Eurostat in the Supply of Statistical Services in the Field of Public Sector Accounting
EPSAS Working Arrangements
EPSAS Task Force on Governance
EPSAS Task Force on Standards
Working Group EPSAS
EPSAS Cell on First-Time Implementation
Current Status of the EPSAS Project
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Evaluating Freedom of Information Laws
Synonyms
Definitions
History of FOI Laws
Factors for Adoption
A Brief Comparison of Laws
Which Government Bodies Are Covered
Exemptions and Balancing
Appeals and Oversight
Duty to Publish Information
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Evaluating the Institutional Performance as a Tool for Public Policy Evaluation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Relation Between Evaluating the Institutional Performance and Public Policies Evaluation
The Role of Institutional Performance Evaluation in Every Stage in the Policy Cycle
Identifying the Problem or the Future Case
Identifying and Formulating the Possible Alternatives of the Policy
Decision-Making
Implementation
Evaluation
The Relation Between Evaluating Public Policies and Institutional Performance Evaluation Can Be Illustrated in the Following P...
The Location of Both of Them to the Other
Goals
Evaluation Stages
Evaluation Bases
The Differences Between Evaluating Public Policies and Institutional Performance Evaluation
Subjects of Interest
The Role of Both of Them to the Other
The Goals, Which Are the Basis of the Evaluation Process
Evaluating Outputs, Outcomes, and Impacts
Who Is Interested in the Evaluation
Indicators of Evaluation
Evaluation Bases
Evaluators
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Evaluating the Institutional Performance, Contemporary Directions
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Main Directions of Institutional Performance Evaluation
First Direction: Goals Achievement
Second Direction: The Competitive Position
Third Direction: The Performance Trend
The Most Used Methods for Evaluating Institutional Performance
The Balanced Scorecard
Benchmarking
3E Methodology
EFQM (The European Foundation for Quality Management)
Evaluating the Future Impacts of the Current Institutional Performance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Evaluation of Public Participation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Citizen Participation: A Brief Overview
The Role of the Evaluator
Processes and Outcomes
Formative and Summative Evaluation
Perspectives on Evaluation Criteria
Evaluation Criteria: A Synthesis
A Few Words on Fieldwork
Challenges and Opportunities for Evaluation of Citizen Participation
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Evaluation of the State of Mental Health in Ghana: Policy, Practice, and Education
Synonyms
Introduction
Overview of Mental Health Policy in Ghana
The Current Mental Health Act of 2012
Implementing the Mental Health Policy and Challenges
Mental Health Literacy and Education
Strategies to Reduce Mental Health Stigma in Ghana
Conclusion
Reference
Evidence-Based Policy-Making: Merits and Challenges
Synonyms
Introduction
The Development of Evidence-Based Policy
Evidence and Policy Advocacy
Interpretation of Evidence
Problems of Evidence-Based Policy-Making
Components of Evidence-Based Policy
Possibilities and Limitations of the Evidence-Based Approach
New Public Management and Evidence-Based Policies
Does the Quality of Knowledge Ensure Its Use?
Weighing the Merits and Limitations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Evolution of Crisis Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Early History (1800-1950)
The Civil Defense Era (1950s)
Changes in Crisis Management (1960s)
The Development of FEMA (1970s)
An Agency in Trouble (1980s)
The Witt Revolution (1990s)
Terrorism Centric (2000-2004)
The Hurricane Katrina Debacle (2005-2009)
Crisis Management Today (2010-2015)
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Evolution of Government Accounting
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Historical Background and Perspectives of Government Accounting Reform
Movement from Cash to Accrual Accounting
International Harmonization of Public Sector Accounting
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Evolution of Kenya´s Political System and Challenges to Democracy
Synonyms
Description/Definition
Introduction
Pre-2010 Political Structure in Kenya
Post-2010 Kenya
Key Tenets of Democracy in Kenya
Right to Vote
Right to Be Elected
Right for Political Leaders to Compete for Support and Votes
Elections that Are Free and Fair
Freedom of Association
Freedom of Expression
Alternative Sources of Information
Institutions of Making Public Policies Should Depend on Votes and Other Expressions of Preference
Characteristics of Kenya´s Political System
Concentration of Power
Executive Dominance
Party System
Representation
Interest Groups
System of Government
Bicameral Legislature
Constitutional Rigidity
Judicial Review
Central Bank Independence
Challenges of Kenya´s Democracy
Ethnicity
Fake News
Weak Institutions
Summary
Cross-References
References
Execution as Social Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Execution as Social Policy
History and Evolution
Efforts to Curtail Capital Punishment
Conclusion
References
Executive Accountability in Trinidad and Tobago
Synonyms
Introduction
A General Framework of Accountability
The Significance of Parliamentary Committees
Assessment of the Committee System Effectiveness
References
Executive Development
Synonyms
Introduction
Office of Personnel Management
NASPAA
Other Considerations for Manager Development
Succession Planning
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Executive Orders and Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Shifting Power of the Presidency
Relationship Between Executive Orders and Party Politics
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Exercises in Crisis Management Training
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining an Exercise
Types of Exercises
Discussion-Based
Seminar
Workshop
Tabletop
Games
Action-Based
Drill
Functional
Traditional Full-Scale Exercise
Facilitated Exercise
Matching Exercise Goals and Scenarios
Developing Exercise Goals
Developing Scenarios to Achieve Goals
Exercise Outcomes in Emergency Management
Learning from Exercises
Hot Wash
After Action Review
After Action Report and Improvement Matrix
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Exogenous Shocks, Resilience, and the Evolution of Public Governance, the Case of Finland
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Approach of the Entry
The Structure of the Entry
Conceptual Frame
Societal Complexity
Organizational Resilience
The Changing Context for Government Resilience
Government´s Multifaceted Functions and Roles
Changing Operational Environment
Exogenous and Indigenous Shocks and Resilience Strategies
The Typology of Adaptation Mechanisms Contributing to Governmental Resilience
Systems Perspective and Systemic Change
Evidence-Informed Decision-Making and Accountability
Meta-Governance and Cooperation Network Structures
Risk Management Governance in Public Institutions: Assessment Mechanisms and Models
Case: Finnish Governance and the COVID19 Pandemic
The Structure of Finnish Government and Public Administration
Decision-Making in Crisis Mode Benefited from Large-Scale Digitalization
Communication and Dialogue
Institutional Learning
Conclusions
References
Expectancy Theory in Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Perspectives
Vroom´s Theory of Work and Motivation
Porter and Lawler Theoretical Model
Lawler´s Expectancy Theory Model of Behavior
Motivation and Occupational Choice in Public and Private Sector Organizations
Motivation in Public and Private Sector Organizations in the United States
Motivation in Public and Private Sector Global Organizations
Pay-for-Performance and Performance Appraisal in Public Organizations
Pay-for-Performance and Performance Appraisal in the US Public Organizations
Pay-for-Performance and Performance Appraisal in Other Nations
Contracted Provider Motivation
Overcoming the Free-Rider Problems
Risk Culture
Mission Valence
Criticism of Expectancy Theory
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Experiential Philanthropy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Service-Learning: The Root of Experiential Philanthropy
A Brief History of Service-Learning
Key Empirical Contributions on the Topic of Service-Learning
Experiential Philanthropy: A New and Innovative Service-Learning Pedagogy
Goals of Experiential Philanthropy
Different Pedagogical Approaches to Experiential Philanthropy
Effectiveness of Experiential Philanthropy
Lessons from Nonprofit Management Education: Experiential Philanthropy as a Pedagogic Approach to Public Administration and Pu...
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Exploring the Nexus Between Inflation Expectations, LIBOR, and Coinbase Index
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Data and Research Design
Testing the Relationship Between Inflation Expectations, LIBOR, and Coinbase Index
Data
ARCH Heteroskedasticity Test
GARCH/TGARCH and EGARCH
Short-Run and Long-Run Model
Pairwise Granger Causality Test
Empirical Results and Discussions
Discussions
Conclusion
References
Exploring the St. Louis Regional Data Alliance (RDA): Understanding a Public, Community Data Platform
Synonyms
Why Do Regions Need Public, Community Data?
What Can this Look like?
Logistical Considerations
What Have Other Regions Done?
What Is the St. Louis Regional Data Alliance?
Supporting Strong Data Actors
Building Shared Data Infrastructure
Lessons for Data Sharing Initiatives
Cross-References
References
External Budgetary Auditing
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Institutional Background: The Relationship Between the Powers
The Functions of Budgets: Steering and (Ex Ante Control for) Approval
The Steering Function
The Approval Function - Ex Ante Control
Finding Compromises in Situations of Conflicting Interests
Characteristics of the Budgetary Process in the Public Sector: The Binding Effect and the Public Sphere
The Function of Budgetary Auditing: Ex Post Control
Ex Post Control by the Citizens (and Weaknesses of This Approach)
Ex Post Control by Public Sector Audit Institutions
The Two Different Kinds of Budgetary Audits
The Result of Budgetary Audits: The Audit Reports
Prosecutorial Versus Advisory Role of Audit Institutions
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
External Force and Public Sector Reforms
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Overview of the Public Sector Reforms in the Solomon Islands
Theoretical Perspectives Related to the Literature on Public Sector Reforms
Literature Review on Public Sector Reforms
Research Methodology
Research Findings and Discussions
Reforms in the Last 10 Years in the Solomon Islands
Public Service Act Reforms
RAMSI´s Influence on Reforms in the Solomon Islands
Theoretical Contributions of This Entry
Policy Implications of This Entry
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
F
Face of Leadership, The
Introduction
How Are First Impressions Built
Why Are First Impressions Important
Confirmation Bias
Five Common Characteristics Important to All Successful Leaders
Dress Code Level 1: Boardroom Attire
Dress Code Level 2: Traditional Business Attire
Dress Code Level 3: Executive Casual
Dress Code Level 4: Mainstream Casual
Dress Code Level 5: Baseline Casual
The Cost of a Poor Professional Imprint
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Failure of Corporate Governance in Banking Sectors of Bangladesh
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Corporate Governance in General
Corporate Governance in Particular (Banking Sector)
A Brief Summary of the Banking Sector of Bangladesh
State of Corporate Governance in the Banking Sector of Bangladesh
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Families and Entrepreneurship
Synonyms
Introduction
Understanding Family Entrepreneurship Conceptually
Behavioral Interactions in New Venture Creation Based on SFBT and EVCT
Exploring Emotion/Behavior Duality Using Family FIRO Theory
Parental Subsystem and Sibling Subsystems
Conclusions, Applications, and Implications
Cross-References
References
Family Members´ Reactions to Their Formerly Incarcerated Loved One´s Return Home
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Double ABCX Model of Family Stress, Adaptation, and Adjustment
Purpose Statement
Research Questions
Qualitative Questions
Quantitative Research Question
Hypotheses
Quantitative Instruments
Sample
Data Collection
Coding
Results
Qualitative Pre-crisis Factors
Notification that the Incarcerated Family Member Was Returning Home (Factor a)
Resource Categories (Factor b)
Personal Resources
Family Resources
Social, Community, and Government Resources
Perceptions About the Return of the Incarcerated Member (Factor c)
Positive Perceptions of the Return
Negative Perceptions of the Return
Participant´s Perceptions of Other Family Members
Reentry of the Formerly Incarcerated Family Member (Pre-crisis Factor x)
Qualitative Post-crisis Factors
Personal Pileups of Demands (Factor aA)
Resource Categories (Factor bB)
Personal Resources: Maladaptive Behavior Patterns
Family Resources
Social, Community, and Government Resources
Perception or Coherence (cC Factor)
Positive Coherence
Negative Coherence
Ambiguous Coherence
Family Adaptation: Bonadaptation and Maladaptation (xX Factor)
Discussion
Assessing Family Member Resources Before and After the Offender Returns
Change in Family Member Perceptions and Coherence After the Offender Returns
Usefulness of the Double ABCX Model of Stress, Adaptation, and Adjustment
Limitations
Double ABCX Model of Stress, Adaptation, and Adjustment
Qualitative Sample
Implications
Criminal Justice
Policymakers
Community Social Service Providers
Researchers in the Family and Criminal Justice Fields
Recommendations for Future Research
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Fatality Management in Crises
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Basic Components and Objectives of Mass Fatality Management
Legal Jurisdictional Authority of a Mass Fatality Incident
Multiagency and International Incident Response and Investigation
Regional Response Planning and Strategies
Quality Control, Remains Tracking, and Data Management
Postmortem Data Collection
Preliminary Scene Assessment
Scene Recovery
Body Collection Points and Tracking Systems
Morgue Operations
Antemortem Data Collection
Missing Person Call Center
Family Assistance Center (FAC)
Disaster Victim Identification/Reconciliation Center
Remains Release
Long-Term Family Management
Conclusion
References
Features of Italian Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Features per Type of Public Administration
An Analysis of the Italian Public Administration
Cross-References
References
Federal Criminal Appeal Process and Social Policy
Definition
Introduction
Federal Criminal Appeal Process as a Social Policy
Criminal Appeal Basics
Winning an Appeal
Number of Appeals Overview
Steps in Filing a Timely Appeal: File the Notice of Appeal
Grounds for Appeal
How the Appeal Is Decided
History and Evolution
An Overview of the History of Federal Criminal Appeal Process
Conclusion
References
Federal Executive Management
Synonyms
The Perdurability of Toxic Politics
A Cacophony of Competing Interests
Competing Sources of Institutional Control of the Federal Executive Branch
Fiscal Stress, the Gray Dawn, and a Blended Federal Workforce
Reform of the Federal Personnel System
The Race to Keep Up with Technology
A Future of Competing Pressures for Managerial Change
References
Federal Government, Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Separation of Powers at the Federal Level of Government
Federal Parliament
Federal Executive
Federal Judiciary
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Federal Grand Jury System and Social Policy
Definition
Introduction
Federal Grand Jury as a Social Policy
Grand Jury Clause
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6
Secret Federal Grand Jury Proceedings
Investigatory Role
Special Grand Jury
History and Evolution
Criticism: A Case for Abolishing the Grand Jury
Rubber Stamp
Limited Constitutional Rights
Subpoena Power
Conclusion
References
Federal Senior Management, Brazil
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Senior Management in the Brazilian Federal Administration: Theoretical Aspects
Senior Management in the Brazilian Federal Administration: Occupation Profile
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Federalism and Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Federalism and Public Administration
The Essential Nature of Federalism
Public Administration in a Federal Setting
Further Dimensions of Federalism
The Courts and US Federalism
Intergovernmental Relations: The Intertwining of Federalism and Public Administration
Grants-in-Aid
Intergovernmental Management: Key Features
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Federalism, Brazil
Synonyms
Introduction
Rules, Politics, and Values
Origins of Federalism in Brazil
Federalism and Public Policies in Brazil
Emerging Issues
Cross-References
References
Feigned Public Policy, Theory of
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
A Reflection on Public Policy
The Feigned Public Policies
Antecedents of Feigned Policies
Consequences of Feigned Policies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Feminist Approach to Social Service Delivery by Aid Organizations in Rural Nigeria
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Condition of Women in Rural Nigeria
Feminist Ideology and Social Service Delivery in Developing Countries
Women´s Power and Control over Resources (Power over, Power with, Power to, and Power Within)
Women´s Access to Information
Women´s Participation in Decision-Making
Women´s Access to Financial Resources and Microcredit
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Fiji´s Intraregional Trade Outcomes
Synonyms
Brief Definition
Introduction
Fiji´s Annual Exports, Imports, and Balance of Trade (BoT)
Fiji´s Exports and Imports of Merchandise
Fiji´s Exports of Merchandise
Fiji´s Imports of Merchandise
Fiji´s Exports and Imports of Services
Fiji´s Exports of Total Services
Fiji´s Imports of Services
Fiji´s Major Trading Partners
Fiji´s Intraregional Trade Outcomes
Conclusion
References
Financial Analysis
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Analysis of Financial Condition in Public Administrations
Financial Analysis in Europe
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Financial Governance in the Municipal Organization of West Bengal
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Objective of the Study
Data Source and Methodology
Framework of Financial Management in Government Organizations
Accounting and Financial Reporting
Internal Control
Control Environment
Risk Assessment
Control Activities
Information and Communication
Monitoring
Budget Control
Compliance
Techniques of Financial Management in ULBs
Cash Management
Revenue Management
Expenditure Management
Asset Management
Scope of Resource Enhancement
Proper Management of Existing Sources of Revenues
Identification of New Areas of Revenue Generation
Capacity Building
Suggestions and Conclusions
References
Financial Health and Distress in Local Government
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Multifaceted Perspectives of Financial Health in LGs
Measuring Financial Health and Accounting in LGs
Measuring Financial Health in LGs: An International Framework
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Financial Inclusion in Latin America
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Road to Financial Inclusion
Financial Inclusion: Measurement, Status, and Impact
Measuring Financial Inclusion
The Global Status of Financial Inclusion
Impact of Financial Inclusion
Financial Inclusion in Latin America: Status and Obstacles
The Status of Financial Inclusion in Latin America
Obstacles to Financial Inclusion in Latin America
Present and Future Trends of Financial Inclusion in Latin America
Growing Importance of Digital Financial Inclusion
Demand-Side Policies
Deepening Strategic Alliances
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Financial Inclusion Policies and Supply of Domestic Credit to Private Sector
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Problem Statement
Grounding Theory and Literature with the Problem Statement
Research Methods Used to Collect Data on the Problem Statement
Data Analysis and Discussions on the Problem Statement
Demand Side Constraints
High Interest Rate and Fee Charges
Collateral Issues and Lack of Guarantee
High Deposit and Equity Requirements
Lot of Documentations and Paper Requirements
Low Income and Education
Supply Side Constraints
Claims on Other Sectors of the Domestic Economy as % of GDP (COSGDP)
Claims on Central Government (% of GDP)
Commercial Bank Branches (per 100,000 Adults)
Why Is the Loan Rejected by the Banks?
Demand and Supply of Loans
Critique of Existing Policies
Financial Inclusion Policies on Women´s Empowerment and Youths
Policies on Financial Infrastructure and Private-Public Partnership
Policies on Digital Financial Services and Financial Literacy
Policy Recommendations and Reasons for its Success
Policy Recommendation 1: Provision of Innovative Microfinance Loans to Small Businesses in Fiji
Policy Recommendation 2: Involvement of Informal Sector in the Financial System
Policy Recommendation 3: Linking M-Banking Products to the Needs of the Digital Finance in the Rural Areas by Using Public-Pri...
Policy Recommendation 4: Providing Housing Microfinance Loans to Poor Households
Policy Recommendation 4: Using Mobile Phones and Mini Bankers to Enhance Financial Literacy
Conclusion
Cross-References
Appendix
References
Financial Instruments
Synonyms and Related Items
Definition
Introduction
Definition and Classification of Financial Items
The Derivates
The Guarantee and Contingent Provision
Financial Leasing and Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)
The Securitization
The Recognition and Measurement Under IPSAS
Initial Recognition and Derecognition
The Measurement
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Financial Management for Local Government
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Basic Functions of Local Financial Management
Cash Management
Financial Planning
Management Control
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Financial Performance: The Simplification of Indexes
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
An Essential Set of Indicators
The Margins of Simplification
Conclusion and Perspectives
Cross-References
References
Financial Reforms in Jordan
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Jordan: Brief Historic and Economic Backgrounds
Phases of Financial Reforms
Challenges in Implementing Financial Reforms
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Financial Reporting
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Purposes and Boundaries of Financial Reporting
Relationships with Other Aspects of the Accounting Function
Performativity of Public Sector Financial Reporting
Recent Trends in Public Sector Financial Reporting
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Financial Statements
Synonyms
Definition
Financial Statements
Introduction
General Purpose Financial Statements
Statement of Financial Position
Statement of Financial Performance
Statement of Cash Flows
Changes of Net Assets/Equity
Notes
Presentation of Financial Statements in Selected European Countries
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Financial Sustainability
Synonyms
Related Terms of this Encyclopedia
The Definition of Financial Sustainability
Introduction: The Sustainability Problem
History and Implication of the Concept of Financial Sustainability
The Measurement of Financial Sustainability
The Incentives for Financial Sustainability
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Financial Vulnerability and Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Introduction
Nonprofit Financial Vulnerability
Determining Factors of Nonprofit Financial Vulnerability
Use Current Profits
Use Unrestricted Net Assets
Increase Operational Efficiency
Diversify Revenues
Borrow
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Financial Well-Being of Retirees in Nigeria
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Financial Well-Being
Dimension of Financial Well-Being
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Financing Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Individual Donations
Foundation and Corporate Giving
Government Grants and Contracts
Earned Income
Endowment
Debt Instrument
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Firing Regulation and Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Historical Background
Public Policy Exceptions to the At-Will Doctrine
Cases of Wrongful Firing in Violation to Public Policy
Organizational Costs by the Wrongful Firing in Violation of the Public Policy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Fiscal and Financial Transparency
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Concept and Purpose
Historic Developments
Global Initiatives for Fiscal Transparency
Principles and Content of Fiscal Transparency Norms
Information to be Provided
Presentation of Information
Credibility/Integrity Mechanisms
Embedding into Governance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Fiscal Decentralization in Ghana, Nature, Prospects, and Challenges
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Nature of Ghana´s Fiscal Decentralization
The District Assembly Common Fund
The Prospects of Ghana´s Fiscal Decentralization
Challenges of Ghana´s Fiscal Decentralization
Conclusion and Policy Implications
Cross-References
References
Fiscal Federalism and Sub-national Bond Yield Spreads: The Swiss Case
Synonyms
Definitions
Fiscal Federalism
Sub-national Bond Spreads
Introduction: Sovereign Defaults and the Market Discipline
Fiscal Federalism: A Short Theoretical Framework
Fiscal Federalism in Switzerland
Fiscal Federalism: Empirical Impact
Capital Raising by the Public Sector and Sovereign Bond Yield Spreads
Sub-national Bond Yield Spreads: A Global Perspective
Capital Raising by the Public Sector in Switzerland
Sub-national Bond Yield Spreads in Switzerland: Empirical Findings
Conclusion: Fiscal Federalism and Sub-national Bond Yield Spreads in Switzerland
Cross-References
References
Fiscal Federalism in the USA
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The US Federal Structure
Benefits of Fiscal Federalism
Demerits and Challenges of Fiscal Federalism
Federalism and Revenue Sources
First and Second Generation of Fiscal Federalism
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Fiscal Impact of Secession on Spain and Catalonia
Definitions
Introduction
Spain´s Economic Structure and Growth
Democratic Institutions in Spain
Long Road to Stability and Fiscal Viability for Catalonia
Obstacles to Catalan Independence
Conclusion
References
Fit: Market and Strategy
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Aligning the Market and Marketing Strategy
Product Life Cycle (PLC)
Customers
Competitors
Marketing Performance
Case Studies
Poor Fit: Pfizer´s Exubera
Strong Fit: IBM Watson
Strong Fit: Amazon.com
Strong Fit: Whole Foods Market
Strong Fit: Uber Eats
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Fixed Price Contracts
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Fixed Price Contracts
Fixed Price Contracts with Adjustment Factors
Challenges Associated with Fixed Price Contracts
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Flattening Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Flattened Versus Vertical Hierarchy
Benefits of a Flat Organization
Potential Problems with a Flat Organization
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Flexible Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Dimensions of Flexibility in Organizations
Cultural Flexibility of Organizations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Focus Event and Public Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Focusing Events in Theory
Examples of Focusing Events in the Literature
Limitations of Focusing Events as an Explanatory Concept
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Food Security
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Availability
Accessibility
Stability
Crop Diseases and Climate Change
Conflicts
Utilization
Safety Nets
Income Diversification
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Forced Labor of Migrant Workers on Fishing Ships: Holding Management and Governments Accountable
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Approach Used for this Research
Micro-Level
Meso-Level
Macro-Level
Meta-Level
Assessment
Assessment
Assessment
Assessment
Assessment
Solutions
The ILO Response
Closing Comments
References
Foreign Immigration and Economic Growth
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Overview of Inflow of Foreign Population and Economic Growth Rate of the G7 Countries
Literature Review
Model Specification
Data
Research Findings
Discussions
Conclusion and Limitations
Cross-References
References
Foreign Policy in Latin America
Synonyms
Introduction
The Five Factors
International Context
Institutional Weaknesses
Individuals
Identity
Interests
Conclusions
References
Foreign Policy in the Caribbean
Synonyms
Introduction
About Foreign Policy
Caribbean Foreign Policy
Addressing the Challenges
The Way Forward
References
Foreign Students´ Health Service Access Barriers
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Methodology
Research Approach and Design
Population and Sampling
Data Collection
Coding of Interview Data and Analysis
Results
Background Information of Participants
Foreign Student´s Healthcare Service Access Barriers
Communication Challenges
Health Education/Literacy Constraints
Health Insurance Challenges
Coping Mechanisms
Translator Applications and Communication Assistant´s Use
Social Network Recommendations
Traveling Back to Home Country
Study Participants-Generated Remedies to Overcome Barriers
Discussion of Findings
Conclusion and Implications for Policy, Practice, and Further Research
Cross-References
References
Formal Rulemaking in Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Formal Versus Informal Rulemaking Procedures
A Brief History of Formal Rulemaking
``Peanut Butter´´ and Administrative Stalling
Why Formal Rulemaking Is Important to Public Administrators
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Forms of Power
Definition
Introduction
Sources of Power in Organizations
Legitimate Power
Reward Power
Coercive Power
Expert Power
Referent Power
Power, Influence, and Leadership
Research on Sources of Power
Empowerment of Organization Members
Conclusion
References
Further Readings
Foundations of the Administrative Law
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is Administrative Law?
The Sources of Administrative Law
Conclusion: The Importance of Administrative Law for Public Administration
Cross-References
References
Foundations-Government Relations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Democratic Legitimacy
Foundation Roles and Functions
Political Criticism and Regulation in the USA
Outlook and Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Founder´s Syndrome in Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Syndrome
Founder´s Syndrome
Founder´s Transformational Reaction Syndrome
Introduction
Reaction to Founders
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Fourteenth Amendment, Voting Rights, and Social Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution
Voting Rights
Social Policy
Globalization and Social Policy
Social Policy and Political Representativeness
Conclusion
References
Framework Agreement
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Definitions and Variations of Use
Classification of Framework Agreement and Contracts
Advantages of Using the Framework Agreement
Applicability of Framework Agreements
Stages of Framework Agreement Process
Estimated Value
Framework Agreement Procedure
Requirements of the Invitation to Bid
Award of Framework Agreement
Award of Contracts Under Framework Agreement
Framework Agreement Concluded with One Supplier
Framework Agreement Concluded with More than One Supplier
Option One: Cascading down the Ladder
Option Two: Hold a Mini-Competition
Mini-Competition
Contract Award
e-Framework Agreement
Conclusion
References
Framework for Understanding NPM Reform Initiatives
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
A Conceptual Framework of NPM Reform
Initial Conditions
National Context
Structural Context
Environmental Pressures
External Context
Internal Context
Reform Dynamics
Organizational Context
Managerial Processes
Interaction Processes
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
From E-Governance to Smart Governance: Policy Lessons for the UAE
Synonyms
Introduction
Conceptualizing the Nexus Between eGovernment, Smart Government, Innovation, and Quality
eGovernment
Smart Government
Public Service Innovation
Public Service Quality and Quality of Life
Smart Government Model of the UAE
The UAE´s Journey from eGovernment to Smart Government
The UAE mGovernment Roadmap 2013-2015 and Its Immediate and Potential Impacts
Public Service Quality and Happiness
Smart Government Challenges
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
From Governance to Government
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Changing of Governance to Government
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
From Idea to Execution
Introduction
The Entrepreneurship Phenomenon
Vision
Elements of an Effective Vision
Futuristic
Ambitious
Expression of a Deeper Purpose
Neuroplasticity Explained
Exercise
Goal Setting
Prioritizing as Integral to Success
Setting Priorities by Refining Goals
Articulation
Identify the Motives Behind the Goals
Adjust Your Goals to Envisioned Obstacles
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Frontline Bureaucrat
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Political and Administrative Powers
Who Are the Frontline Bureaucrats?
Frontline Bureaucrats and Beyond
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Frontline Bureaucratic Accountability
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Coping with Accountability
Frontline Bureaucrats´ Strategies to Manage Accountability
Following Guidelines
Talk and Discussion
Learning and Gathering Information
Transparency and Honesty
Professional Judgment and Ethical Code
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Functional Classification of National Accounts Systems in Korea
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
COFOG Framework
Why?
What and How?
Expectation of the COFOG
Conclusion
Appendix
References
Fund Accounting
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Fund Accounting in US GAAP for Governments
The Fund Concept and Its Accounting in the Italian Tradition
Conclusion
References
Future of Public Administration and Law
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Administration and Regulation
Public Administration and Law
Separation of Powers and the Nondelegation Doctrine
Enabling Legislation and Ultra Vires Acts
Unilateral Executive Actions
Administrative Procedure Acts
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
G
Game Theory
Synonyms
Introduction
Origins and Four Traditions of Game Theory
A Snapshot of Non-cooperative Game Theory
Nash Equilibrium
Dynamic Games of Complete Information
Games of Incomplete Information
Further Reading
Cross-References
References
Gaps and Transparency Challenges in Contract Outsourcing
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Viewpoint
Contract Management
Outsourcing Utilization
Skills Requirement in Outsourcing
Lack of Communication
Transparency and Reliability of Information
Effective Monitoring System
Compliance with Contract Requirements
Limitations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Garbage-Can Model of Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Consensus-Based Organizations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Gender and Corporate Governance in Public Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Women Progress Driven by Regulatory Pressures: State of Art
Group Dynamics in Board of Directors
Gender Stereotypes in Boards´ Processes
The Role of Personal Networks for Accessing to Board Positions
Concluding Remarks
References
Gender and Governance, Russia
Synonyms
Introduction: Gender Discourse in Public Administration
Gender Issues in Historical Perspective
Gender Aspects in Public Administration
Gender and Good Governance
Contemporary Gender Policy in Russia
Conclusion and Discussion
References
Gender Budgeting
Synonyms
Definition
Gender Budgeting: An Overview of the Concept
Aims, Purpose, and Benefits of Gender Budgeting
Typology of Gender Budgeting Initiatives
Conclusion and Outlook
Cross-References
References
Gender Differences: Male Officers´ Perception Toward Women´s Occupational Barriers in Federal Law Enforcement
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Background
Gendered Norms and Practices in Law Enforcement
Gender Differences to Women´s Occupational Barriers in Federal law Enforcement
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Gender Equality in Public Procurement
Synonyms
Procuring Along the Equality Grain
Cross-References
References
Gender in Japanese Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Legislation for Gender Equality
Gender Equality in Japanese Management
Male-Dominant Culture in Japanese Bureaucracy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Gender in Public Administration, Brazil
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Representation of Women in Public Administration
Women´s Right History in Brazil
Institutional Arrangements for Women´s Right Implementation
Public Policies to Prevent Violence against Women
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Gender Representation in the Public Sector
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Gender Representation in the Workforce
Occupational Representation
Agency Representation
Position Representation
Multi-Level Obstacles to Women in the Workforce
Societal-Level Factors: Gender Stereotypes
Individual-Level Factors: Conflicting Roles of Care and Work
Organizational-Level Factors: Gendered Organizations
Why Representation Matters?
Conclusion
References
Gender Wall and the Political Participation of Women in Australia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Political System in Australia
Barriers to the Political Participation of Women
Socioeconomic Barriers
Family Responsibilities
Lack of Finance
Harassment, Assault, and Intimidation
Political/Institutional Barriers
Aggressive Nature of Politics
Discrimination by Political Party
Cultural Barriers
Traditional Gender Roles
Self-Confidence
The Role of the Mass Media
Exploring the Reasons for Barriers
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Gendered Politics in Turkey
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Top-Down Modernization and State Feminism
Women Rights Policies from the 1980s to 2000s
Women Rights and Family Policies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Gendering the Workplace Injustice: Cliff or Prison
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Glass Ceiling and Glass Cliff
The Flip Side of Glass Cliff Argument
Methodology
Analysis and Findings
Flaws in the Literature
Analysis of the Interviews
Circumstances Surrounding the Appointment of the Women
Conclusion
Final Thoughts
References
Giving and Volunteering
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Charitable Giving and Philanthropy
Formal and Informal Volunteering, Pro Bono
Cultural Differences
Economic Significance of Volunteering
Theories
Predictors of Giving and Volunteering
Effects of Volunteering
Costs, Effectiveness, and Social Impact
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Global Administrative Reforms
Synonyms
Introduction
Global Rules of Dispute Resolution
Global Rules and Effects on the Administration of Justice in India
Establishment of Commercial Courts, Commercial Division, and Commercial Appellate Division
Institutional Arbitration in India
Innovative Appeal Mechanism in Arbitration
Conclusion
References
Global Agenda for Crisis Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Global Governance and Developing the Global Agenda
Financial Stability
Civil War and Threats from Non-state Actors
Long-Term Crisis Management
Sustainable Development
Global Climate Change
Global Crisis Response and Management
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Global and International Politics
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Realism and Moral Realism in International Relations
The Rise of Liberal-Idealist Thought
The Marxian Political Economy Alternative
Contending Theories in the Turbulent Twentieth Century
Contending Theories in the Cold War Era
Contending Theories in the Era of Globalization
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Global Civil Society or Networked Globality
Synonyms
Introduction
Defining Global Civil Society
The Dynamics of Global Civil Society
The Influence of Global Civil Society
Political Consequences of Global Civil Society
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Global Competency in Public Administration
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Understanding What It Means to Be a Welcoming and Inclusive Community
Public Administrators and Welcoming Communities
Taking Action
Developing a Shared Vision and Understanding Among Community Stakeholders
Strengthening Local Ownership and Community Partnerships
Reducing Language Barriers for Community Engagement
Rewarding Commitment and Celebrating Success
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Global Cyberspace Security and Critical Information Infrastructure Protection
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Global Cyberspace Security
Economic Imperatives and the Emergence of the Critical Information Infrastructure Protection as a Cooperative Objective
National Defense Imperative and the Emergence of the Norm Prohibiting Cyber-operations Against the Critical Information Infras...
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Global Economic Governance
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Architecture of Global Economic Governance
The Emergence of the G20 as a Premier Forum in Global Economic Governance
The Legitimacy of the G20: Challenges Ahead
Conclusion
References
Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy 8/4/20 Closing the Information Gap: She/he Who Gets to Succeed ...
Synonyms
Introduction
Background of University of Illinois at Chicago
The Health Professionals Network (Pipeline Program)
Hispanic Public Health Nutrition Initiative (Obesity Program)
Objectives and Methodology
Who Was Interviewed?
Information Gathering for Success - Three Year Journey to Completion
Findings
Commonality in the Stories
Student A
Student B
Student C
The Ethnographies: Joshua, Christopher, and Christian* (The Former Students Are Permitting Their First Names to Be Used)
Joshua´s Story
Christopher´s Story
Christian´s Story
Conclusion
References
Global Ethics
Synonyms
Introduction
Local Values and Global Ethics
The Practical World of Global Ethics
Global Ethics by Force: Legal and Regulatory Responses
Global Ethics by Persuasion
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Global Financial Crisis Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Definition of a Crisis
The 2008-2009 Crisis
IMS Problems, Symptoms of Problems, and Complicating Factors Problems
Debt, Deficits, and Declining Growth
Banking and Investing
Cybercrime
Symptoms of Problems
Schemes, Scams, Fuzzy Math, and Fraud
Quantitative Easing (QE), ZIRP, and NIRP
Bail-Ins
Gold Manipulation and Alternative Currencies
Alternative Currencies
Growing Regulatory Authority
Complicating Factors
Tools for Crisis Management
The Bank of International Settlements (BIS)
The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
G7 and G20
Financial Stability Board
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Global Governance
Synonyms
Introduction
Global Governance and Its Disciplinary Contexts of Emergence
Global Governance and Its Current Manifestations
Current Debates and Future Research
Conclusion
References
Global Governance and National Governance
Synonyms
Introduction
Governance
Global Governance
National Governance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Global Information Society
Synonyms
References
Global Justice
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Precursors of Global Justice
Contemporary Scholarly Contributions
Different Strands of Global Justice
Alternate Visions of Global Justice
Religious and Non-Western Traditions
The Problems With Global Justice
Thin Moral Universalism Versus Thick Contextualism
The Ethical Toolkit in Pursuit of Global Justice
Realizing Global Justice
A Rhetorical Claim?
A Hegemonic Enterprise
A Global Policy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Global Performance Measures
The Era of 1900 Until World War II
Post-World War II Era to the 1970s
From the 1980s to Today
Politics Is and Will Remain Part of Performance Movement
Conclusion
References
Further Readings
Global Poverty and Inequality
Introduction
The Scale of Global Poverty and Inequality
Drivers of Global Poverty and Inequality
Addressing Global Poverty and Inequality
Conclusion
References
Global Public Goods
References
Globalization and Corruption
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theories on Sources of Corruption (Kim and Hira)
History of Corruption and Attempts to Fight It in the West (Hira)
Global Measurements of Corruption (Murillo)
Representative Surveys of Service Users
Citizen Surveys
Expert Assessments
Composite Indexes
General Criticisms and Limitations of Corruption Measurement
New Technological Approaches to Corruption (Murillo)
The Principal-Agent Framework, Adjusted
Corruption, Development, and Globalization (Hira)
Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Globalization and Culture
Introduction
Culture and Globalization
Culture
Globalization and Culture
Language, Culture, and Globalization
Concluding Remarks
References
Globalization and Democracy
Synonyms
Introduction
Globalization
General Principle
Commercial Impulse
Territorial Expansion
Occupation and Democracy
World-System Restructuring and Shifting Hegemons
Corralled Transitions
Conclusions
References
Suggested Readings
Globalization and Energy
Introduction
Energy and Social Systems
Two Energy Problematics Become One
COP21 Process in Three Steps: Decarbonization
Energy Consumption Today
Future Energy: COP21 Breaking Crucial Links
Decentralized Implementation or Global Management Strategy
Conclusion
References
GDP Sources
GHG and Energy Sources
Literature
Globalization and Filial Piety
Synonyms
Introduction
The Impact of Global Processes on Filial Piety
Culture and Filial Piety
Filial Piety Laws
The Future of Filial Piety
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Globalization and Gender Frontiers
Synonyms
Introduction
Imagining Globalization and Gender
Discourses of Globalization as Gendered
Discourses of Globalization and Representations of Women
Women´s Empowerment (as a Cliché)
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Globalization and Genocide
Introduction
Genocide as Modern Crime
Genocide and Us
Collective Crime of Individuals
Genocide as a ``Legalized´´ Crime
Recognizing Stages of Genocide
Conclusion
References
Globalization and Global Trade
Globalization
International Trade: The Early Years
GATT
WTO
Bilateral, Regional, and Plurilateral Trade
Global Trade
Conclusions
References
Globalization and Globalism
Globalization and Governance
Globalization, the Rise of China, and the Global South
References
Globalization and Law
Synonyms
Introduction
Law: A Conventional International Perspective
International Law and Human Rights
International Humanitarian Law
International Criminal Law
Transnational Criminal Law
The Transnational Space of Laws
International Trade and Investment Law
Extraterritoriality
``Soft Law´´
Case Study
Unethical Offshore Clinical Trials
Obstructions to Universal Accountability
Transnational Legal Futures
Conclusion
References
Globalization and Migration
Synonyms
Introduction
Migration and the Nation-State in the Global Era
Scholarly Approaches to Global Migration
Migration and Development
Cross-References
References
Globalization and Nation-States
Synonyms
Introduction
The Origins of Nation-States and Globalization
Nation-States Doomed in the Age of Globalization?
Opposition to Globalization
Conclusion
References
Globalization and Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Intergovernmental Organizations: The United Nations
International Financial Institutions: World Bank and IMF
Nongovernmental Organizations: Amnesty International
Transnational Advocacy Networks
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Globalization and Pollution
Synonyms
Pollution, Population, and the Anthropocene
Risk Society: Chernobyl and Fukushima
Air Pollution/Haze
Transparency and the Global PR Machine
Monitoring and ``Naming and Shaming´´
BHP Billiton, Adani, and the Polluter-Pays Principle
The Global Commission on Pollution and Health
``Natural´´ and ``Unnatural´´ Contaminants
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS)
Waste
``Natural´´ Pollution: Volcanic Eruptions
The Aviation Industry
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Globalization and Predatory Corporations
Corporations and Predatory Behavior
Origins of Concept of Predatory Behavior
Globalizing Corporate Predatory Conduct
Corporate Fraud
Exploitation of Labor
Tax Avoidance
Making and Selling Dangerous, Harmful Products
Environmental Destruction
Financial Predation
Corporate Predation and Parapolitics
Conclusion
References
Globalization and Prostitution
Synonyms
Nineteenth-Century Globalized Prostitution
Twentieth-Century Globalized Prostitution
Twenty-First Century Globalized Prostitution
Contemporary Revival of the Gendered Antislavery Movement
What Causes the Globalization of Prostitution?
References
Globalization and Public Administration
Introduction
Globalization, Privatization, and Public Administration: Key Terms Defined
Privatization and Globalization
Globalized Public Services
The Evidence: The Jury Is in and the News Is Not So Good
Private Financing of Public Infrastructure: Does It Make Cents?
Public Transport Winners and Losers: The Australian Case
Privatized Energy Winners and Losers: The Australian Case
Privatization and Globalization: A Smaller or Larger State?
Conclusion
References
Globalization and Public Health
Synonyms
Introduction
The Distinctive Nature of Public Health
Health, Wealth, and Power
Aspects of Public Health in the Contemporary Period
Public Health Governance in the Global Era
Strengths of the Global Health Perspective
Limitations of Global Health
Inappropriate Homogenization of Culture
Cultural Biases
Macroeconomic and Macro-political Factors
Overestimation of Western Influence
Overreliance on Statistical Markers of Disease
Medical Dominance
Cultural Competency
The Future of Public Health in a Global Era
References
Globalization and Public Policy
Definition
Introduction
Globalization as Imperative
Globalization as a Source of Policy Problems
Economic Effects
Globalization, Social Cohesion, and Cultural Diversity
Environmental Impacts of Globalization
Globalization as a Legitimating Strategy
Globalization as Policy Opportunity
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Globalization and Public Relations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Globalization
Ethnocentrism in Public Relations
Global Public Relations
Conclusion and the Future
Cross-References
References
Globalization and Sex Trafficking
The Crime of Sex Trafficking in the Era of Globalization
Creating Supply: The Effects of Economic Globalization on Sex Trafficking
Fueling Demand: The Intersecting Effect of Economic and Sociocultural Globalization on Sex Trafficking
Globalization and the Changing Form and Process of International Sex Trafficking
Challenges to Combatting Sex Trafficking in a Globalized World
Political Globalization and International Efforts to Address Sex Trafficking
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Globalization and Strategic Security
Focus on Iraq
9/11 Terrorist Attacks and Afghanistan Invasion
To the Bush Doctrine
The Administration Prevails
Bush Goes to War
Bush Goes to War
The Protracted Occupation
Obama and Nuclear Weapons
Back to the Middle East
Rogue States and Stateless Rogues
Notes
Globalization and Subnational Governments
Subnational Governments as Influential Actors on the Global Stage
Beyond the Nation-State
Organized Transnational SNG Networks
Developmental Assistance
Network Challenges
Conclusion
References
Globalization and Terrorism
On Terror and Terrorism
Colonial Age of Terrorism
``Golden´´ Age of Terrorism
Global Age of Terrorism
Conclusion
References
Globalization and the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime
Defining the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime
The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty
NPT Review Conferences
Negotiating a Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban
Nuclear Weapon-Free Zones
Other Initiatives That Support the Global Nonproliferation Regime
Cooperative Threat Reduction Program
Global Threat Reduction Initiative
Nuclear Suppliers Group
Nuclear Modernization and the Challenge to the NPT
Conclusion
References
Globalization and the Spatial Politics of Cities
Synonyms
Definition
Globalization
Politics
City
Introduction
Section A: Important Trajectories and Debates
Urbanization and Globalization
Global Cities, World Cities
Global City Imaginaries and Identities
Cosmopolitan Alliances and Networks
The State and Populism
Hospitality and Social Justice
Who´s Cosmopolitan City?
The Complexity of Exclusions, Inequalities, and Expulsions
Section B: Situating the Spatial Politics of Cities
Political Implications of the Spatial Turn
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Globalization and US Education Policy
Synonyms
Introduction
Globalization
Globalization and Schooling in America
Globalization and the Changing Purposes of a School Education in the USA
Globalization and the Growing Inequity in Educational Access and Outcomes
Globalization and Privatization of School Education
Globalization and Technology Needs in Schools
Conclusion
References
Globalization and Violence
Introduction
The Changing Nature of Globalization and Conflict
Globalization, the State and War
Conclusion
References
Globalization and War
Doctrinal Dualism
Earlier Signs of Dualism
The National Security Strategy (2010)
Compromises and Ambivalence in Obama´s Use-of-Force Doctrine
The Augmentation of Drones
Redefining the Use-of-Force in Response to ISIS
New Technologies and the Use of Force
Conclusion
Globalization and World Trade Organization
Synonyms
Definition
Rule of Law
WTO Outlined
Jewell in the Crown
One Cheer for the WTO
Loss of Faith in the Rule of Law
Cross-References
References
Globalization of Health and Human Rights
Human Rights: Conceptual Constraints
The Role of Human Rights Agreements in a Globalized World
Health as a Human Right
Historical Globalization and Health
Contemporary Globalization and Improvements in Health
The Impact of the Pharmaceutical Industry (Howard-Hassmann, 2010): HIV Therapy
The Impact of the Pharmaceutical Industry (Chapman, 2016): Research and Development
Noncommunicable Diseases
Trade Liberalization and Food Insecurity
Globalization, Climate Change, and Human Health
Toward an Ethical Globalization
References
Globalization of Public Budgeting
Synonyms
Introduction
Responsiveness Through Participatory Budgeting
Democratization of the Public Sphere
Participatory Budgeting
Transparency
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Globalization, Security, and Drones
The Rise of Drones
Drones, the Use-of-Force in Interventions and Incursions
Drone Proliferation
The Precursor to New(er) and Evolving Technologies
Conclusion
References
Goal-Setting Theory of Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Outcomes of Goal Setting for Individuals and Organizations
Goal-Setting Theory in Public Administration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
God, Science, and Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Classical Period: The Rise of Science
The New Public Administration Challenge: Opening Public Administration to Dialogue
New Public Service: Dialogue?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Going from Government to Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
State of the Art
Governments Continued Hand in Governance Through Metagovernance
Analysis and Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Good Budgeting: Design and Development of a Budgeting Model Based on Good Governance Indices in Iran
Synonyms
Definition of Good Budgeting
Introduction
Good Governance
Budgeting
Good Budgeting
References
Good Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Governance
Good Governance
Elements of Good Governance
General Discussion About Governance and Good Governance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Good Governance, Building Capacity in Post Revolution
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Tunisian Administrative System, Good Governance Promotion
The International Academy of Good Governance, Building Capacities
The Vision - The Main Mission
Attributions
Structure
The International Academy of Good Governance
Toward Sound Governance in Tunisia
Outlooks and Insights - Innovation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Output Measures of Governance
Good Governance and Its Characteristic: Do They Really Matter?
Participation
Rule of Law
Transparency
Responsiveness
Consensus-Oriented
Equity and Inclusiveness
Effectiveness and Efficiency
Accountability
Global Context of Good Governance
Main Challenges of Governance
Lack of Participation and Engagement
Lack of Accountability
Low Transparency
Lack of Awareness of Active Citizenship
Weak Role of Civil Society
Gender Inequality
Global Governance and Global Rules: Why Do They Need Reform?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Governance and Aid
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Foreign Aid and Governance: The Optimist and Pessimist Views
Empirical Studies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Governance and Buddhism
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Background of Buddhist Governance
Framework of Buddhist Governance
Arjjasatta, the Philosophy of Policy Formulation
Kamma, the Focus of Governance
Trissarana, the Structure of Governance
Nirvana and the Codes of Governance
Pancasila
Austta Magga, the Eightfold Path
Patimokkha, the Accountability Code
Education for Governance
Conclusion
References
Governance and Citizenship
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Constitutional Framework on Civil Society
Understanding Corruption and Governance
Understanding the Failure of CSOs in Anti-Corruption
Political Reasons
Administrative Reasons
Internal and External Challenges
Public Legitimacy
Government Policies
Business Sector Relations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Governance and Corruption in India
Definition
Introduction
Federalism and Politics
The State and the Economy
Experiments in Governance
The Battle against Corruption
References
Governance and Democracy
Synonyms
Introduction
Meaning of Governance
Democracy: A Theoretical Issue
Historical Aspect of Democracy
Governance and Good Governance
Conditions for Success of Democracy and Governance
Present Challenges of Democratic Governance
Conclusion
References
Governance and Development
Synonyms
Introduction
Understanding of Governance
Conceptualization of Development
Relationship Between Governance and Development
Needs and Rights Approach to Development
Provision of Infrastructure Development
E-Governance and Development
Level of Correlation with Development Outputs
Governance as a Means to Enhance Human Development
Linkage Between Governance and Development
Institutional Arrangements of Governance Performing in Development Sectors
To Maintain Efficient Market as a Component of Economic Development
Provide a Means of Early Development through Growth-Enhancing Governance
Growth-Enhancing Governance and Economic Growth
Governance and Participatory Development
Policy Links to Governance Approach Resulting to Development
Governance and the Management of Political Stability Contributing to Development
Conclusion
References
URL
Governance and Good Government in Latin America
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Framework
Analysis and Results
Transparency
Accountability
Integrity
Impacts
Conclusion
References
Governance and Government
Synonyms
Categories
Definition
Introduction
Perspectives
Seamless Cooperation or Conflict
Is the State an Autonomous Actor in This Paradigm Shift?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Governance and Human Development
Synonyms
Introduction
Overview: Theories and Operational Approaches
SDG16 on Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Governance and Indigenous Peoples: New Challenges to Their Conceptualization and Implementation
Synonyms
Definition
Section
Introduction
Governance: New Challenges to Its Conceptualization from Indigenous Peoples
Implementing Governance from an Indigenous Perspective
Governance as a Concept in Reconstruction: Implications for a Research Agenda
Cross-References
References
Governance and International Development, China
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Soft Power
Public Diplomacy
Social Media and Public Diplomacy
Twitter and Public Diplomacy
Findings
Conclusions
References
Governance and International Regimes
Definition
From World Government to International Regimes
The 1990s: From International Regimes to Global Governance
Today and Tomorrow: International Regimes and Global Governance in a Multipolar World?
References
Governance and Knowledge
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Perspectives
Knowledge Governance: Challenges and Prospects
Conclusion
References
Governance and Leadership
Synonyms
Introduction
Governance and Organizations
Leadership and Organizations
Concluding Comment
References
Governance and Leadership, China
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Perspectives
Leadership in Public Organization
Parting Shot of Leadership and Governance
References
Governance and Network Formation Triggers
Definition
Introduction
State of the Art and Future Perspectives
Network Formation
Network Formation Triggers
Environmental Triggers for Network Formation
Organizational Triggers for Network Formation
Future Perspectives
Conclusion
Cross-References
Governance and Power
Definitions
Introduction
The Situationist View of the Organizations
Governance and Power in a Situationist View of the Organizations
Conclusion: Power and Institutional Dynamics about Model of Governance
References
Governance and Professionalism
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Rise of Professionalism
De-professionalization
Future Perspectives
Cross-References
References
Governance and Public Administration
Synonyms
Introduction
Governance: Meaning
Public Administration: Meaning
Governance and Public Administration: Supplementing or Supplanting?
Concluding Remarks
References
Governance and Punishment
Synonyms
Introduction
Connecting Dots Between Governance and Penal Polices
Sociological, Economical, and Political Aspects of Punishment
Inquiring Rationality of Fear-Based Penal Governance
International Obligation on Access to Justice and Its Significance in Penal Policies
Governance Through Participation and Its Impact on Criminal Punishment
Social and Economic Development Results into Crime Prevention
Reinvesting Justice
Conclusion
References
Governance and Regulations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Relationship Between Regulation and Governance
Importance of Regulatory Policy
Rationality of Regulatory Governance
Need for Good Regulatory Governance
Transparency and Accessibility
Impact Analysis of Regulatory Agencies
Avoidance of Complexity
Effective Inspection
Cross-References
References
Governance and Social Enterprise
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining Social Enterprise
The Governance of Social Enterprise
Conclusion
References
Governance and the Entrepreneurial Society
Synonyms
Introduction
A New Definition of Entrepreneurship
The Entrepreneurial Society
Importance
Governance
Governance as Leadership
Governance and Entrepreneurship Development
Conclusion: Development and the Entrepreneurial Society
Cross-References
References
Governance and the State: Theory and Russian Specifics
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: The Problem of the Loss of Centrality by the State
Theories of the Governance and the State: From a ``State-Centric´´ to ``Participatory´´ Understanding
But Why Has This Shift of Meanings of the Concepts of State and Governance Happened?
The Practice of Measurement of the Governance and the State Capacity: ``State-Centric´´ Biases of International Comparators
Russian Specifics: Failures of ``State-Centric´´ Approach in Practical Policy-Making
Conclusion
References
Governance and Trust
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Governance and Trust: Conceptual Framework
Governance
Trust
Leadership, Change, and Trust Interface
Governance and Trust: Interrelationship
Reasons and Consequences of Decline of Trust in Governance: From a Public Sector´s Perspective
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Governance and Urban Regeneration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Perspectives
Stet of the Art: Effects of Governance on Urban Regeneration
Perspectives on Urban Regeneration and Its Challenges
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Governance by Network and Its Applicability to National Aid Policies and Local Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Three Types of Governances
Reforms of Public Sector and Governances by Market and by Network
Governance by Network and Its Outputs and Outcomes
Citizens´ Participation in ODA and Increase of Support
Governance by Network and Local Democracy
Concluding Remarks
References
Governance Failure
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Governance in the Grassroots
Perspectives
Social Protectionism and the Dilemma of Governance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Governance in Crisis Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Understanding Crises, Disasters, and Disaster Management Systems
Governance and Disaster Management
Governance as Government Capacity
Governance as Cross-Sector Collaboration
Potential Challenges
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Governance in Higher Education in Europe and Greece
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Governance in Higher Education
Analysis of the Higher Educational Institutes´ Function
External Governance
Internal Governance
Higher Education Governance in Greece
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Governance in Tajikistan
Legitimizing Rahmon´s Rule
Co-opting the Elite
Governance Through Repression in Tajikistan
The Curtailed Space for Civil Society
Conclusion
References
Governance in the Dutch Caribbean
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Kingdom Charter and Its Implications for Governance
Amendments to the Kingdom Charter and Its Implications for Governance
Revisiting Governance in the Post-Dissolution Era
Conclusion: Why Have Administrative and Governance Challenges Prevailed Since 10.10.10?
References
Governance of Disaster Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Disaster Management: A Governance-Based Analysis
Global
National
Local
Analysis and Conclusions: Where to Next?
Cross-References
References
Governance of Global Public Policies and Science Diplomacy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
State of Art
Main Issues
Future Trends
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Governance of Higher Education Institutions in Algeria: Inventory and Assessment
Synonyms
Introduction
The Institutional Context
University and the Context
Higher Education Institutions
University Governance
Financing Universities and the Financial Support Given to Students
Admission, Organization, and Evaluation of Teachers (Professors)
Appraisal
Goals and Objectives of the University
Means
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Journals
Reports
Governance of Higher Education System in Iran: The Elongated Road to New Public Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Concept of Academic Governance
Models of Academic Governance
University Governance by the Academic Staff
Corporate Governance
Trustee Governance
Stakeholder Governance
Amalgam Models of Governance
Consequences of Trustee Governance to Iran´s Higher Education System
Conclusion
References
Governance of Intellectual Property
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Intellectual Property Rights
Historical Evolution of IP Protection
The Current Status of International Governance of IP
Future Perspectives on the International Governance of Intellectual Property
References
Governance of Labor Market Services and Employability
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Defining Employability
Employability in the Political Debate: An Historical Perspective
Employability and Personal Resources
Governing Employability
Policy-Making for Labor Market
The Actors of the Management Cycle
Measuring Employability
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Governance of Migration
Synonyms
Introduction
What We Know
Migrant Patterns and Statistics
Reasons for Migration
Migration Policy as Messy, Complex, and Divergent
International Engagement
Regional Engagement
Bilateral Agreements
National Policy
Local Policy
Migration Classification Within Policy
Cross-References
References
Governance of Ocean Beyond National Jurisdiction
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
International Instruments on Ocean Governance
UNCLOS and Implementing Agreements
Geneva Conventions
CBD and Nagoya Protocol
Governing Principles of ABNJ
Common Heritage of Mankind
Freedom of High Sea
Marine Scientific Research
Institutional Mechanisms
Division for the Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea
International Seabed Authority
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
BBNJ Working Group
Informal Consultation Process
Dispute Settlement Bodies
International Court of Justice
The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
Arbitral Tribunal
Special Arbitral Tribunal
Conclusion
References
Governance of State-Owned Enterprises
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Letting and Making the Managers Manage
Regulation and Deregulation in the Public Sector: Insights from Agency Theory
Core Features of Principal-Agent Theory
Methodology
Regulating and Deregulating in the Public Sector: The Debate Continues
Deregulation Is the Problem: The Case for the ``Regulate to Improve Performance´´ School
Regulation Is the Problem: The Case for the ``Deregulate to Improve Performance´´ School
The State Enterprises Commission and the Making of the Regulatory State in Ghana
A Closer Look at the SEC in Ghana
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Governance of the National Maritime Jurisdiction in Developing Coastal Countries
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
National Maritime Jurisdiction: What, Where and Who
Physical Characteristics
Operational Characteristics
Typical NMJ Industry Sectors
Governance System Context
Drivers
NMJ Characteristics
NMJ Governance Regime
Actions
Outcomes
Evaluative Adaptations
Four Outcomes Fundamental to Governance of the NMJ
NMJ Governance Regime
Essential Integral Systems of the NMJ Governance Regime
Essential Integral Systems: Roles in Policy Action
Control
Secure
Develop
Manage
Capacity Applied Integrally in an Ascending Pathway
Summary of Aspirational Impacts Realized
Each Essential Integral System: Elaborated
EIS for International Governance Regimes
EIS for National Governance
EIS for Maritime Domain Awareness
EIS for Economic Development
EIS for International Engagement
EIS for Policy Analysis
EIS for Policy Implementation
EIS for Policy Evaluation
Conclusions
Utility for Developing Coastal Countries
Cross-References
References
Governance Theories and Models
Synonyms
Introduction
Theoretical Framework for Governance
A Normative Dimension of Governance: What Makes Governance Good?
The Plethora of Governance Theories and Models
Conclusion
References
Governance, Brazil
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Framework and Problems
The Path of Governance in Brazil
Problems and Challenges of Governance in Brazil
Cross-References
References
Governance, Japan
Synonyms
Introduction
From Government to Governance
Political Development and Governance in Japan
Conclusion: The Nature of Governance, Japan
References
Governance, Local Communities, and Citizens Participation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Frames
Setting the Framework for Collaborative Working and Community Action
Participation and Collaboration´s Structures: Community Organizations
Conclusions
References
Governing and Managing International and Global Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Rationale of Multinational Activity
Economic Rationale of INGO Activity
Distribution of Influence Among INGOs´ Participants
Role of Professionals
INGOs Experience Pressure for Professionalizing
Professionalism Is a Concept Imported from the Business Sector
Professionalism May Take Away from the Uniqueness of the Nonprofit Sector
Professionalism Has Inherent Costs
Businesses Are Slowly Adopting Participatory Management
Perspectives of Institutional Theory
Perspectives of Systems Theory
Structure
Effects of National Origin
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Government and Corruption in Context of Growth
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Government and Corruption: Common Sense and Data
General Framework
Corruption and Government Employment
Discussion of the Model
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Government and Nonprofit Relationships
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Perspectives
Supplementary
Complementary
Adversarial
Alternatives to Economic Theories
Trends Affecting Government and Nonprofit Relationships
Devolution
Globalization
Collaboration to Address Complex Issues
Performance-Based Expectations
Policy Advocacy by Nonprofits
Marketization
Implications for Practice and Theory Development
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Government Budget Laws in Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Budget Code of the Russian Federation
Tax Code in Russia
Budgetary Funds in Russia
Inter-budget Transfers
Budget Laws in Russia
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Government in the Spanish Communities
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Clarity: Application to Economic Policy
Regulations in the Autonomous Communities
Conclusions
References
Government Reforms and Public Administration Quality
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Prior Research and Theory
Global Evidence on Public Administration Quality and Government Integrity
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Government Spending Priorities in Uganda
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What the Literature Says About Government Spending
Determinants of Economic Growth
Physical and Human Capital
Expenditure on Research and Development
Financial Development
Negative Effects of Government Spending
Factors Hindering Economic Growth in Africa
High Public Spending
Defense Spending and Economic Growth
Positive Impact of Defense Spending
Negative Impact of Defense Spending
Drivers of Economic Growth in Africa
Data Sources
Spending Priority Sectors and Their Significance
Conclusion
References
Government Structure in Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Russian Government Structure
Formation of Government Structure in Russia
Revenue Sources
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Government Support of Small Business in Russia
Synonyms
Definition
New Economic Order
From Capitalist Oligarchy to State Oligarchy
First Development Institutions in Russia
Federal Institutions for the Support of Entrepreneurship
Group 1. Federal Agencies
Group 2. State Development Institutions
Group 3. Development Infrastructure
Group 4. Noncommercial Organizations (NCO) and Public Associations
Best Practices: Federal Development Institutions
The Combination of Policy Support and Market Conditions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Government´s Role in Entrepreneurial Business Activities: The Case of Fiji
Synonyms
Brief Definitions
Introduction
Government Support/Involvement in Fijian Retail Franchisees
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Autonomy
Proactiveness
Risk Taking
Innovativeness
Competitive Aggressiveness
Sustainability of Franchisees
Conclusion and Recommendations
Cross-References
References
Governmental Accountability
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is Accountability?
New Public Management and Accountability
Third-Sector Accountability
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Governmental Reform in Turkey
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Transition to the New System
The Presidential Organization: Building Blocks of the System
Policy Boards
Presidential Offices
Ministries in the New System
Independent Institutions and Organizations
Conclusion
References
Greek Refugee Crisis, The
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Migrants, Refugees, or Irregulars?
Why Greece?
Why Now?
Crisis Within a Crisis?
The EU Steps In
The EU-Turkey Agreement
What´s Next?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Green Procurement Awareness
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Case of Mr. M
Theoretical Underpinning
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Group Power and Leadership
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Group Processes and Social Influence
Leadership and Influence
Group Power and Individual Power
Related Concepts
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Groupthink Processes and Problems
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Cohesion, Concurrence-Seeking, and Self-Censorship
Groupthink and Ethics
Combating Groupthink
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
H
Harmonization
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Different Facets of Harmonization
Convergence Versus Uniformity
Harmonization of Financial Reporting in the Private Sector
Harmonization of Governmental Reporting at Macro Level
Harmonization of Governmental Reporting at Micro Level
The International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)
The European Public Sector Accounting Standards (EPSAS)
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Head of the State and Public Administration, Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Historical Background
Elections and Impeachment of the President of the Russian Federation
Functions of the President of the Russian Federation
Administration of the President of the Russian Federation
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Health Insurance and the Probable Left-Out: A Social Exclusion-Based Study
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Underpinning of the Study
Methodology
Research Approach and Design
Type of Research Design and Inquiry
Population and Sampling
Participants and Sampling
Data Collection
Coding of Interview Data and Analysis
Results
Service Quality Perceptions
Negative Attitude of Health Personnel, Negative Experience of Relations
Perception About Medical Supplies
Unavailability of Health Personnel
Time Considerations
Waiting Time at Health Insurance Registration Centers
Location of Health Insurance Registration Offices
Time Spent at Health Centers
Financial Consideration
Affordability of Premium Payments
Discussion of Findings
Conclusion
Implications for Policy, Practice, and Further Research
Limitations of the Study
Cross-References
References
Health Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Background of Health Policy
Provisions of Health Policy
Types of Health Policy
Critical Factors Associated with Health Policy
Policy Formulation Process
Key Players and Stakeholders of the Health Policy
Health Policy Formulation Tools
Policy Implementation Process
Health Policy and Universal Health Coverage: Health Equity
Successful Health Policy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Health Policy: Innovative
The Role of Government in Healthcare
Federalism in Healthcare Policy Innovation
Incremental Changes
A Case of Local Government Healthcare Innovation
Federal, State, and Local Government Healthcare History
Comprehensive Healthcare Innovation
Healthcare Policy Environment
Healthcare Education and Nonprofit Donations
Education and Physician Shortages in Rural Areas
Collaboration in Healthcare
Conclusion
References
Health Services at the Primary Care Level
Synonyms
Introduction
The Period 1914-2015
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Healthcare and Cultural Disparities
Synonyms
Disparities in Healthcare: The Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status
Culture as a Crucial Determinant of Health
A Structure for Culturally Competent Healthcare
Social Inequality: Reversing a Driver of Cultural Disparities
Integrated Communities of Care and Overcoming Cultural Disparities
Social Conditions that Overcome Disparity and Influence Well-Being
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Healthcare Ethics
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Basic Categories of Healthcare Ethics Theories
Major Principles in Theoretical Reasoning
Ways in Which Ethical Approaches Affect Healthcare Delivery
Codes of Ethics
Patients´ Rights
Appropriate Care Provision
Organizational Review Committees
Ethical Issues in Health Care Through the Life Span
Beginning of Life Care
Care Throughout the Life Span
End-of-Life Care
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Health-Care Policy in America
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Health-Care Policies: International Experiences and National History
International Experiences
USA: Pre-social Insurance Era
Medicare and Medicaid
Affordable Care Act
Problems and Challenges
Increasing Medical Cost
Changes in Medical Practice
Obesity Problem
Conclusion
Suggestions for Future Research
Cross-References
References
Heritage Assets
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Characteristics of Heritage Assets
Accounting Practices in the International Scenario
IPSAS n. 17 ``Property Plant and Equipment´´
The Consultation Paper ``Accounting for Heritage Assets Under the Accrual Basis of Accounting´´
IPSAS 31 ``Intangible Assets´´
FRS 30 ``Heritage Assets´´
SFFAS 29 ``Heritage Assets and Stewardship Land´´
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Heroic Leaders
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Heroic Leader´s Life Journey
The Role of Transformation
Transformational Patterns
The Heroic Leader as Mentor
Temporal Sequencing of Mentoring
Transforming Others
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Heroic Leadership
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Journey of the Heroic Leader
The Role of Transformation
Transformational Patterns
The Heroic Leader as Mentor
Temporal Sequencing of Mentoring
Transforming Others
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Higher Education Governance and Reforms
Synonyms
Introduction
Characteristics of Higher Education as a Field of Public Policy
Steering Forces of Higher Education
Higher Education Reforms: Overall Characteristics
Internal Governance
Conclusion: ``Quo Vadis Higher Education?´´
References
Higher Education Governance and Student Participation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conceptual Framework
Trends of Students´ Participation
Benefits and Challenges of Student Participation
Conclusion
References
High-Performance Work Teams and Organizations
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
High-Performance Organizations
Culture-Climate
Human Resource Management
High-Performance Work Teams
Clearly Defined Goals
Alignment of Values
Communication
Collaboration
Autonomy and Authority
Effective Leadership and Support
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
High-Tech Age and Public Sector HRM, The
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Changes in Job Classification Systems
Recruitment and Selection
Human Resource Information Systems
Communicating with the Public
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Hiring Regulation and Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
In This Chapter
The Spoils System
The Civil Service Reform Effort
The Politics and Administration Dichotomy
Striking a Balance: The Civil Service Reform and Dichotomy Nexus
Conclusion
References
Historic Black Colleges as Social Policy
Synonyms
History
Historic Black Colleges and Universities as Social Policy
References
Historical Analysis of Third Sector
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Definition of Nonprofit and Third Sector
Theoretical Approaches (a Historical Analysis)
Failure-Based Theories
Trust Theories
Supply-Side Theories
Interdependence Theory
Rurality Theory
Cross-References
References
History of Korean Urban Development
Synonyms
Introduction
Liberation to 1950
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
History of Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Early History
Middle Ages
Industrial Revolution
From the Mid-Nineteenth Century to World War II
Post-World War II
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
History of Procurement in Public Sector in Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Products Supply for State Needs in Pre-revolutionary Russia
Procurement in Russia in the Soviet Period
Market Economy Establishment in Russia in 1991-1996
Decree No. 305 as an Important Stage of Reforming the Public Procurement System
Step Back with the Law No. 97-FZ ``On Competitive Tenders for Placement of Orders for the Goods Supply, Works Performance, Ren...
Start of Creation of a Civilized Contract System with the Federal Law No. 94-FZ ``On Placement of Orders for Goods Supply, Wor...
Modern Contract System in Russia
Conclusions
Cross-References
History of Public Administration in Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Origins of Public Service of Russia
Public Service in the Old Russian State
Stage ``Princely State Service´´
The ``Public Service´´ in the Novgorod and Pskov Feudal Republics
Public Service in the Period of Feudal Fragmentation of Rus
Conclusions
References
History of Public Administration, Brazil
Synonyms
Introduction
Framework - History of State and Public Administration
Historiography Issues
Background
Frame of Reference
The Construction of the National State
Periodization Problems
Closing Remarks
Cross-References
References
History of Public Law
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Religious Roots of Public Law
Public Law and the Early Nation-State
Enlightenment Liberalism and Tensions in Public Law
Constitutionalism
Administrative Law
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
HIV/AIDS and Urban African Americans in Housing Sustainability: The Case of Jackson, Mississippi
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Sustainable Housing
Urban African Americans Living with HIV/AIDS
Programs to Support Urban African Americans with HIV/AIDS
Conclusion
References
Homeless and Social Policy, The
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: The Problem of Homelessness
What Is Homelessness?
Institutional Landscape
Who Are the Homeless?
Homeless Service Systems
Homeless Management Information System (HMIS)
Cost of Homelessness
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Homelessness Among Persons with Disabilities in Urban Areas
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Concept of Homelessness
Causes of Homelessness
Poverty
Natural Disasters
Urbanization
Political Issues and Evictions
Unemployment
Lack of Affordable Housing
Mental and Health Challenges
Substance Use or Abuse
Broken and Abusive Relationships
Family Violence and Sexual Abuse
Types of Homelessness
Chronic Homelessness
Episodic Homelessness
Situational or Transitional Homelessness
Homelessness in Ghana
Gender and Homelessness
Persons with Disabilities and Homelessness in COVID-19
Homelessness and Disability
Homelessness and Disability in a Vicious Cycle
Effects of Homelessness on Persons with Disabilities
Conclusion
References
Homeschooling as Social Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Brief Overview of Homeschooling in the USA
What Are the Primary Motivations or Reasons for Homeschooling?
Are Homeschooled Students Adequately Prepared Socially and Civically?
Is There Sufficient State Regulatory Oversight of Homeschooling?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Horizontal Accountability to Prevent Corruption
Synonyms
Defining Horizontal Accountability
From Vertical to Horizontal Accountability
National Integrity Systems as Horizontal Accountability Model to Prevent Corruption
Can Horizontal Accountability Be Effective in Developing Countries to Prevent Corruption?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Hospice, Race, and End-of-Life Planning
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Alternative Explanations for Differences in End-of-Life Planning
Demographic Differences
Consumer Education Explanations
Mistrust Explanations
Explanations of Religion and Cultural Beliefs
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Housing Policies in South Korea
Introduction
Evolution of Korean Housing Policy
Policy Tools for Housing Policy in Korea
Beginning of Housing Policy: Regulation for Economic Development (1962-1979)
Military Regimes: Widening Government Intervention (1980-1992)
Democratized Regimes: Deregulation to Cope with Crisis (1993-2002)
Progressive Regime: Strong Regulation in a Bid for Public Welfare (2003-2007)
Conservative Regimes: Deregulation for Better Supply (2008-2017)
Incumbent Regime: Stronger Regulation to Housing Price (2017-)
Conclusion
References
Human Capital and Meritocracy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Meritocracy and Merit
Individual Human Capital and Social Status
Hypotheses and Principles for a Socio-statistical Model
Conclusions
References
Human Capital Intervention and Poverty Reduction
Synonyms
Definition of Terms
Introduction
Intervention: A Conceptual Review
Human Development Components and Targets
Human Capital Intervention for Poverty Reduction: The Nigerian Experience
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Human Development in Qatar
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Qatar: New Era
Qatar´s HDI Value and Rank
Gender Development Index (GDI)
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Human Development, Religion, and Governance
Synonyms
Introduction
Overview: Theoretical Approaches on Religion and Human Development
Faith Based Organizations: From Humanitarian to Developmental Purposes of Service
Analysis of the Political-Economic Role of a FBO: The Pentecostal Movement in Uganda Regards Realizing Sustainable Development
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Human Ecology: Integrating Urban and Natural Environments
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Contemporary Human Ecology
Theoretical Foundations
Related Concepts
Biophilic Cities
Bioregionalism
Agroecology
Human Ecology in Practice
Conservation Subdivisions
Overlay Zoning
Green Building
Transect Planning
Sustainable Agriculture
Organic Farming
Urban Agriculture
Green Infrastructure
Eco-towers
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Human Relations Theory of Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Background
Hawthorne Studies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Human Resource Information Systems
Synonyms
Brief Definition or Concept Description of Human Resource Information Systems
Introduction: Background and Overview
Conceptualizing HRIS: Significance and Benefits
Analysis of Public Organizations´ Challenges to HRIS Adoption and Implementation
Recommendations
Conclusion
References
Human Resource Management Challenges in a Developing Economy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Model and Rationality
Mimicking of Western HRM Practices
Cultural Constraints
Pressure for Public Service Reform and Survival
Obsolete HRM Policies
Changing Mindsets of Public Servants
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Human Resource Management During Wartime
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Story
Discussion
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Human Resource Management in Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Scientific Labor Management
HRM and System Approach
Cadre Management
Present State of Human Resource Management in Russia
References
Human Resource Management Problems and Public Sector Management
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Literature Review on HRM, IHRM, SHRM, and SIHRM
Socioeconomic Background and HRM in the Public Sector: The Solomon Islands and Samoa
Human Resource Management in the Public Sector of the Solomon Islands
Human Resource Management in the Public Sector of Samoa
Research Methodology
Sample Size
Theoretical Framework: Contingency Theory, Research Findings, and Discussions
Contingency Theory
Link Between SHRM and Contingency Theory
Research Findings
Similarities in HRM Between Samoa and the Solomon Islands
Inability to Recruit, Train, and Retain the Skilled Workforce
Differences in the HRM in Samoa and the Solomon Islands
Theoretical, Organizational, and Practical Implications of This Paper
Conclusion and Limitations
Cross-References
Appendix 1
References
Human Resource Management Visibility in Africa
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Historical Viewpoint of HR
The Concept of HR Visibility
HR Visibility Attributes
Strategic Position
Strategic Partnerships
Stakeholder Expectations
Social Transformation
Strategies
Challenges
Recommendations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Human Resource Productivity in Greece
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Analysis of the Administrative and Legislative Frame Relating with the Productivity of Civil Servants
Pathogenic Environment of the Greek Public Administration: Reasons and Weaknesses
Problematic Organizational Planning
Deficient Measurement and Human Resource Management Systems
The Necessity to Depoliticize Public Administration: Review the Partnership of Trade Unions in Personnel Management
Lack of Civil Servants Training and Education
The Approaches of the External Observers: Good Practices, Toolboxes, and Suggested Solutions
The Difficult Task of Integrating the Proposed Reform Ventures: Solutions and Perspectives
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Human Resources Management in Kazakhstan
Synonyms
Introduction
Transitional Challenges
The Role of Informal Networks (Clanism)
Major HRM Issues
Skilled and Competent Workforce
Performance Management, Compensation, and Training
Recruitment
Conclusion
References
Human Rights in Africa
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Norms of the African Commission on Human and Peoples´ Rights (ACHPR)
The Human Rights Framework
Human Rights Abuse in Africa
Analysis and Conclusion
References
Human Rights in the Twenty-First Century
Introduction
Human Rights and the State: Perpetrator or Protector?
The Future of Human Rights
References
Human Rights Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Historical Background
Categories
Mandates
Scale of Operations
Roles
Information Processing
Advocacy
Developing Human Rights Norms and Influencing Policy
Legal, Medical, and Humanitarian Assistance
Solidarity Building
Moral Condemnation and Praise
Key Issues and Challenges
Definition of Human Rights
The North-South Divide
New Rights and New Agendas of Human Rights Organizations
Human Rights Organizations and Foreign Policy
Challenges to Legitimacy
Measurement of Impact
Norm Setting Versus Implementation and Local Versus International Organizational Cooperation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Human Rights Practices in Uganda
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Human Rights Charters
Abuse of the Presidency
Torture of Citizens
Rule of Law
Unfair Laws
Policies that Reinforce Human Rights Abuses
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Human Trafficking
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining Sexual Exploitation/Trafficking
Problem
Challenges to Care: The Paradox of Public Policies/Services
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Humanitarian Interventions and Globalization
Synonyms
Defining Humanitarian-Military Interventions
The End of the Cold War and the Illiberalism of Global Conflicts
Global Humanitarian Interventions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
I
ICT Tools in Central Government: Scope, Predictors, and Effect on Coordination Quality
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Data Base
Use and Scope of ICT Tools
Predictors of ICT Use
Perceived Effects of ICT Tools on Coordination Quality
Discussion: Revisiting the Explanatory Perspectives
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Identity Politics in Uganda
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Identity Politics During the Colonial Era 1894-1962
Independence Constitution and Political Party Formation
Identity Politics Under Milton Obote I Regime 1962-1971
Identity Politics Under Idi Amin´s Regime 1971-1979
Identity Politics Under Yoweri Museveni Regime (1986-present)
Identity Politics in Museveni´s Army
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
i-Labs and Public Administration: Public Innovation and the Future of Public Sector
Synonyms
Introduction
Definition of Government Innovation Labs
Features of Government Innovation Labs
Future Directions and Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Image of a Local Area: Measuring and Managing
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Discussing the Relationships between Place and Image
A Dynamic Approach to Frame the Sources of the Local Area Image
Modeling Local Area Image through an Outcome-Based Dynamic Performance Management View
Sketching a Dynamic Performance Management Chart to Manage the Local Area Image
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Immigration and Globalization
Migration and Global Processes
Global Cities and Migration
The Formation of Transnational Communities
The Politics of Identity
Global Migration Pathways
Economic Migration
International Migrant Workers
Refugees and Asylum Seekers
Stateless People
Intermarriage and Family Migration
International Student Migration
Migration and Public Policy
Migrant Smuggling and Human Trafficking
Conclusion
References
Immigration Polices: A Survey
Synonyms
Introduction
Phase I (1780-1880): Laissez Faire
Phase II (1880-1920): Qualitative Restrictions
Phase III (1920-1965): Quantitative Restrictions
Phase IV (1965-1996): The Expansive Phase
1980 Refugee Act
The 1986 Immigration Refugee and Control Act (IRCA)
Immigration Act of 1990
Phase V (1996-Present): A Return to Restrictions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Immigration Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Context and Current Research
Public Influences and Elite Discourse
Elite Discourse and Effects on Public Policy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Immigration: End of Schengen Agreement?
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Forging a New Perspective on Border Control
Enhancing Europeanization
The Schengen Area
Cooperation and Enlargement of the EU
From Intergovernmental Agreements to Increased Europeanization
Migration Patterns in Europe
Intra-European Migration
The New Wave of Migrants and Asylum Seekers
Responses to Immigrants and Refugees
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Impact of COVID-19 on the Tourism Industry of Fiji, Solomon Islands, and Samoa
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Background of COVID-19 in the Pacific Island Countries (PICs)
COVID-19 Economic Trends in Fiji, Samoa, and the Solomon Islands
Status of COVID-19 Cases in Fiji, Samoa, and Solomon Islands
Impact of COVID-19 on the Tourism Sectors of Fiji, Samoa, and the Solomon Islands
National Governments Fiscal Stimulus Package to Revitalize the Contracting Economy
Tourism-Related Recovery Policies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Impact of Government Experiences on Management Skills of Russians
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Managerial Styles in Russian Organizations
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Impact of Law on Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Sources and Types of Law
Nature of Law
Regulations
Law and Public Administration
Impact of Law on Public Administration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Supreme Court Cases
Impacts of Freedom of Information Act on Accountability and Corruption
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Freedom of Information, Accountability, and Corruption: Toward Better Governance
Conclusion
References
Implementation of Public Policy, Brazil
Synonyms
Definitions
Framework and Problems
Studies in Policy Implementation in Brazil
Characteristics and Challenges of Policy Implementation in Brazil
Conclusion: Brief
Cross-References
References
Implementing Technology Policy as Higher Educational Teaching and Learning Tools
Synonyms
Introduction
Technology Policy and Its Barriers for Implementation
Why Is E-Learning Important in Higher Education System?
Background of E-Learning Environment in Higher Education
Birth of Systematic Learning Technologies
World Wide Web (WEB)
Mobile Technology
Summarization of Progress in Technological Capability
Common Educational Technologies in Higher Engineering Education
Video
Simulations and Animations
Text Annotation
Collaboration Tools
E-Quizzing Tools
ePortfolios
The Challenges
Conclusion
References
Implication Study Methodology for Public Administration and Public Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Foundations of ``Implication Studies´´
Types of Implication Eliciting Studies in Public Administration and Public Policy
Systematic Implication Eliciting Research Design
Emerging Implication Eliciting Research Design
The Steps of Implication Eliciting Study Methodology
Determine the Suitability of Implication Eliciting Study
Determining the Source of Eliciting Implications
Defining a Process for Extracting Implications
Determining a Conceptual Framework for the Destination of Application of Implications
Choosing a Theoretical Sampling of the Source of Taking Implications
Eliciting the Contribution of the Source of Taking Implications
Validating the Contributions of the Source of Implication
Fitting Contributions of the Source of Taking Implications and Conceptual Framework of the Destination of Application of an Im...
Eliciting Intended Implications
Validation of Elicited Implications
Reporting the Research Report
Conclusion
References
Implicit Leadership Theories
Synonyms
Effects of Implicit Leadership Theories on Perceptions and Attributions
The Measurement of Implicit Leadership Theories
Future Research
Summary and Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Improving Energy Sector Accountability in Trinidad
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Background and the Significance of the TTEITI
What Is ``Accountability´´?
Social Accountability
Corporate Accountability
Accountability in the Trinidad and Tobago Energy and Mineral Sectors
The Role of the TTEITI in Addressing the Challenge of Corporate Accountability and Responsibility in the Mining Sector of Trin...
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Improving Water Service Delivery Through Public-Private Partnerships in Botswana: A Grounded Theory Approach
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Delivery of Water Service in Botswana
Public-Private Partnerships in Botswana
Conceptual Framework
Methodology
Case Selection, Criteria, and Justification
Sample Size
Applying the Key Principles of Grounded Theory Method to the Emergent Theory
Coding in Grounded Theory
Categories
Negative Case Analysis
Constant Comparison
Theoretical Sampling
Theoretical Saturation
Writing Memos
Research Findings and Discussion
Suggested Model for Botswana Water Sector
Operations Support Contract (OSC) Conceptual Framework
Management Responsibilities
Asset Ownership Responsibilities
Project Financing
Payment Method
Contract Period
FuelSupply and Related Contractual Obligations
Billing
Conclusion
References
Improvisation in Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition of PDS
Introduction
Concept
Materials
Data
Sample Design
Methods
Food Security Index: Determinants and Measurement
Impact Assessment of PDS: Propensity Score Matching
Results and Discussion
Performance of Public Distribution System in Barpeta District of Assam
Principal Component Analysis and Multidimensional Food Security Index
Food Security Index of Char and Non-char Areas of Barpeta District
Econometric Result: Propensity Score Matching
Checking for Common Support, Balancing
Estimation of Treatment Effect Checking of Sensitivity Between the Treated and the Control Group
Conclusion
Cross-References
Appendices
Mathematical Appendix
References
Incivility in Organizations: Perspective from Ghana
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Idea of Incivility at the Workplace
Types of Incivility
Impact of Incivility at the Workplace
Addressing Workplace Incivility
Incivility in the Ghanaian Workplace
The Impact of Incivility on Individual and Organizational Performance
Incivility and Absenteeism
Incivility and Interpersonal Relationships
Sexual Harassment as Incivility
Abusive Supervision as a Factor of Incivility
Uncivilized Attitudes of Co-workers
Conclusion
References
Inclusive Emergency Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Background
Access and Functional Needs Framework in the United States
Whole Community Framework in the United States
Inclusive Emergency Management Framework
Seeking Equity: The Next Natural Progression
Cross-References
References
Inclusive Senior Housing: Meeting the Needs of LGBTQ Older Adults
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Background, Challenges, and Relevance to Public Administration
Unique Needs of LGBTQ Seniors
Health
HIV/AIDS
Barriers to Affordable Housing
Poverty
Discrimination, Stigma, and Violence
Current LGBTQ-Friendly Senior Housing
Moving Forward
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Incremental Theory of Decision-Making
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Human Limitations
Mutual Adjustment
Critique
Implications
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Independent Regulatory Agencies in Coordination of Public-Private Partnerships and Other Economic Institutions
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
PPP Coordination by Independent Regulatory Agencies
Sound Legal and Regulatory Framework
Appropriate Risk Allocation
Project Feasibility Study
Competitive Bidding Process
Trust
Political Support
Educating/Involving Community Stakeholders
Communication and Compromise
Conclusion
References
Indicators in Public Policy, Brazil
Synonyms
Introduction
Indicators, Welfare State, and International Agenda
Indicators and the Public Policy Cycle
The Political Nature of the Indicators
Cross-References
References
Inequality in Income and Wealth in Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Trends in Income Inequality
Trends in Wealth Inequality
The Distributional Impact of Government Policies
Conclusion
References
Inequality in Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Organizational Selection
Organizational Retention
Organizational Processes
Organizational Efforts to Reduce Inequality
Future Challenges
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Influence of Organizational Culture and Commitment on Attitudes Toward Change
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical and Empirical Review
Group Dynamic Approach, Organizational Culture, and Attitude Toward Organizational Change
Organizational Support Theory, Organizational Commitment, and Attitude Toward Organizational Change
Methods
Research Setting
Research Design and Sampling Techniques
Sample Size
Data Collection Instrument
Measure of Organizational Culture
Measure of Organizational Commitment
Measure of Attitude Toward Organizational Change
Ethical Consideration
Analysis of Data
Results
Descriptive Statistics and Correlation
Hypotheses Testing
Analysis on Influence of Organization Culture on Attitudes Toward Change
Analysis on the Influence of Organization Commitment on Attitudes Toward Change
Discussion
Practical Implication
Limitations and Conclusion
References
Influential Players in Social Policy Networks
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Background
Economic Resource Dependency
Remit of Activity
Subnetworks
Data and Methodology
Results
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Informal Administrative Processes
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining Informal Agency Actions
The Basic Elements and Process of Informal (``Notice and Comment´´) Rulemaking
Additional Procedural and Substantive Requirements of the Informal Rulemaking Process
Exceptions to the Requirements of the Informal Rulemaking Process
Other Informal Agency Actions (``Informal Adjudications´´)
Standard of Review for Informal Agency Actions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Informal Citizenship
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Informal Economy: Causes and Constitutive Elements
Social Relations of Informality
Informal Citizenship
Conclusion
References
Informal Political Institutions
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Institutions, Rules, and Incentive Structures: A General Approach
Formal and Informal Political Institutions
Informal Political Institutions and Policy Outcomes
Methods for the Study of Informal Political Institutions
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Informational Differences in Organizations
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Measures of Informational Differences
Divergent Opinions
New Knowledge Values
Novelty Experimentation
Challenges of Managing Informational Differences
Strategies of Managing Informational Differences
Recommendations
Cross-References
References
Infrastructure Policy, Brazil
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Infrastructure Policy in the Last Decades
Current and Future Challenges
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Innovation and the Public Workplace
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Why Innovate?
Types of Innovation
Multilevel Innovation
Strategies to Foster an Innovative Workplace
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Innovation and Tradition in Public Administration Reform
Synonyms
Introduction
Public Administration as a Reform Movement
Rule of Law
Levels of Reform
More than the Delivery of Services
Dynamics of Representative Government
Conclusion: The Future of Innovation and Tradition in Public Administration Reform
Cross-References
References
Innovation and Tradition in Public Administration Reform: Case of Russian Central Governmental Budgeting
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Is NPM Still Alive?
The Russian Setting
The Evolution of Russian Central Governmental Budgeting
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Innovation Ecosystem
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Pertinence of Innovation
Conceptualization of Innovation
Achieving Collaborative Innovation
Success Factors
Challenges
Interactions for Value Co-creation in Ecosystem
Innovation Ecosystem
Conceptualization
Value Co-creation
Enablers of Innovation for Value Co-creation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Innovation in Public Sector Accounting
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The most Common Innovations
The Different Implementation Paths
The Outcome of the Reform Processes
The Next Steps and the Challenges for Politicians, Practitioners, and Scholars
Cross-References
References
Innovation Policy Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The National Innovation System
Innovation Policy Governance
Analytical Framework
Practical Approach
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Innovation, Brazil
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Innovation Systems
The Public Sector Innovation System in Brazil
Strengthening Innovation in Brazil
Cross-References
References
Innovations for Administrative Reforms in Korea Revisited: A Case of Local Autonomy
Introduction
History of South Korean Local Autonomy
Changing Process of the Local Autonomy Act
Current Situation of Local Autonomy
Hierarchical Relationship Between Central and Local Governments
Financial Self-Sufficiency of Local Governments
Increase in Number of Local Public Officials
Affirmative Influences on Local Autonomy
Education Level of the Public
Central Governments´ Attitude Toward Local Autonomy
Political Consciousness of the People
Enhancing Local Autonomy
Work Distribution Between Central and Local Government
Improving the Local Financial System
Conclusion
Endnotes
References
Innovations in Administrative Reforms
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Innovation in the Public Sector
Innovation in Administrative Reforms
Characteristics of Innovation in Administrative Reforms
Essence of Innovation in Administrative Reforms
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Institutional Arrangements and Fiscal Performance of Conflict Regions: An Indian Case Study
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Background of the Study
Hypotheses
Sources of Data
Methodology
Estimation Procedure
Co-integration Test
Model Specification
ECM Models for Economic Determinants
Regression Model for Political Determinants
Diagnostic Tests
Results and Discussion
Unit Root Test
Co-integration Test for Economic Determinants Series
Impact of Economic Institution on Government Spending
Impact of Political Institution on Government Spending
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Institutional Efficiency and Financial Health
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Perspectives
Literature Evidence
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Institutional Foundations of Local Self-Government, Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Historic Background
Constitutional Bases of Local Self-Government
Municipal Entities
Municipal Governments
Powers of the Local Governments
Conclusion: Local Self-Government or Local Agents of Upper Governments?
Cross-References
References
Institutional Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Citizens and the Widespread Culture
Institutions and Institutional Models
The Consociational Model
The Competitive Model
A Comparison Between Institutional Regimes
Public Sector Organizations
Citizens, Institutions, and Public Sector Organizations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Institutional Isomorphism
Synonyms
Introduction
Competitive Isomorphism
Institutional Isomorphism
Dynamics of Institutional Isomorphism
Coercive Isomorphism
Mimetic Isomorphism
Normative Isomorphism
Studies on Institutional Isomorphism
Limitations of Institutional Isomorphism: Why Fails in Developing Countries?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Institutional Logics in Zambian Public Accountability Organizations
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Presentation of Four Ideal Types of Logics
The Kinship Logic
The Bureaucratic Logic
The Development Management Logic
The Professionalism Logic
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Institutional Organization of the Chilean National Congress
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Composition of the Congress
Internal Organization
Chamber Directorates
Party Parliamentary Groups
The Bureaucracy
The Functions of Congress
Common Powers: The Congress in the Legislative Process
Exclusive Powers: The Chamber of Deputies as an Oversight Body
Exclusive Powers: The Senate in the Political System
Congress and Its Representative Functions
The Place of Congress in the Political System
References
Institutional Racism and the Public Sector
Synonyms
Cross-References
References
Institutional Theory and Nonprofits
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Institutional Theory in Economics, Political Science, and Sociology
Origin of Institutional Theory
Definition of Institutions
Legitimacy and Conservatism
Rationality
Isomorphism
Rationale of the Nonprofit Format
Modernization
Market Failure
Trust
Pluralism
Solidarity
Development of Nonprofit Research
Comparison with for-Profit Organizations
Options for Structuring Nonprofit Organizations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Institutional Theory of Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Why Institutional Explanations?
New Institutionalism and the Spreading of Institutions
Development of the Institutional Theory of Organizations
Toward Institutional Pluralism
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Institutional Trust and Political Participation in Africa
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Causes and Effects of Institutional Trust and Political Participation in the Developed World
Institutional Trust and Political Participation in the Context of Africa
Conclusion
Implications and Suggestions for Future Research
References
Institutional Trust in Bangladesh: Determinants from Good Governance Stance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conceptual Terms
Issues of Good Governance and Trust in Bangladesh
Institutional Trust in Bangladesh: Determinants from Good Governance Stance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Institutionalization and Its Many Facets
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Process of Institutionalization
Elements that Can Become Institutions and Their Characteristics
Sources of Institutionalization
Effects of Institutionalization
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Institutionalizing Democracy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Methodology
Theoretical Framework
Explaining Democracy and Corruption in Nigeria
Conclusion
References
Institutions and Wicked Problems
Synonyms
Topics
Definition
Introduction
Structural Change and Government
Joined-Up Government
New Institutionalism in the Public Sector
Isomorphism in the Public Sector
The Role of Ideas in Shaping Formal Institutional Structures
Re-Conceptualising the Interplay of Formal and Informal Institutions
Conclusion
References
Instrumentally Rationalizing Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Status of Instrumental Rationalism of Public Administration in Developing Countries
Planning of Policies and Program
Centralization and Decentralization
Lateral and Horizontal Allocation of Responsibilities
Lack of Coordination
Decision-Making and Program Management
Influence Upon Political and Administrative Decision-Making
Public Interest Group
Specialization and Expertise of Administration
Authority of Position
Organizational Loyalty
Political Neutrality
Issues of Instrumentally Rationalizing Public Administration in Developed Countries
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Integrated Management Systems
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is an Integrated Management System?
A Brief Look at Some Popular Management System Standards
ISO 9001:2015 Quality Management Systems
ISO 14001:2015 Environmental Management Systems
OHSAS 18001 Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems
ISO 22000 Food Safety Management Systems
Use of a Common High-Level Structure Across All ISO Management System Standards
Some Important Management System Elements
Policy/Direction/Organization
Central Processes
Improvement
Possible Integration Structure
IT Applications
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Integrated Model of E-Participation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Integrated Strategic E-Participation Framework
E-Participation Targets
E-Participation Forms
E-Participation Strategies
E-Participation Instruments
E-Participation Demand Groups
Drivers of E-Participation
Conclusion
References
Integrated Reporting
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Overview: The Philosophy of Integrated Reporting
Value Creation
The ``Six Capitals´´
How Integrated Reporting Operates: The Business Model
Integrated Reporting in the Public Sector
Raising the Interest
Value Creation and the ``Six Capitals´´ in the Public Sector Context
Developing an Integrated Report
The Issue of Assurance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Integrating Traditional Medicine (TM) in the Healthcare System of Bangladesh: Issues and Challenges
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Types of Traditional Medicinal Practices in Bangladesh
Historical Background of Traditional Medicine and Healthcare System in Bangladesh
Why the Integration Is Important?
Challenges of Integration of Traditional Medicine in the Context of Bangladesh and Ways to Address
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Integrating Values in the Public Sector
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Types of Public Values
Value Conflicts and Tensions
Barriers to Value Integration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Integrity and Corruption
Synonyms
The Connection Between Integrity and Corruption
The Integrity Model
The Corruption-Fighting Model
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Integrity in the Public Service
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Normative Principles
Achieving Professional Competence and Expertise
Abiding by the Rule of Law
Advancing Democratic Participation
Advancing the Public Interest
Ethical Values
Honesty
Fairness
Benevolence
Global Ethical Values or Virtues
Honesty and Fairness
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Integrity Management
Definition
Introduction
Managing Integrity
The Integrity Management Framework
The Compliance Approach
The Integrity Approach
Striking a Balance Between Approaches
Recent Criticism of the Framework
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Intelligence Policy and Security
Synonyms
Introduction
Intelligence: State Function and Its Public Policy
Institutionalization of the State Intelligence Function and the Architecture of the State Intelligence System or Intelligence ...
Modernization of the Intelligence Architecture. Modifying the Composition of State Intelligence System or Communities
Conclusion
References
Intention to Vote by Academic Community
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Consumption and Voting Behavior
Voting Intention
Perceived Quality of the Candidate
Trust in the Candidate
Attractiveness of the Candidate
Candidate´s Expertise
Perceived Image of the Candidate
Proposed Model
Final Considerations
References
Inter-agency Coordination
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Meaning of Inter-agency Coordination
Mechanisms Used for Inter-agency Coordination
Nexus Between Formal and Informal Mechanisms
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Intercultural Communication in the University: Policy and Practices
Introduction
Literature Review
Intercultural Communication for Nonlocal Students
University Support of Intercultural Communication
University-Led Activity
Student-Led Activity: Social, Cultural, and Other Extra-curricular Activities
Practical Activity: Daily Interaction in the Campus
Debate About the Role of University in Intercultural Communication
Research Method
Research Design
Sampling
Data Analysis
Findings and Discussion
Effective University-Initiative as Perceived by Students
Orientation-Camp, Student Society, and Other Extra-curricular Activities
Practical Activity During the Overseas Exchange Program
Sports and Social Activities (Common Goal)
Extra-curricular Activities (Common Interest)
Matching Buddy: Ambassador Program and Mentorship
Language Support and Enhancement
Less Effective University-Initiatives as Perceived by Students
Cultural Event and Tour
Accommodation Arrangement
Mandatory Grouping at the Classroom Level
Conclusion and Implication
Sustainability of the Activity
Good Matching of Students´ Mutual Benefit
Shaping Expectation
Higher Level of Collaboration with Student Union, Societies, and Others
Limitation
References
Intergovernmental Relations in Japan: Local Government Participation in National Policy-Making
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Traditional Administrative and Partisan Routes of IGR in Japan
Evolving Channels of IGR Since the 1990s
The Dynamics of Decentralization, Partisan Incongruence, and IGR
Cross-References
References
Intergovernmental Relations in the European Union
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Foundation of the Intergovernmental Method
The Origin of the European Intergovernmental Method
Interinstitutional Agreements as Tools of the Horizontal Intergovernmental Method
Lawmaking Procedures: Horizontal Intergovernmental Relations
Lawmaking Procedures: Vertical Intergovernmental Relations
Conclusions
References
Intermunicipal Cooperation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Consequences of Intermunicipal Cooperation
Types of Intermunicipal Cooperation
Mandatory Intermunicipal Cooperation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Inter-municipal Manpower Aid in Disaster Management, Japan
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Inter-municipal Aid as a Means of Mitigating the Risk Associated with Manpower Insufficiency
Types of Inter-municipal Manpower Aid
Emerging Policy Considerations Surrounding Inter-municipal Manpower Aid
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Internal Budgetary Auditing
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Role of the Internal Control
The Role of the Internal Budgetary Audit
The Role of the Internal Budgetary Auditing in Budget Preparation and Approval
The Role of the Internal Budgetary Auditing in Budget Execution
The Role of the Internal Budgetary Auditing in Budget Reporting
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Internal Budgeting
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Differences Between Private and Public Sector
Relationship Between Internal Budgeting and Planning in Public Sector
Linkage Between Long-Term Planning and Budgeting
Integrating Budget and Medium-Term Planning in Public Sector
Internal Budget Process in Public Sector
Cross-References
References
Internal Control Models
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Internal Control Models
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
International Development Agencies and Developing Countries
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Major Priorities
USAID
DFID
Recent Achievements
Critical Challenges
Politics
Economic and Institutional Problems
Program and Project Management
Building Effective Partnerships
Conclusion
References
International Financial Institutions: Lessons for Public Administrators
Lessons for Public Administrators
Cross-References
Further Reading
International Issues in Corruption Management
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Issues with Defining Corruption
Challenges to Transnational Governance
Corruption´s Impact at the International Level
Tools to Deal with International Corruption
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
International Local Cooperation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
International Cooperation Among Local Authorities
Modalities of Intercity Cooperation
Why Do Municipalities Cooperate Internationally?
The Internationalization Paradigm
The Development Cooperation Paradigm
The Capacity-Building Paradigm
The Community Cohesion Paradigm
The Road Ahead
Cross-References
References
International Monetary System and the International Monetary Fund, The
Further Reading
International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
International Public Sector Accounting Standards
The IPSASB and Its Development of IPSAS
IPSASB Membership
Governance Over the IPSASB
IPSASB Due Process for Development of Pronouncements
History of IPSAS and the IPSASB
Application of IPSAS
Adoption of IPSAS
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Internationalization of Higher Education in Hong Kong: Policies, Development, and Emerging Trends
Synonyms
Introduction
Recent Global Trends in Internationalization of Higher Education
Privatization
Strategic Alliances Through Institutional Agreements
Increasing Mobility in the Academia
Establishment of Collaborative Programs
Institutional Partnerships
University Rankings
Internationalization of Higher Education in Hong Kong
Problems and Challenges of Internationalizing Higher Education
Commercialization of Education
Comparability of Qualifications
Quality Assurance and Accreditation
Questionable Adaptions
Newness of International Partnerships and Other Challenges
Solutions and Recommendations
National Level
Institutional Level
Conclusion
References
Internationalization of Higher Education Policies in IRAN
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Concept of Internationalization Policies of Higher Education
The Policy of Internationalization of Higher Education in Iran According to Strategic Documents
Problems Facing the Internationalization of Higher Education in Iran
Conclusion
References
Internet Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
State of the Art
Main Issues and Actors
Future Trends
Cross-References
References
Interorganizational Networks in the Context of Arts and Culture
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Perspectives
Resource Dependency Theory
Network Theories
Organizational Stress and Network-Based Resource Acquisition Strategies
Effects of Stress on Ego Network Structure
Effects of Stress on Ego Network Composition
Organizational Types and Ego Network Structure and Composition
Conclusion
References
Interpersonal Trust in Brunei Public and Private Sector Employees
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Objectives of the Study
Methods
Design
Participants
Instruments
Procedures
Data Analysis
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Interplay Between Judicial Review and Bureaucratic Discretion, Taiwan
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Judicial-Administrative Relationship in Ancient China
Before the Initiation of the Democratic Taiwan
Taiwan´s Administration under Democratization
The Judiciary under Democratization
The Current Judicial-Administrative Relationship
Comparison between Taiwan and the United States
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Interregional Migration in Canada
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Nature of Interregional Migration Flows
Economic Opportunities and Internal Migration
Interprovincial Migration and Public Policy
Conclusions
References
Involuntary ``Members´´
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Historical Roots
Scholarship on Involuntary ``Membership´´
Types of Involuntary Nonprofit Beneficiaries
Involuntary Beneficiary: Individuals Struggling with Health Conditions
Involuntary Beneficiary: Individuals Struggling with Displacement
Involuntary Beneficiary: Individuals Struggling with Transition
Challenges and Benefits of Working with Involuntary Beneficiaries
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Iranian Energy and Environmental Policy: Investigation of Governance Frameworks
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Iran´s Regulations Related to the Energy and Environment
Iranian Environmental Governance
Iranian Energy Governance
Conclusion and Discussion
Cross-References
References
Iraq´s Pressing Need to Adopt Unified Conceptual and Procedural Models for Public Policy Making, Implementation, and Evaluatio...
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Policy Making in Iraq
Legal Framework of Public Policy Making in Iraq
Actual and Current Life Cycle of Public Policy in Iraq
The First Relevant Survey: Its Findings and the Process Analysis
Proposed Conceptual and Procedural Models
Cross-References
References
Islam, Governance, and Political Culture in Bangladesh
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Contextual Framework: Islam, Governance, and Political Culture in Bangladesh
History of Islam and Politics in Bangladesh
Historical Development and Challenges of Political Culture in Bangladesh
Historical Measurements Towards Promoting Islam and Democracy in Bangladesh
Characteristics of Political Culture in Bangladeshi State from Socialism to Neo-liberalism
Islam in the Political Sphere: Convergence and Contradiction
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Islamic Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conceptual Meaning of Governance
Features of Governance
Transparency
Rule of Law
Participation
Responsiveness
Equity and Justice
Efficiency and Effectiveness
Sustainability
Accountability
Meaning of Islamic Governance
Pre-Islamic System of Governance
The Golden Era of Islamic Governance
Key Features of Islamic Governance
The Khilafah
The Rule of Law
Transparency
Equity and Justice
Accountability and Responsiveness
Efficiency and Effectiveness
Acknowledging Virtues and Forbidding from Sin
Conclusion
References
Islamic Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
A Reflection on the Studies of ``Islamic Religion and Administration´´
Islam and IPA
Islamic Public Administration
Fundamentals of IPA
Guidelines (Key Principles) Governing IPA
IPA Study Framework
Conclusion
References
Islamic Strategic Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Scope of Islamic Strategic Management Theory
Intradisciplinary Studies in Islamic Strategic Management
Interdisciplinary Studies in Islamic Strategic Management
Islamic Strategy in Practice
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Issue Networks: The Policy Process and Its Key Actors
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Emergence of the Issue Network
Iron Triangles Versus Issue Networks
Issue Network Politics and the Threat to Democratic State
Policy Subsystems, Issue Networks, and Learning
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
J
Jakarta Reunion of 212 and Its Impact Towards Indonesian Presidency Choice
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The ``212 Reunion´´
Methodology
Findings
Do you Know or Have Heard about 212 Reunion?
Did you Support 212 Reunion?
If Presidential Election Is Done Right Now, Who Will you Choose?
Major Findings
Conclusion
References
Japan, Bidding System Reforms
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Types of Bidding Systems
Positive and Negative Aspects of Each Bid System
The Background of Bidding System Reforms and the Reform Results
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Japan´s Bureaucracy in International Perspective
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theories of Bureaucratic Influence
The Bases for Japan´s Strong Bureaucracy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Japan´s Mask Wearing Culture, Covid-19 Governance
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
What Is COVID-19? As Informed to the Citizens in Japan
What Is COVID-19
How Japanese Citizens Initially Informed?
Information Disclosure from the Japanese Government to the Citizens
Mask Wearing Culture: Protecting from Virus Infection?
What Is a Mask?
Mask Wearing Associated with Other Cultural Heritage in Japan
Mask Wearing Causing a Political Divide?
Scientific Proof of Mask Wearing Effect
COVID-19 Outbreak Governance in Japan: In Retrospect
Role Played by the Government
Role Played by the Citizens
Citizens Concern Poor PCR Test and Associated Medical Capacities
Conclusion: A Prospect of the Covid-19 Governance in the World
Cross-References
References
Japan´s Post-War Strategy for Industrial Expansion
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
An Initial Strategy for Economic Growth: The Pacific-Belt Development
The Use of the Olympic Games as a Means for Economic Growth
Transformation from Monopoly Capitalism to Horizontal Groupings of Industries
The Failures and Plummeting of Japan´s Postwar Growth Strategy
Concluding Remarks
References
Japanese Civil Service, The
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Historical Origins
The Postwar Civil Service
Recruitment
Promotion
Pay and Benefits
Retirement
Recent Reforms
Reforming the Career System
Introducing Political Appointments
The Promotion of Women
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Job Classes and Tasks of Public Procurement Professionals
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Professionalism in Public Procurement and Administration
Public Procurement Roles and Responsibilities
Job Classes and Tasks in Public Procurement
Conclusion
Cross-References
Appendix
Job Tasks Key for Table 2
References
Job Satisfaction and Motivation in Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Types of Job Motivation
Antecedents of Job Motivation
Public Service Motivation
Job Satisfaction
Antecedents of Job Satisfaction
Outcomes of Job Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Joined-Up Governance
Introduction
Genesis
Acceptance of the Concept by Wider Community
Objectives and Purpose
Principles
Various Dimensions
Selected Examples and Global Practices
Obstacles and Challenges
Advantages: The Case for a Joined-Up Government
Epilogue
References
Jordanian Public Expenditures: Dynamics, Incrementalism, and Punctuated Equilibrium
Synonyms
Definition
Theoretical Perspectives
The Foundation of PET
PET in Public Budgeting
PET in Different Governmental Systems
Data and Methods
Results
Conclusion and Remarks
References
Judeo-Christian Leadership in the Public Sector
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Definition of Judeo-Christian Leadership
Judeo-Christian Leadership Principles in the Public Sector
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Judicial Oversight of Bureaucracy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Judicial Oversights of Bureaucracy in Bangladesh
Judicial Review
Case Analysis
Is the Judiciary Independent?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Judicial Review
Synonyms
Introduction
The Creation of Judicial Review
Why Judicial Review?
The Political Logic of Judicial Review Powers
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Judicial Review of Significant Agency Programs
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Chevron Deferential Standard of Review
Early Examples of More Skeptical Judicial Review
Brown & Williamson: A Key Predecessor to King
American Trucking: Origin of the ``Elephants in Mouseholes´´ Phrase
Utility Air Regulatory Group: Another Key Predecessor to King
The King Decision: ObamaCare as an ``Extraordinary´´ Case
Questions Raised by the Less Deferential King Standard of Review
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Judiciary and Post-election Conflict Resolution and Democratic Consolidation in Ghana´s Fourth Republic
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Exploring the Nexus Between Post-election Conflict Resolution and Democratic Consolidation
Causes of Post-election Conflicts in Ghana´s Fourth Republic
Role of the Courts in Post-election Conflict Resolution
Clarification of Some Electoral Laws and Procedures
Dealing with Specific Cases of Election Petitions
Other Stakeholders Roles: Legal Practitioners, Politicians, and EC Staff
Voluntary Withdrawals of Petitions
Conclusion and Policy Implications
Cross-References
References
K
K-12 Education as Social Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Brief History of K-12 Education in the United States
History of Key Social Policy Initiatives Related to Education
Education for All Students
Educating Immigrants
Social Policy Expanding Role of Federal Government
K-12 Education´s Reflection of Social Policy
Impact of Judicial Decisions on Education
Major Events in History Impacting Education
Final Thoughts
References
Kantian Ethics
Synonyms
Introduction
The Major Features of Kant´s Moral Theory
Implications for Public Administration
Cross-References
References
Key Issues in E-Procurement in Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Procurement Process
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Knowing Within Public Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining the Concept of Knowing
State of Art
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Knowledge Management and Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is Knowledge?
What Is Knowledge Management?
Knowledge Management and Governance
KM and Public Governance
KM and Governance in Classical Perspective
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Further Readings
Knowledge Management in the Public Sector
Introduction
KM Definition and Rationality
Objectives of KM in the Public Sector
The Main Elements of KM in the Public Sector
Knowledge Resources in the Public Sector
Characteristics of Knowledge in the Public Sector
Knowledge Flow in the Public Sector
Concluding Remarks
References
Knowledge Utilization in Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Utilization of Knowledge Assets
Knowledge Mobilization in Organizations
The Problematic Nature of Knowledge
The Human Factor in Knowledge Management
The Motivation Aspect
The Capability Aspect
Communication of Knowledge Between Sender and Receiver
The Managerial Perspective
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Korean Firefighters´ Own Emergency Management and Its Implication
Synonyms
Definition
Section
Introduction
Emotion-Based Management
Central Government´s Policy
Local Fire Officers´ Strategy
Mass Media´s Focus
Residents´ Interests
Rationality-Based Management
Central Government´ Policy
Local Fire Officers´ Strategy
Mass Media´s Focus
Residents´ Interests
Major Implication
Cross-References
References
Korean Public Administration: Historical Approach
Synonyms
Introduction
Public Administration of State-Building from 1945 to the Early 1960s
Public Administration of Industrialization: From Early 1960s to the Late 1980s
Public Administration of Democratization, Globalization, and Marketization: Since the Late 1980s to the Present
Democratization
Globalization and Marketization
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
L
Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining in the Japanese Public Service
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Legal Environment of Public Sector Employment
History and Development
Public- Versus Private-Sector Labor Relations
Labor Relations of Industrial Officials
Consultation and Negotiation
ILO Conversion and Their Recommendations
Political Influence on Bargaining
Local Leaders and Unions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Labor Unions and Public Law
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Overview of Public Law
Opposition to Labor Unions
Conclusion
References
Land Governance in Africa
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Land Governance
Land Tenure
Land Governance and Land Tenure Categorization
Land Governance and Land Grab
Conclusion
References
Language Management/Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Considerations in Language Policy Making
Types of Language Policy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Latin American Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: The Problem of Defining Governance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Law and Public Administration Ethics
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Civil Service Reform
An Argument for Ethics
Ethics in Practice and in Theory
Conclusion
References
Law and Public Administration Innovation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Administrative Law
Innovation in Public Administration
Administrative Law and Innovation in Public Administration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Law and Public Administrator´s Commitment
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Democratic Accountability, Bureaucratic Accountability, and Political Accountability
Professional Responsibilities of Public Administrators
The Public Good and the Ethics of Dissent
Guidance for Public Administrators
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Law as a Source of Democratic Principles and Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Law as Politics by Other Means
Law as Source for Democratic Institutions
Rule of Law and Citizenship
Judicial Review as a Threat to Democracy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Law Constraints on Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The US Constitution
The Constitution and Equal Protection
The Constitution and Due Process
Specific Issues of Federal Law
Affirmative Action and Anti-discrimination Statutes
Sexual Orientation
Sexual Harassment
Unions
Freedom of Expression
Privacy Rights and Workplace Searches
Statutory Compliance
State Laws that Bind Local Governments and Home Rule
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Law Enforcement Profiling in Public Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Racial Profiling
Perception of Treatment by Police
Traffic Stops
Case Studies: New York Police Department (NYPD) ``Stop and Frisk´´ and Eric Garner
New Jersey
Maryland
Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD)
Oklahoma
Border Profiling
Midwest United States Case Studies: Milwaukee, Chicago, and Cleveland
Future Steps for Law Enforcement
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Lawmaking and Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Legislative Veto as an Attempt to Control Implementation
Legislative Oversight of Administration
The Budget: Executive-Legislative Interaction
Administrative Discretion and Lawmaking
Implementation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Laws and Crisis Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Law as a Background Condition of Disasters and Their Management
The International Legal Regime
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Leader´s Role in Employee Performance and Engagement
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Social Exchange Theory
Employee Engagement Explained
Employee Engagement and Other Concepts
Leader Behavior and Employee Engagement
Engaged Employee and Employee Performance
Leader Behavior, Employee Engagement, and Employee Performance Nexus in Practice
Conclusion
Lessons for Public Sector Organization Leaders
Cross-References
References
Leaders and Innovations in Public Organizations
Synonyms
In the Industrial Age: Who Are the Leaders of Organizational Innovations?
In the High-Tech Age: Who Are the Leaders of Organizational Innovations?
What Are Organizational Innovations in Public Administration?
Leadership Competencies for Organizational Innovations
Conclusion
References
Leadership Across Generations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Generations at Work
Best Practices in Multigenerational Workplaces
Shared Values
Loyalty and Motivation
Tone at the Top and Leadership at Every Level
Conclusion
References
Leadership Across Hierarchical Levels
Exercising Leadership Within Hierarchy
Exercising Leadership Across Hierarchy
Looking to the Future: Leading Within and Across Hierarchy
References
Leadership and Bureaucracy
Synonyms
Definition
The Concept of Repertoire
Leadership Competencies
Conclusion
References
Websites
Leadership and Consensus Building
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
How to Achieve Consensus
Conclusion
References
Leadership and Emergency Management
References
Leadership and Humor
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Humor as an Object for Analysis
Leadership and Humor in Russia: A Case Study of ``Potsreotizm´´ Livejournal Community
Objects of the Humor
The Role of Humor in the Processes of the Leader´s Image Construction and Civic Identity Formation
References
Leadership and Innovation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Challenges to Leading Innovation in Public Organizations
Leading Public Sector Innovation Effectively
Leadership Styles that Are Ineffective for Innovation
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Leadership and Public Employee Trust
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Leadership in Public Organizations
Employee Trust in Leaders
Employee Trust as an Outcome of Leadership
A Sample of US Federal Employees
Regression Analysis of Leadership and Trust
Endogeneity of Leadership
Regression Results
Conclusion
References
Leadership and Religion
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Unique Environment of Public Administration
Differentiating Religion and Spirituality
Pro and Con Arguments for Integrating Religion into Leadership into the Public Sector
Levels of Analysis in Integrating Leadership and Religion
Summary of Empirical Evidence on the Influence of Religion on Leadership
Leadership and Religion Case Example, Servant Leadership
Important Servant Leader Attributes in Judaism
Important Servant Leader Attributes in Christianity
Important Servant Leader Attributes in Islam
Important Servant Leader Attributes in Buddhism
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Leadership and Social Justice
Synonyms
Introduction
Conclusion
References
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Experience-Based Approach
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Introduction: Assessing Leadership
A Model of Leadership Effectiveness
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Types of Effectiveness
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Leadership Failures
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Definition
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Theoretical Perspectives
Emotional Intelligence
Catastrophic Leadership Failure (CLF)
Other Important Elements
Noted Examples of Leadership Failures in Government Organizations
September/11/2001
Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans
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Definition
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Why Executive Leadership Coaching?
What Is Group Executive Coaching and Why Is It Successful?
The Group Coaching ``Leadership Journey´´
Preparation
The Coaching Process
Follow-Up
Outcome and Impact
The Coach
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Leadership Situation
Leader Interaction with Others
Political Leadership
Bureaucratic Leadership
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Leadership in the Public Sector of Trinidad
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Role and Function of the Permanent Secretary
The Law and the Permanent Secretary
Conflict Between the Permanent Secretary and the Political Directorate
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Leadership in the Remote, Freelance, and Virtual Workforce Era
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Background
Challenges to Consider
Leadership Response
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Leadership on Immigrant Integration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The ``5 Ws´´ of Leadership on Immigrant Integration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Leadership Style in Entrepreneurship
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Leadership Paradox in Context of Critical Impacts
Perspective on Influencing Factors to Entrepreneurship Framework
Transformational and Courageous Leadership
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Leadership Styles: Choose Early
Synonyms
Introduction
The Four Authors
Reflections on Past Experiences and Key Lessons
What They Learned from Their Students
Intergenerational Learning
Conclusion
References
Leadership, Brazil
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Coalition Presidentialism and Commissioned Posts
Strategies Developed to Improve Leadership and Overcome Patronage
New Developments Coming from Civil Society
Conclusions
References
Leadership, Conflict, and Knowledge Sharing in the Public University
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Influence of Leadership on Knowledge Sharing
The Influence of Conflict Types on Knowledge Sharing
How Can Leadership Influence the Conflict to Encourage Knowledge Sharing?
Conclusion
Lessons for Public University Managers
Cross-References
References
Leadership, Ethics, and Decision-Making
Synonyms
Introduction
Theoretical Frameworks: Ethical Leadership and Ethical Decision-Making
Moral Versus Amoral and Immoral Management
Ethical Decision-Making Models
Leaders as Moral Persons and Ethical Decision-Making
Moral Person and Awareness
Moral Person and Judgment
Moral Person and Intention
Moral Person and Moral Action or Behavior
Leaders as Moral Managers and the Influence on the Decision-Making of Others
Leadership Styles
Leader´s Decision-Making Style
Leader´s Influence Approach
Centralization
Formalization: Developing Reward and Control Systems
Output Control: Infusing Ethical Standards into Goals
Enculturation and Role Modeling
Role-Modeling Ethical Behavior
Reinforcing Social Identity
Participative Decision-Making
The Leadership, Ethics, and Decision-Making Nexus in Practice
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Leading Climate Change at the Local Government Level
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Realities of Climate Change
Scientific Consensus and Climate Change Denial
Cities and Vulnerabilities to Climate Change
Climate Mitigation, Adaptation, Preparedness, and Resilience
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Leading Governmental Reform
Synonyms
Introduction
The Challenge of Leading Governmental Reforms
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Leading Groups
Synonyms
Cross-References
References
Leading Innovation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining Innovation
Leading the Process
Personal Capacities
Leadership Style: Transformational and Authentic
Culture and Climate
Cross-References
References
Leading Organizational Change
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Driving Forces of Change
How Leaders Can Effectively Implement Change
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Leading People-Centered Cultures
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
People-Centered Organizational Cultures
Leadership and Organizational Culture
Seven Key Leadership Elements of People-Centered Cultures
Leading High-Performing Organizations (HPO) as People-Centered Organizations
Effective Leadership and Organizational Climate
Leaders of People-Centered Cultures Defining Responsible Global Citizenship
Organizational Ethics and Moral Fitness
Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability
References
Leading the Ethical Organization
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Ethical (Unethical) Decision-Making
The Key Design Elements
Individual Attributes
Organizational Structure
Organizational Culture
Societal Expectations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Lean in the Public Sector? Try Flexible Professionalism
Literature on Lean and Public Goods
Private Markets and Public Goods
Organizational Logic of Public Goods Production
Flexible Professionalism: An Alternative to Lean
Concluding Conditions for Flexible Professionalism
References
Learning Bureaucracy
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Why Is a Learning Bureaucracy?
How to Build a Learning Bureaucracy?
Providing Incentives for Knowledge Sharing
Using Effective Learning Tools
Developing Leadership to Enhance Learning
Creating a Learning Culture
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Learning in Public Sector Organizations: Beware the Competency Rabbit Hole
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Learning in Public Organizations
Public Sector Organizational Learning and Empowerment
Learning from Similar Organizations: Possible Threats?
An Equilibrium Model of Organizational Learning in Public Organizations
Example of the Department of Corrections in South Carolina
Discussion
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Lebanese Bureaucracy
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Bureaucracy in Lebanon
Scope and Size
Characteristics and Deficiencies
Evolution and Reforms
The Postindependence Era (1943-1975)
The Civil War Era (1975-1990)
The Postwar Era (1990-Present)
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Lebanese Higher Education Landscape
The Lebanese Higher Education Landscape
The Historical Evolution of Higher Education in Lebanon
Description of Current System
The Lebanese Higher Education Institutions
Typology and Characteristics
Sectarianism and Higher Education
State and Higher Education
The Role of the State
The Regulation of Higher Education in Lebanon
Need for Reform and Quality Evaluation
Accountability, Public Interest, and Internalization of Higher Education
Attempts at Reform
References
Legal Challenges to IT in Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is Cyberlaw?
Examples of Cyberlaws
Impositions on the Use of IT in Public Administration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Legal Ethics
Synonyms
Introduction
Operation of the Rules of Legal Ethics
Governance of Legal Ethics
Rules of Legal Ethics
Rules of Legal Ethics as to the Client
Rules of Legal Ethics: The Process
Rules of Legal Ethics: Third Parties
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Legal Issues in Nonprofit Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Understanding Nonprofit Legal Structure
Nonprofits and Tax Rules: Exemptions, Benefits, and Subsidies
Legal Issues Raised by Nonprofit Operations and Activities
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Legal Liability
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Criminal Liability
Civil Liability
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Legal Versus Ethical
The Relationship Between Lawfulness and Ethics: Preliminary Remarks
Lawfulness, Ethics, and Legal Sources
Lawfulness, Ethics, and Administrative Measures
Lawfulness, Ethics, and Privatization of Administrative Action
Legal Vs. Ethical in a ``Totemic´´ Tool: Short Remarks about Whistle-Blowing
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Legislation and Policy for the Nonprofit Sector, Japan
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Legislations for the Nonprofit Sector
Argument over the Split System
Cross-References
References
Legislative Oversight of Bureaucracy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Tools for Oversight
Difficulties in Oversight
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Legislative Power
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Nature of Legislative Power
Power Within a Legislative Chamber
Comparing Concentrated Versus Distributed Power
Formal Power Versus Informal Power
The Use of Legislative Power
Power as a Relational Phenomenon
Political Parties as Conduits of Legislative Power
Measurement of Power
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Legislative Study on Government Regulation
Synonyms
Introduction: Politics Not Complexity
The Decision to Retain or Delegate Regulatory Power
Legislators´ Choice of Regulatory Agent
Legislative Control of Regulatory Agents
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Legislative Veto
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Way Federal Courts Have Approached the Legislative Veto
Criticisms of the Chadha Decision
Aftermath of Chadha and Fate of the Legislative Veto
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Legitimacy in Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Legitimacy
The Historical Basis of Legitimacy in Government
Legitimacy in the Practice of Public Administration
Internal Legitimacy
External Legitimacy
Legitimacy of Public Administration as an Academic Discipline
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Legitimacy of Public Procurement Projects
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Recourse for Bid Protest
Professionalism
Public Interest
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer (LGBTQ+) Workplace Policy
Synonyms
Definitions
Diversity Management in the Public Sector
History of LGBTQ+ Public Employees
LGBTQ+ Diversity Management
Transition Plans
Bathrooms and Locker Room Usage
Dress Codes
Next Steps for Transgender Inclusion
Cross-References
References
Levels Within Elites
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Classical Elite Theory
Elites, Sub-elites, and the Public
Vertical and Horizontal Mobility
Elite Typology
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Life Cycles of Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Life Cycle in Organizational Studies
From Nascence to Birth
From Birth Through the Liability of Newness
From Newness to the Liability of Adolescence
Battling Structural Inertia
Closure
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Lifestyle in Large Cities in Russia
Synonyms
Introduction
Changing Perceptions of Lifestyle in the Modern History of Russia
Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Lifestyle of the Major Cities of Russia
The Standard of Living, Income, and Employment
Education
Inequality
Consumption of Goods and Services, Finance, and Leisure
Transport and Getting Around the City
Information Space
Housing and Real Estate
Demographics
Health and Medicine
Stress and Social Tension
Conclusion
References
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Women and Employment Legislation
Ledbetter´s Complaint
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) Complaint
Northern District Court of Alabama
11th Circuit Court of Appeals
Supreme Court of the United States
Mobilization
The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Linear Regression
Synonyms
Definition of Linear Regression Analysis
Distinction Between Regression and Correlation
Some Elementary Definitions
Dependent Variable
Quantitative Variable
Qualitative Variable
Data
The Simple Regression Model
Estimation Process
Specification
The Multiple Regression Model
Parameter Estimation
Least Squares Criterion
Line of Best Fit
The Assumptions of Classical Linear Model
Determining the Regression Coefficients
Slope for the Estimated Regression Equation
Estimated Regression Equation
Linearization of Nonlinear Models
Exponential Type Functions
Example
Estimation Results
References
Link Between Administration, Politics, and Bureaucracy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Nexus between Administration, Politics, and Bureaucracy
Contextual Framework
Links Between Administration, Politics, and Bureaucracy in Developed Countries
Links Between Administration, Politics, and Bureaucracy in Developing Countries
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Living Lab
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Key Characteristics of Living Labs
Objects of Study in Living Labs
Research Methods of Living Labs
Practical, Methodological, and Ethical Guidelines for Living Labs in PA
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Lobbying
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Lobbying Terminology
Lobbying Regulation in the United States
Normative Considerations
Methods and Extent of Lobbying Activity
Barriers to Nonprofit Lobbying
Determinants of Lobbying
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Lobbying and Social Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Role of Lobbying in Public Policy
Lobbying Regulations
Lobbying Strategies
Major Lobby Associations and Corresponding Targets
Conclusion: Summary and Prospects for the Twenty-First Century
References
Lobbying in Public Administration
Synonyms
Introduction
Not Just Special Interests
Government Growth Linked to Intergovernmental Lobbying
Specialist Organizations
Intergovernmental Interest Representation Typology
Conclusion
References
Local Autonomy in South Korea
Synonyms
Introduction
Origins and History of Local Autonomy
Structure of Local Autonomy
Functions
Resources
Opportunities and Challenges
Cross-References
References
Local Church as Social Action
Definition
Introduction
Profile of Residents Served in Norfolk
Need for Food Bank Services
The Local Church Provides Food Distribution Services
Organization Description
Strategic Outreach Department
Conclusion: Elements of an Effective Outreach Program
Cross-References
References
Local Economic Development Implementation
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Meaning of Local Economic Development
Local Economic Development Implementation Strategies
Financing Local Economic Development
Actors in Local Economic Development Policy Implementation
Dynamics Shaping Local Economic Development Implementation
Beneficent Outcomes of Local Economic Development
Challenges to Local Economic Development Implementation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Local Finance in Japan
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Revenue: Local Taxes, LAT, National Treasury Disbursements, and Local Loans
Local Taxes: An Overview
Local Allocation Tax (LAT)
National Treasury Disbursements (NTD)
Local Loans
Expenditure: Outline, Public Debt Expenditure, and Promoting Soundness
Key Concepts: Guarantee and Equalization
Challenge and Future Direction: Decentralization and Expanding General Revenue Sources
References
Local Financial Emergencies in the USA
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Causes of Local Financial Emergencies
History of Local Financial Emergencies
Major Local Financial Emergencies in the USA
Interventions to Local Financial Emergencies
State Intervention Through Receivership
Municipal Bankruptcy Filing by Local Governments
Strategies to Address Local Financial Emergencies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Local Fiscal Reforms and Municipal Amalgamations in the 2000s in Japan
Synonyms
Introduction
Trinity Fiscal Reform
Heisei Municipal Amalgamation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Local Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Increased Importance of Localism
The Shift from Local Government to Local Governance
Local Governance and Decentralization
Local Governance and Citizen Participation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Local Governance and Public Service Delivery in Ghana and Nigeria
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Evolution of Local Governance in Ghana and Nigeria
The State of Local Governance and Public Service Delivery in Ghana and Nigeria
The Question of Access to Public Services in Ghana and Nigeria
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Local Governance in the Caribbean
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Local Governance and/or Local Government in the Caribbean
Democracy in Caribbean Local Governance
Development and Good Public Management via Local Governance Systems
Conclusion
References
Local Government Benchmarking
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Types of Benchmarking
Indicators and Methodologies
Purpose, Audience, and Limitations of Benchmarking in Local Government
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Local Government Budgeting in Bangladesh
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Context
Study Method
Research Results
Contributions
Theoretical Contribution
Practical Contribution
Conclusion
References
Local Government in Kazakhstan
Synonyms
Introduction
Territorial Structure: What Is Local?
Central State Administration of Local Government
Constitutional and Legal Basis of Local Government
Local Government Institutions
Local Representative Bodies (Maslikhats)
Local Executive Bodies (Akimats and Akims)
Local Self-Government (LSG)
History of LSG
Model of LSG
Economic and Financial Base of Local Government
Local Budget
LSG Budget
Conclusions
References
Local Government in Uzbekistan
Synonyms
Introduction
The Internal Structure of Local Governments
Tasks and Service Delivery Responsibilities of Local Governments
Financial Conditions and Actual Service Delivery Capacity of Local Governments
The Relations Between the Central and Local Government
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Local Government Investment Pools
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Benefits of LGIPs
Adoption and Spread of LGIPs
Demand and Supply of Cash to LGIPs
Risks and Challenges of LGIPs
Strategies to Keep LGIPs Safe
Organization of LGIPs
State-Sponsored LGIPs
Local Government Sponsored LGIPs
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Local Government Size and Democracy
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Small Is Beautiful?
But Could Big Be Better?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Local Government Structural Reforms
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Typology, Context, and Motives
Scholarship, Trends, and Reform Experiences
Processes, Actors, and Mechanisms
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Local Government System in Nigeria
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
History of Local Government System in Nigeria
Pre-Colonial Era
Colonial Era
Postcolonial Era
Local Government Reforms in Nigeria
1976 Local Government Reforms
Dasuki-Led Reform Committee
Babangida-Led Reforms
Creation of New Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Nigeria
The LCDA Era: Lagos State as Pacesetter
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Local Government Under Austerity, Narrowing the Accountability Landscape in England
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theme 1: Transparency May Not Adequately Replace Accountability
Theme 2: Loss of Formal Information and Interrogation Capacity Has Not Been Replaced by Informal Arrangements
Theme 3: Austerity and Cutback Management Will Challenge Governance Relationships
Theme 4: A Reduction in Performance Information Is Constraining Public Reporting, Scrutiny, and Public Assurance
Theme 5: Changing the Mix of Accountability and Transparency Arrangements May Involve Value for Money Risks
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Local Governments and Crisis Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
National Incident Management System (NIMS)
Training and Exercise
Conclusion
References
Local Governments and the Property Tax in the USA
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Local Governments in the Federal Context
History of the Property Tax
Local Governments and the Property Tax Revolt
Uses and Benefits of Property Tax to Local Governments
Property Tax Base, Tax Rates, and Exemptions
Property Tax Exemption as an Economic Development Tool
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Local Governments Debt
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Debt and Associate Concepts
Functions of Borrowing and Its Management
The ``Golden Rule´´ and the Current Capital Divide
No Borrowing to Cover Operating Expenses
Borrowing to Finance Investments Makes Sense
Rules on Debt and Borrowing
Local Government Debt Worldwide
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Local Governments in Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
History of Local Governments in Russia
The Structure of Local Government
Russian Municipal Reform
Fiscal Autonomy of Local Governments
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Local Governments, Brazil
Synonyms
Introduction
Tax
Civil Service
Politics
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Local Law Enforcement and Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Management and Administration of Police Departments
Controversies in Law Enforcement Practice
Race and Law Enforcement
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Local Politics
Definition
Introduction
Local Governance
Consequences of Local Governance
Local Policies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Local Sales Taxes
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Legal Context
Areas of Research
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Low Fertility in South Korea: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Responses
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Causes of Low Fertility/Fertility Decline
The Family Planning (FP) Program
Demographic Factors
Cultural Factors
Socioeconomic Factors
Consequences of Low Fertility
Policy Responses to Low Fertility
The First Basic Plan for Low Fertility and Aged Society (2006-2010)
Outcomes and Criticism to the First Plan
The Second Basic Plan for Low Fertility and Aged Society (2011-2015)
Outcomes and Criticism to the Second Plan
The Third Basic Plan for Low Fertility and Aged Society (2016-2020)
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Low-Income Housing Policy in the United States
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Supply-Side Policy
Demand-Side Policy
Evaluation and Impact of the Low-Income Housing Policy
Cross-References
References
Lying
Synonyms
Introduction
Lying
Morality of Lying
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
M
Management Innovation and Power Sector Governance in Nigeria
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Nigerian Power and SDGs 17
Coproduction, Comanagement, and Sound Governance
Citizens Expectations and Probono Community-Led Management Initiative Experience
A Potent Sign from EBSU Students Community
Incentive to Perform
Popular Will and Political Will: A Nexus
The Dilemma of Mutualism in Nigeria: Identifying the Challenge and Raising the Bar
Lack of Control and Supervision
A Fundamental Problem
Creating the Third Force
Benefits of a Third Force
Reinventing Feedback Techniques and Complaints Management: Issues and Challenges Imperative for Sound PSG
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Management of Immigration Crisis
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Immigration Trends
Economic and Cultural Concerns
Congressional Legislation and Policy Prescriptions
Assimilation or Restriction?
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Management Practices in the Public Sector of Bangladesh
Synonyms
Brief Definition
Introduction
Institutional Background
Governmental Strategy for Improving Public Services
Structure of the Central and Local Governments
Data and Methods
Analytical Framework
Survey Design
Variables
Outcome Variables
Explanatory Variables
Statistical Method
Results
Summary Statistics
Descriptive Results
Main Regression Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Management Science in the Public Sector
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
General Applications of Management Science
Selected Applications in the Public Sector
Project Management
Supply Chain Management
Public-Private Partnerships
A Broader View of Management Science
Summation
Cross-References
References
Management Strategies and Budgetary Politics
Synonyms
Introduction
Management Strategies
Rapid Growth
Incremental Growth
Stability
Cutbacks
Poverty
Uncertainty
Conclusion
References
Management Versus Leadership
Introduction
The Advocacy for Rational Management
The Advocacy for True Leadership
Relation Between the Two Advocacies
Critical Observations
Conclusion
References
Managerial Functions in the Public Sector
Synonyms
Introduction
Organizational Structures
Managerial Skills
The Distinctiveness of Public Sector Management
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Managerial Leadership
Synonyms
Introduction
Conditions for Managerial Leadership
Differentiation Issues
Conflation Issues
Moving Forward
Best Fits
References
Managerial Performance Appraisal
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Strategic Human Resource Management
Performance Evaluations: Proponents
Performance Evaluations: Opponents
Performance Evaluation Systems
Pitfalls of Performance Evaluation Methods
Conclusion
References
Managerial Power
Synonyms
Synopsis
Introduction
Nature of Power
Defining Power and Influence
Taxonomy of Power Bases
Interdependence of Power Bases
Comparing Managerial Power Profiles Across Cultures
The Dark Side of Power
Misuse of Power
Effectiveness of Power Bases
Job Performance
Compliance with the Wishes of Supervisor
Satisfaction with Work and Supervision
Organizational Commitment
Power Bases in Cross-Cultural Context
Women Executives´ Perception of Best and Worst Bosses
Implications for Management
Conclusion
References
Managing Conflict in Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining Conflict
Different Views on Conflict
Sources of Conflict
Levels of Organizational Conflict
Intrapersonal Conflict
Interpersonal Conflict
Intragroup Conflict
Intergroup Conflict
Interorganizational Conflict
Strategies for Managing Conflict in Organizations
Conclusion
References
Managing Diversity in the Caribbean
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Diversity Management
Racial Diversity in the Region
The Question of Sexual Orientation in the Caribbean
Discrimination on the Basis of Gender
Anti-discrimination Legislation in the Caribbean
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Managing Homeland Security
Synonyms
Managing the Department of Homeland Security
Mission-Based Management
The Homeland Security Enterprise: Managing Networks
Conclusion: Challenges Facing the Homeland Security Enterprise
Cross-References
References
Managing Pay in the Public Services
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Object(s)
Ideas
Consequences
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Managing Police Organizations
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Environments
Goals, Values, Culture, and People
Incentives
Structures, Tasks, Technologies, and Processes
Leadership and Strategy
Organizational Performance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Managing Telework in the American Bureaucracy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Telecommuting Background
Telecommuting and Managerial Types
Telecommuting Sector Comparison
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Managing the Impact of Food Price Rise in Sub-Saharan Africa
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Method
Results and Discussion
Description of Household Food Expenditure Patterns in Cameroon
The Impact of Food Price Rises on Consumer Welfare in Cameroon
Summary of Main Findings and Policy Recommendations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Managing Workforce Diversity Through Human Resource Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Equal Opportunity and Diversity Management: Are They Identical?
Benefits and Limitations of Diversity in Organizations
Role of HRM in Managing Diversity
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Marketing in Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Application to the Nonprofit Sector
Theory of Marketing
Audience of Nonprofit Marketing and Services
Special Traits of Nonprofit Services
The Value of the Brand
Misunderstandings About Marketing
Benefits
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Marketization of Higher Education
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Higher Education as a Tradable Commodity
Higher Education Understood as a Good
The Importance of Language (Use)
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Marriage and Divorce as Social Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Marriage as Social Policy
Divorce
Trends in Marriage
Perspective from Academic Community
Conclusion
References
Marxist Theory of Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Few Basic Categories and Propositions of Marxian Analysis
Marx-Inspired Thinking About Organizational Forms
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Mass Incarceration in Urban America
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Overview of Mass Incarceration in America
Explaining Mass Incarceration in Urban America
The War on Drugs
Drug Laws and Mass Incarceration
Consequences of Mass Incarceration
Conclusion
References
Mass Media and Politics in Nigeria: The Age-Long War
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Origins
Media Ownership and Control in Nigeria
The Media and Authoritarianism
Mass Media and Cultural Imperialism
Mass Media, Agenda Setting, and Status Conferral
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Maternal and Newborn Health Concerns in a Growing Urban Population
Synonyms
Introduction
Causes of Maternal and Newborn Mortality
Maternal Age
Income Disparities and the Urban Poor
Impact of COVID-19 on Maternal and Newborn Health
Strategies to Improve Urban Maternal and Newborn Health
Telehealth
Digital Health Resources
Conclusion
References
Max Weber and Organizational Theory
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Concept Formation in Weber´s Organizational Sociology: Ideal Types and Verstehen
Three Connotations of ``Rationality´´
Charismatic Authority and Its Transformations
Varieties of Traditionalism
Legal-Rational Authority
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Measures for Police Performance in Spain and Finland
Synonyms
Introduction
Spanish Case Study
Finnish Case Study
Quality, Cost-Effectiveness, and Risk Performance Measures: Some Proposals
Police Work Quality: The Comparative Quality Factor (CQF)
Illustration of the Police Work Cost-Effectiveness Index
Risk-Adjusted Measurement
Discussion and Conclusions
Cross-References
Appendix 1: List of the Main Interviews
Appendix 2: Examples of Spanish KPIs
Appendix 3: Police KPI Examples in Finland
References
Measuring Efficiency in Hospitals
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Key Variables for Measuring Efficiency in Hospitals
Factors Affecting Efficiency
References
Measuring Leader Effectiveness
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Foundations of Leadership
Leadership or Management: Is It All in the Title?
Measuring Effectiveness: Gauging Leader Performance
Leadership in Public Administration: What We Need
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Media and Covid-19 Palliative: Challenges for Good Governance in Nigeria
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Covid-19: Origins
Covid-19 and Nigeria Experience
Covid-19 and Government Palliative
Covid-19 and the Media
Media and Covid-19 Palliative; Challenges for Good Governance in Nigeria
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Media and Crisis Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Differences in Media Coverage
Media and Crisis Management
The Impact of Media in Crisis Management
Implications for Policy Makers and Crisis Managers
Cross-References
References
Mediation in Public Administration
Synonyms
Introduction
A History of Mediation in US Public Administration
Mediation in Twenty-First-Century Public Administration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Merit-Based Pay in the Public Sector: Unwillingness to Abandon the Concept
Synonyms
Brief Definitions
Introduction
Theoretical Underpinnings of Merit-Based Pay
Misconception that Pay Motivates
Subjective Nature of Performance Evaluations
Specific Characteristics of the Public Sector
Preconditions Required for Successful Merit-Based Pay Implementation
Trust, Perceived Fairness, and Justice Are Central to Merit-Based Pay Systems
Procedural Concerns with Merit-Based Pay Systems
Financial Constraints on Merit-Based Pay Systems
Side Effects of Merit-Based Pay Systems
Unwillingness of the Public Sector to Abandon Merit-Based Pay Systems
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Metabolism of Public Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Metabolism of Public Organizations
Application: A Case Study of Metabolism within a Large Public Research Body
Conclusion and Public Management Implications
Cross-References
References
Methodology of Theory Building for Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is a Theory?
Rationale of New Methodology for Theory-Building
A General Methodology of Theory-Building
Understanding an Issue, Problem, or Diagnosing an Anomaly
Perform Scientific Imagination
The Emergence of an Unexpected Crude Theory
Preliminary Judgment of Raw Theory
Articulation of a Rich Theory
Testing Enriched Theory
Applying Theory
Improve Theory
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Metropolitan Governance
Synonyms
Metropolitan Governance Answers to Problems of Urbanisation
Metropolitan Governance Tiers
Metropolitan Governance Mechanisms
Success and Failure of Metropolitan Governance
Context and Legitimacy
Legitimacy and Changing Paradigms
Cooperation and Continuity
Cross-References
References
Middle Class Formation in Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The History of the Middle Class
The History of Middle Class Studies in Russia
Approaches to Identifying the Middle Class in the Russian Society
Conclusion
References
Migration Impacts of State Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Origins
Contemporary Applications
Internal Migration Impacts of State Policy
Model Framework
Fiscal Policy
Economic Freedom
Personal Freedom
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Migration of Older Adults
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Perspectives
General Framework
Lifecourse Approach and Older Adults
Select Destinations
Arizona
Florida
Nevada
Emerging Destinations
Select Origins: General Observations
New Jersey, New York, and the Midwest (Illinois, Iowa, Michigan)
Implications for Public Administrators and Policy Analysts
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Migration Trends from the Central America´s Northern Triangle to the USA
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Origins
Contemporary Policy Application
Classification of Migrants
Who Are the Central American Migrants?
Push Factors for Migrating
Pull Factors for Migrating
Implications
Conclusion
References
Military Bureaucracy
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Roots and Importance of the Military Bureaucracy
Is the Military Bureaucracy the Guardian of the System or a Threat to It?
The Military Bureaucracy in the Modern Administrative Systems
Military Bureaucracy in Emerging Democracies such as Turkey
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Military Coups and Administrative Elites
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Military Coups in Different Regions
Military Coups and Administrative Elites
Military Coups and Its Implications for Administrative Reforms
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Military Coups and Military Disengagement
Synonyms
Definition
Military Coups
Military Withdrawal and Democratic Transitions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Military Ethics
Synonyms
Introduction
Definitions and Theoretical Contributions
Individual Ethics
Organizational Ethics
The Bryant Typology
The Danger of the Mission Focus
The Danger of the Career Focus
Milestones
Racial Integration
Gender Integration
Alternative Lifestyles in the Military
Past Dilemmas and Problems
The Vietnam Legacy
The Gulf Wars
Contemporary Issues
Sexual Harassment and Assault
Budgets Versus People and Up or Out
PTSD and Veteran´s Healthcare
Force Protection
Future Challenges
Gender Integration Revisited
LGBT Questions
The World´s Police and the Never-Ending War on Terrorism
The Military and Religion
The International Dimension
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Military Governance and Trends
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
A Few Hints on Decision-Making and Leadership Interaction Throughout History
Assyro-Babylonian Empire
Decision-Making
Leadership Interaction: Fear or/and Trust
Ancient China
Decision-Making
Leadership Interaction: Fear or/and Trust
Ancient Greece
Decision-Making
Leadership Interaction: Fear or/and Trust
Roman Army
Decision-Making
Leadership Interaction: Fear or/and Trust
Medieval Chivalry
Decision-Making
Leadership Interaction: Fear or/and Trust
The Prussian ``Revolution in Military Affairs´´
Decision-Making
Leadership Interaction: Fear or/and Trust
Napoleon´s Revolution in Military Affairs
Decision-Making
Leadership Interaction: Fear or/and Trust
Industrial Age Militaries: World Wars and the Cold War
Drawing Conclusions: Trends in Military Governance Today
Cross-References
References
Millennials in the Public Workforce
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Motivations to Work in the Public Sector
Managing Millennials
Developing the Skills and Abilities of Millennials
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Minority Entrepreneurship
Synonyms
Introduction
Disproportionate Challenges
Minority-Owned Businesses by the Numbers (Pre-COVID)
Answering a Legacy of Disparity
Mentorship and Programs
Government Certification and Contracts
The Future for Minority-Owned Business
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Minority Groups and Politics
Synonyms
Introduction
Substantive Representation
Group Representation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Misclassification of Independent Contractors
Federal Reform of Misclassification Enforcement
Conclusion
References
Misconduct and Deviance by Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Arguments for NPO Dark Side Research
Relativity of NPO Deviance and Misconduct
The Relativity of Group Perspectives on Deviance
The Relativity of Degree of Societal Consensus on Norms and Customs
The Relativity of Changing Deviance Attitudes-Perceptions Over Historical Time
The Relativity of Long-Term Contributions to Positive Social Change and Ethical Evolution
Deviance and Misconduct in Conventional or Mainstream NPOS
Deviance and Misconduct in Deviant Voluntary Associations (DVAS)
Eccentric DVAs
Noxious DVAs
Dissenting DVAs, as the Dark Energy of the NPS
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Mission Change in Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Internal Dynamics of Mission Interpretation
External Pressures to Change Missions
Process and Forms of Mission Change
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Mission, Vision, and Organizational Values
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining Mission, Vision, and Values and Their Content
Mission
Vision
Values
Using Mission, Vision, and Values in a Nonprofit
Changing the Organization´s Mission, Vision, and Values
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Mixed Scanning Model of Decision-Making in Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Background
Operationalization
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Mobilizing Internally Generated Funds by Local Governments in Ghana
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
No Consistent Increase in IGF
Discussions
Quality of Revenue Collectors
Outsourcing Selected Revenue Items to Private Commissioned Revenue Collectors
Logistics for Revenue Collectors
On-the-Spot Payment of Revenue Collectors
Conclusions
Quality of Revenue Collectors: Intensify Training of Revenue Collectors
Outsourcing the Collection of Selected Revenue Items to Private Commission Collectors
Logistics for Revenue Collection
Remuneration and Motivation Arrangements for Revenue Collectors
MMDAs Must Invest in Business Ventures
References
Models of Organizational Change
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Examples of Organizational Models
Organizational Change in the Public Sector
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Modernity and Bureaucracy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Emergence of Bureaucracy in Modernity and Its Evolution in Late Modernity: A Structurationist Perspective
From Tradition to Modernity or the Rebuilding of Trust
From Modernity to Late Modernity or the Rise of Surveillance
Bureaucracy in Late Modernity: A Dynamic Administrative Power to Explore
Bureaucracy: A Form of Administrative Power
Bureaucracy: A Dynamic Administrative Power
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Money Laundering Activities of the PKK
Introduction
Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing
Offenses and Methods of Money Laundering
The PKK and Money Laundering
Conclusion
References
Monitoring and Evaluation
Synonyms
Introduction
Definition
Monitoring and Evaluation as Discipline
Distinction Between Monitoring and Evaluation
Result-Based Monitoring and Evaluation
Structure of Monitoring and Evaluation System
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Moral Obliquity in Business Transactions in Sub-Saharan Africa
Synonyms
Definitions of Terms
Introduction
Experience from the Kisenyi Business Community, Kampala, Uganda
The Business Transaction Experience
Ontological Variants of Moral Obliquity
Deception
Moral Obscurity
Bullshit
Relationship Patterns Among the Antecedents of Moral Obliquity in Uganda
Market Homophily, Voracious Market Tactics, and Moral Obliquity
Complex, Voracious Market Tactics and Moral Obliquity
Conclusion and Implications
Conclusion
Theoretical Implications
Practical Implications
Cross-References
References
Moral Responsibility
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
General Orientation of the Current Entry
Moral and Nonmoral Responsibility Judgments
Components of Responsibility
Consequences of Moral Responsibility
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Motivating Ethical Behavior
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Motivational Approaches to Ethical Decision-Making
Attitudes, Values, and Behaviors
Expectancy Theory
Bounded Rationality
Expectancy and Ethical Behavior
Instrumentality and Ethical Behavior
Valance and Ethical Behavior
Expectancy Theory and Ethical Behavior
The Sources of Motivation Model
Intrinsic Process Motivation
Instrumental Motivation
Self-Concept-Based Motivation
External Self-Concept-Based Motivation
Internal Self-Concept-Based Motivation
Goal Internalization
Organizational Commitment
Investments
Reciprocity
Social Identity
Perceived Lack of Alternatives
Affective Motivation
Expected Emotions
Immediate Emotions
Conclusions and Integration
Cross-References
References
Motivation and Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Background of Governance and Public Governance
Governance Process
Indicators of Governance
Participation
Transparency
The Rule of Law
Accountability
Equity
Predictability
Combating Corruption
Efficiency and Effectiveness
Governance and Motivation
Motivation Theories and Industrial Sector Governance
Content Theories
Process Theories
Use of These Theories in Public Governance
Need for Comprehensive Motivation Approach
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Motivation and Leadership
Introduction
Leadership and Individual Motivation
Leadership and the Needs of Individuals
Leadership and Goal Setting
Leadership and Rewards
Path-Goal Leadership and Motivation
Participative Leadership and Motivation
Leader-Member Exchange and Motivation
Transformational Leadership and Motivation
Transactional Leadership and Motivation
Leadership and Public Service Motivation
Leadership and Organizational Collective Motivation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Motivation Theory and Practice in Public Employment
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Service Motivation
Trends in Public Administration Theory and Practice
Emerging Public Management Models
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories of Motivation
Process Theories of Motivation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Motivational Dimensions in the ``Publish or Perish´´ Dictum
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Methodology
Overview of the New Zealand Education Sector
Education Policy in New Zealand
Motivation for the Academic
What Happens in PTEs?
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Motivation-Based Theories of Organization
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The (Diminishing) Marginal Value of Money
Nonmonetary Motives for Work: Public Service
Other Theories of Work Motivation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Multidimensional Poverty Dynamic in Chad, Analysis of
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Literature Review
The Multidimensional Poverty and Inequality
The Pro-poorness of the Nonmonetary Wellbeing
Methodology
Data
Assessing the Multidimensional Index of Wellbeing (MDV)
Estimating the Non-income Pro-poor Growth
Results
The Multidimensional Wellbeing in Chad
Pro-poor Growth Analysis
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Multidimensional Poverty in Nigeria
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Poverty
Poverty Incidence in Nigeria
Multidimensional Poverty
Multidimensional Poverty in Nigeria
Addressing Multidimensional Poverty Through Social Inclusion
Cross-References
References
Multilevel Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Makeup of the Multilevel Governance Analytical Framework
Co-production of Knowledge
Framing of Co-benefits
Engagement of Civil Society
Provision of Capacity
Sanctioning and Coordinating Authority
Example of Multilevel Governance Analysis: Management of the Rouge River Watershed in the United States
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Multilevel Governance and Public Administration, Russia
Synonyms
Introduction: Orders of Government
Division of Powers Between Levels of Government
Financial Autonomy and Integrity
Coordination and Interaction by the Federal Government
Specialized Coordinating Institutions
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Multiperspective Public Healthcare Services Organization
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Foucauldian Discourse Theory
Sensemaking
Discourse and Sensemaking in Healthcare
Conclusion
References
Multitheoretical Public Healthcare Organization
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Resource-Dependence Theory
Resource-Dependence Theory in Healthcare
Institutional Theory
Institutional Theory in Healthcare
Population Ecology Theory
Population Ecology Theory in Healthcare
Transaction-Cost Economics
Transaction-Cost Economics in Healthcare
A Multitheoretical Model of Public Healthcare Services Delivery Organizations
Labeling Constructs
Narrative Setting: Ontology
Abstraction
Compelling Original and Useful Story
Conclusion
References
Municipal Budgetary Processes
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
History of Municipal Budgeting
Municipal Budget Models
From Increments to Decrements
Future Developments in Municipal Budgeting
Cross-References
References
Municipal E-Governance in Asia
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Understanding E-Governance Progress
Digital Governance in Municipalities Worldwide Survey
Findings from the Survey: A Longitudinal Perspective
Discussion
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Municipal Public Procurement: Strategy and Sustainable Development
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Review of Literature
Methodology
Analysis of Results
Impacts of MSEs Policies on Public Procurement
Impacts of Public Procurement on Sustainable Development
Comparison of the Municipal Development Index of the Municipalities (MDI) that Implemented and Did Not Implement the General L...
Results of Regression
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
N
Narcissistic Leadership
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Narcissism
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Trait Narcissism
Trait Narcissism in Organizational Leadership Research
Trait Narcissism and Leader Emergence
Trait Narcissism and Leader Behavior
Consequences of Narcissistic Leadership
Implications for Practice
Future Directions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Narrative of Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
State of the Art
Future Perspectives
Cross-References
References
National Accounts
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Uses of National Accounts
National Accounts and the Economy
Historical Evolution of National Accounts
The European System of Accounts ESA 2010
Institutional Units and Sectors
The System of Accounts and the Aggregates
The Input-Output Framework
The Government Accounts in ESA 2010
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
National and Local Governments Relationship in Bangladesh
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Contextual Analysis
Study Methodology
National and Local Governments Relationship
Political Motives in Reform Initiatives
Fiscal Aspect
Administrative Aspect
Local Governance Process
Balance of Power
Does the Balance of Power Matter?
Constitutional Spirit
Practical Situation
Other Important Relationships
Conclusion
References
National Labor Relations Act
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Labor Law Prior to the NLRA
Components of the NLRA
The Wagner Act
Taft-Hartley Act
Landrum-Griffin Act
The Act Itself
Coverage
What the NLRA Does
Employees´ Right to Join Unions
The Right to Bargain Collectively
Concerted Activities
Conclusion
NATO´s Transparency/Secrecy Policies
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
NATO Discloses Documents That Are at Least 30 Years Old
In General, Even ``Unclassified´´ Documents Are Not Public
NATO Has Limited Online Archives
The Decision-Making Process at NATO Is Not Transparent
Progress Toward Better Financial Transparency
NATO´s Online TV Channel Contributes Little to Transparency
The NGO Sector Urges for Greater Openness
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Needs Assessment and Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Why Needs Assessment Is Important to Nonprofit Organizations
How to Conduct a Needs Assessment
Define the ``Need´´
Use Data to Describe the ``Need´´
Specify the Target Population
Uses for Needs Assessment in the Nonprofit Setting
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Neoliberal Policies and Impact on Developing Countries
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Rise of Neoliberal Policies
Free-Trade Double Standards
Double Standards on the Role of the State in the Economy
Double Standards in Agricultural Subsidies
Double Standards on Deregulation
Double Standards in Privatization
Double Standards in Neoliberal Education Policies
Economic and Export Growth, FDI, and Debt Payment
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Nepal´s Policies Toward Agrarian Reform
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Theoretical Premise
Nepal´s Agrarian Question
State Policies Toward Land Reform
Conclusion
References
Network Administration: Benchmarking e-Government in Togo
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Internet Services and Public Administration Modernization in Togo
Measuring e-Government Development
Methodology
Results
Discussion and Implications
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Network Governance in Local Economic Development in South Africa
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Network Governance in Public Policy and Public Administration
Merits of Network Governance for Public Policy and Development
Network Governance Challenges
Key Role Players in LED Networks in South African Municipalities
The LED Policy Framework in South Africa
LED in Local Economies in South Africa
Intergovernmental Involvement in LED in South Africa
Private Sector Involvement
Bringing It All Together: The Implications for Network Governance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Network Structures
Synonyms
Introduction
Policy Formation Networks
Policy Governance Networks
Policy Implementation Networks
Multilevel Multidimensional Network Model
Classification of Actors in MLMD
Multilevel Structure in MLMD
Multidimensional Structure of the Network
Inter-sector Relationships in MLMD
Inter-level Relationships in MLMD
Within-Level Relationships in MLMD
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Networks and Networking
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Network Theories
Network Properties
Network Formation
Network Development
The Networking Process
Network Outcomes
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Networks of Governance
Synonyms
Introduction
Suppositions of Network Governance
Network Games, Power Sharing and Hierarchy
Conclusion: Governing Networks from the Inside
Cross-References
References
New Governance and Neoliberalism
Synonyms
Introduction
Definition
Political Philosophy of Governance
Neoliberalism and Tryst with Governance
The Agenda for Governance by the Neoliberal Project
Governance or Network Alliance
Democracy in New Governance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
New Institutionalism in Public Policy
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Diversity in New Institutionalism
Institutions: Stability as well as Different Kinds of Change
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
New Opportunities for Government Procurement
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Types of Public Procurement
Opportunities of Public Procurement as Demand Policy Tool
Barriers, Challenges, and Risks of Public Procurement
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
New Public Financial Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
From Public Financial Management to ``New´´ Public Financial Management
NPFM Experiences
Australia
Canada
France
Germany
Italy
New Zealand
Nordic Countries (Norway, Sweden, and Finland)
Spain
The Netherlands
The UK
The USA
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
New Public Management
Synonyms
Introduction
Impetuses of NPM
Bureaucratic Distrust
Public Choice Theory
Features of NPM
Business Managerialism
Contracting Out
Collaborative Governance
Performance Management
Implications of NPM
Efficient, Equitable, and Resilient Administration
Wicked Problems
Conclusion
References
New Public Management (NPM) Framework, Fiji Correction Services
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: The Theoretical Framework
Theoretical Framework
The NPM Theory
Key Elements of NPM
NPM Principles and the Correction Service of Developed Countries
Summary of Literature Review
The NPM Components and Fiji´s Correction Services
Key Findings
References
New Public Management and Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conceptualization of New Public Management (NPM)
The Reasons of Emergence of New of New Public Management
The Attack on the Public Sector
Economic Theory
Public Choice Theory
Principal/Agent Theory
Transaction Cost Theory
Governance Shift to NPM
Governance
Definitions of Governance
Types of Governance
Extent and Dimension of the Relationship Between New Public Management
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
New Public Management Model and Performance Appraisal System
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Background of the Performance Appraisal System in Fiji´s Public Sector
The NPM Model and the Performance Appraisal System Reforms
Literature Review
Literature on Rater/Supervisor Errors
Halo Effect
Leniency Error
Similarity Effect
Horn Effect
Behavioral Effect
Mood Effect
Rater Accountability
Literature on Ratee Expectation
Employee Participation Level
Feedback
Staff Development
Merit Based
Financial Rewards and Promotion
Methodology
Research Findings and Discussions
Respondents´ Perception of Rater Errors
Perception of the Halo Effect
Perception of the Similarity Effect
Perception of the Leniency Effect
Perception of the Horn Effect
Perception of the Ratee Expectations
Practical Implications of This Paper
Theoretical Implications of This Paper
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
New Public Management Reform in the Caribbean
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Main Text
Factors Leading to the Introduction of New Public Management
New Public Management Reform in Jamaica
New Public Management Reform in Trinidad and Tobago
New Public Management Reform in Barbados
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
New Public Management, Corruption, Information Computer Technology, and Budget Deficit: Fiji, Jamaica, and Mauritius
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Overview of Corruption, ICT, and Budget Deficit
Corruption in Fiji, Jamaica, and Mauritius
Internet Use in Fiji, Jamaica, and Mauritius
Budget Deficit of Fiji, Jamaica, and Mauritius
Economics of Corruption, ICT Use, and Government Budget Constraint
Oligarchs Utility Function and Budget Constraint Line
New Public Management (NPM), Corruption, Information Computer Technology, and Budget Deficit
Reasons for the Ineffectiveness of the NPM Reforms in Fiji, Jamaica, and Mauritius
Policy Implications
Conclusions and Directions for Future Research
References
New Public Management: Appropriateness, Preconditions, Challenges, and Opportunities in Developing Countries
Synonyms
Brief Definitions
Introduction
NPM
Take up of NPM by Developing Countries
Reforms that Run Counter to NPM
Appropriateness of NPM for Developing Countries
Preconditions Required for the Success of NPM in Developing Countries
Other Factors Influencing Reform in Developing Countries
Public Sector Reform in Pacific Island Countries (PICs)
Key Reform Challenges for PICs
Public Sector Reform in Fiji
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
NGO Immigrant Services: South Korea
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Variety of Immigrants Entering South Korea
NGOs in South Korea
NGOs Serving Immigrants in South Korea
Extent of Service Provision
Successes of NGO Migrant Services
Challenges that NGOs Face
Conclusion
References
NGOization
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
NGO Funding and the Drive to NGOization
Key Characteristics
Professionalization
Institutionalization
Bureaucratization
Depoliticization
Implications for Civil Society
Greater Collaborative Partnership Between the State and NGOs
Donor-Driven NGOs and Upward Accountability
Institutional Advocacy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
NGOs and Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Defining NGOs
Defining Governance in NGOs
The Board and the Board Members
Types of Boards
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
NGOs´ Commercialization: The Crowding out or Crowding in Effect
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Tensions of Nonprofit Commercialization
Crowding Out/In of Volunteer Work
Public Support
Commercial Revenues
Research Methodology
Results
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Noble Cause Corruption and Task-Related Rule-Breaking Behavior
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Noble Cause Corruption, Coping with a Harsh Ethical Dilemma
Task-Related Rule-Breaking Behavior, an Alternative Concept
Similar Phenomenon in Other Public Organizations
Explaining Task-Related Rule-Breaking Behavior
The Dynamic Nature of Task-Related Rule-Breaking Behavior
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Nongovernmental Organizations and International Nongovernmental Organizations
Synonyms
Civil Society
Nonprofit Organization
Nongovernmental Organization (NGO)
International Nongovernmental Organization (INGO)
References
Nonlinear Policy Change
Synonyms
Introduction
Complex Nature of the Policy Domain
Systems, Complex Systems, and Chaos in Policy Making
Limitations of Using Nonlinear Thinking to Solve Real-World Policy Problems
Conclusion
References
Nonprofit Financial Leadership
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Fiscal Environment
Annual Budgeting
Monitor Spending
Analyzing Financial Statements
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Nonprofit Leader´s Role Following Public Acts of Violence
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Extrinsic Motivations for Volunteerism
Mass Shootings, Domestic, and Foreign Terrorism
Assessing Community Propensity Violence
Preparing for Overwhelming Shock and Overwhelming Generosity
Incorporating the Community´s Unique Strengths
Navigating the Response
Collaborating is Key
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Nonprofit Leadership
Synonyms
Introduction
Effective Nonprofit Leaders
The Best Charitable Nonprofits
The Leadership Shortfall
Stakeholders and Nonprofit Leadership
Nonprofit Oversight and Accountability
Failed Leadership: When Charitable Nonprofits Go Bad
Conclusion
References
Nonprofit Leadership, Relevance in a World of Changing Realities
Synonyms
Definition(s)
Introduction
The Habits of Relevancy
Habit #1: Committing to Actively Reading the World´s New Realities
Pledging to Be a Change Leader Versus a Change Manager
Courageously Facing Loss and the Emotions Associated with It
Exercising Power in a Legitimate Fashion
Habit #2: Subscribing to Life-Long Learning
Habit #3: Mentoring Emerging Leaders
Habit #4: Adopting the Traits Associated with Critical Thinking
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Nonprofit Organization Accountability
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Key Accountability Questions
To Whom
For What
Accountability for Finance
Accountability for Performance
Accountability for Governance
Accountability for Mission
How
Financial Reporting
Evaluations and Performance Assessments
Self-Regulation and Certification
Participation and Dialogue
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Differences Between Nonprofit Organizations and For-Profit Organizations
Nonprofit Organizations Area of Activity
Tax Exemption and Governmental Grants
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Nonprofit Organizations and Discrimination
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Structure
Operation
Outcomes
Ways to Address Discrimination
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Nonprofit Organizations and Overhead Costs
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Nonprofit Organizations
Overhead Costs in Nonprofit Organizations
Overhead Costs and Rates as Performance Measurement
Arguments in Support of Overhead Rates
Arguments Against Overhead Rates
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Nonprofit Organizations and Social Policy
Definition
Introduction
Overview of Nonprofits
History of Nonprofits
Nonprofits Impact on Social Policy
Voice of Calvary Ministries
Stewpot Community Services
Cade Chapel Missionary Baptist Church
Community Health Centers
Jackson-Hinds Comprehensive Health Center
Young Men´s Christian Association
Conclusion
References
Nonprofit Organizations´ Use of the Internet and Social Media
Synonyms
Introduction
Web 1.0
Web 2.0 and Social Media
Internet Presence and Social Media Adoption
Social Media Use
Conclusion and Future Direction
Cross-References
References
NPM and the Reform of the Civil Service System, Japan
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
NPM in Japan
Reform of the Civil Service System in Japan and NPM
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
NPM Falters in Fiji
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Fiji Context
The New Public Management Model
Professional Management
Private Sector Styles of Management
Performance Measures and Output Controls
Disaggregation and Competition
Contractualism
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
O
Obstacles to Collaborative Decision-Making Among Counterterrorism Organizations
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Literature Review
Organizational Form
Information and Knowledge Sharing
Trust
Organizational Cooperation
Technological Infrastructure and Interoperability
Informal Relationships
Theoretical Approach
Methodology
Research Design
Validity and Reliability
Results
Reliability Analysis Results
Multiple Regression Results
Conclusion
References
Occupational Safety and Health in Organizational Strategy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
OSH Oversight
Emergence of Occupational Safety and Health as a Field of Practice
OSH Legislation and Supporting Documents
The PDCA Cycle
OSH Hazards and Risks
Hazard Versus Risk
Risk Assessment
Hazard Identification
Routes of Entry
At-Risk Groups
Risk Evaluation
Risk Control: Including Safe Systems of Work
Safety Performance and Continual Improvement
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Offices of Inspector General in the United States
Synonyms
Introduction
The History of Offices of Inspector General
The Independence of Offices of Inspector General
Offices of Inspector General as Investigators and Auditors
The Powers of Offices of Inspector General
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ombudsmanship
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Historical Development of Ombudsman
Ombudsman: Essential Characteristics
Categories of Ombudsman
Success Factors for a Powerful Ombudsman
Ombudsman and ICTs
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
One-Step-Shop in Service Delivery in Kenya
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Overview of One-Stop-Shop Model in Kenya
The Influence of One-Stop-Shop Model on Bureaucratic Design and Culture
The One-Stop-Shop Model and Bureaucratic Accountability Problems
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Online Higher Education Marketing: A Call for Renewal
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Trends and Practices
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Online Teaching in Higher Education During the COVID-19 Crisis
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Online Teaching During COVID-19: Experiences and Challenges
Recommendations
Conclusion
References
Open Data Policies and Practices in Local Governments
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Open Data Policy in Local Government
Open Data Practice
Discussion and Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Open Government
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Transparency
Participation
Collaboration
Open Government Drivers
G2C, G2B, and G2G Relationships
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Open Government and E-Government: Concepts, Gaps, Interfaces, and Trends
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Stages in the Development of This Entry
Bibliometric Results
Beyond Bibliometrics
E-government and Open Government Concepts
Gaps and Insights for Future Researches
Interfaces
Trend Analysis
Final Remarks
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Open Government Data and Trust
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Institutional Trust
Open Government Data as a Driver for Trust
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Open Government influence on Social Prosperity
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Researches on Open Government
Social Capital and Environment as Elements of Prosperity
What Is Open Government About?
The Model
Conclusion
Appendix
References
Open Innovation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conceptualization of Open Innovation
How Is Open Innovation Different from the Traditional Approach?
Tracing the Evolution of Open Innovation
Adoption of Open Innovation in the Public Sector
Select Modes of Public Open Innovation
Challenges of Public Open Innovation
Cross-References
References
Operational Leadership
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Operational Leadership as a Trust-Building Activity
The Opening of Paths to PSOL in the Bureaucrat Role Through Weberian Reforms
The Opening of Paths to PSOL in the Organizational Change Agent Role Through ``New Public Management´´ Reforms
The Opening of Paths to PSOL in a Range of Role Identities Through Post-NPM Reforms
Conclusion
References
Opportunistic Behavior in Public Procurement
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Opportunistic Behavior in Contractual Relations
How Does One Identify Opportunistic Behavior in Repeated Interactions in the Public Procurement?
Methodology that Identifies the Potential Opportunism
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Oppositional Power
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Why Oppositions and Their Power Matter
Oppositional Power Varies Across Political Institutions
Intra-parliamentary Opportunities
Extra-Parliamentary Opportunities
Oppositional Power Is Affected by Oppositional Actors´ Characteristics
Conclusion
References
Organization of Public Procurement in Contracting Authorities
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Centralization as Key Element of Procurement Organization
Describing Procurement Centralization Through a Maturity Model
Specialization
Standardization and Formalization
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Organization Theory, Bureaucracy, and Public Management in a Time of Transformation
Synonyms
Definition
Key Dominant Theories of Organization
Bureaucracy - Essence and Function
Public Management in a Time of Major Transformations
Cross-References
References
Organizational Boundary Spanning
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Origins
Boundary Spanners
Boundary Challenges
Spanning Mechanisms
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Burnout
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Perspectives
The Phase Model of Burnout
The Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) Model
Process Model of Burnout
Outcomes of Burnout in Public Agencies
Burnout and Job Withdrawal
Burnout and Job Satisfaction, Commitment, Productivity, and Performance
Burnout and Health
Antecedents of Burnout in Public Agencies
Job Characteristics and Burnout
Organizational Characteristics and Burnout
Individual Characteristics and Burnout
Burnout as a Global Phenomena
Criticism of Burnout Research
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Cheating
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Definitions of Cheating
Examples of Cheating
Cheating as Fraud
The Science Behind Cheating
Remedies for Cheating in Government
Conclusion
References
Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Dimensions of Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Measurement Issues of Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Antecedents and Consequences of Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Public Administration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Holistic Review
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Methodology
Theoretical Background and Rationale
Antecedents of Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Employee Characteristics
Organizational Justice
Job Satisfaction
Organizational Commitment
Dispositional Variables
Leadership Behaviors
Other Issues in the Antecedents of OCB
Consequences of Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Individual-Level Consequences
Group/Organizational-Level Consequences
Conclusion
Limitations and Implications
Potential Conceptualizations
Cross-References
References
Organizational Collaboration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Organizational Collaboration in the Public Sector
Initiating Organizational Collaboration
Organizational Collaboration: A Typology
Implementing Organizational Collaboration
Managing Organizational Collaboration
Organizational Collaboration: Evolving Forms and Constructs
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Commitment in the Public Context: A Voice from a Parallel Planet
Synonyms
Crisp Definitions of the Key Title Words
Organizational Commitment: History and Trends
Organizational Commitment in the Egyptian Public Sector
Conclusion
References
Organizational Communications
Synonyms
Introduction
Defining Communication and the Purpose of Communication
Types of Communication
Patterns of Communication
Barriers to Communication
Models of Communication
Miscommunication in Cultural Exchanges
Communication and Negotiations
Conclusion
References
Organizational Control
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Rise of Organizational Control
The Limits of Organizational Control
Renewing Control
Conclusion: Reconceptualizing Organizational Control
Cross-References
References
Organizational Culture and Management Styles in Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Concepts and Types of Organizational Culture
Why We Need the Culture for Nonprofit Organizations?
Management of Nonprofit Organizations
How It Can Be Significant to Know Management Style?
The Management Styles in Nonprofit Organizations
Authoritarian Management Style
Visionary Management Style
Transactional Management Styles
Servant Leadership Management Style
Democratic Management Style
Laissez-Faire Management Style
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Culture and Socialization
Introduction
Sources of an Organization´s Culture
Manifestations of Organizational Culture
Strong Versus Weak Organizational Cultures
Organizational Subcultures
Ideal and Real Organizational Cultures
Risk-Taking and Organizational Culture
Organizational Culture and Ethics
Organizational Socialization
Organizational Socialization Agents
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Culture and Supervisors´ Attitudes Toward Change, Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Literature Review
Organizational Culture, Commitment, and Attitude Toward Change
Methodology
Research Setting
Research Design and Sampling Techniques
Sample Size and Survey Administration
Data Collection Instrument
Measure of Organizational Culture
Measure of Organizational Commitment
Measure of Attitude Toward Organizational Change
Analysis of Data
Result
Descriptive Statistics and Correlation
Hypothesis Testing
Analysis on the Mediating Effect of Organizational Commitment on Organizational Culture and Attitudes Toward Change
Discussion
Conclusion
Study Limitations and Recommendation
References
Organizational Decision-Making
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Pollution Control at AEP
Finding Best Practices for Decision-Making
Select an Arena of Action
Deal with Interests and Interest Groups
Directing Search with Expected Results
Search Broadly and Encourage Innovation
Use Evaluation Wisely
Confront Ethical Questions
Promote a Culture of Learning
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Demography
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Politics and Legacies
Two Perspectives on Termination
The Political Control Approach
The Institutional Legacy Approach
Different Perspectives Relate to Different Research Designs and Methods
Organizational Survival in the Public Sector: Towards a Model
Comparative Findings
Conclusion and Future Research
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Organizational Environment
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Organizations and Their Environment
Organizational Strategies Toward Coping with the Environment
Properties of Organizational Environments
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Ergonomics
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
System Ergonomics
Background
Systems and User-Centered Design
Challenges
General Process Methods
Research and Design Methods
Participatory Ergonomics
Background
Participatory Process
Teamwork
Virtual Organizations and Telework
Challenges
Conclusion: Best Practices and Future Direction
Cross-References
References
Resources
Organizational Ethnicity: A Socio-cognition Approach
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Ethnicity
Organizational Ethnicity
Socio-Cognition Theory Toward Organizational Ethnicity
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Evil
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Overview
The Culture of Evil
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Excellence
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Key Research Findings
Key Benefits
Filling a Gap in the Literature
Principles
Key Management Areas
Content Template
Implementing an OE Model
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Fields
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Organizational Fields
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Humanism
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Evolution of Ideas
Applications of Organizational Humanism
Challenging Organizational Humanism
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Identity
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is Organizational Identity?
Paradigmatic Approaches to Understanding Organizational Identity
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Identity Leadership
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Significance of Identity Leadership
Management of Followers´ Identities
Collective Identity and Identification
Personal Identity and Identification
Relational Identity and Identification
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Ihsan Behavior
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Construct-Model
Discussion
Concluding Thoughts
Good to Know
Cross-References
References
Websites
Organizational Inclusion in Arabian Public Contexts
Synonyms
Crisp Definitions of the Key Title Words
Introduction
Organizational Inclusion in Egyptian Public Administration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Innovation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Why Innovation?
Research on Organizational Innovation
Innovation as a Dependent Variable (Or Factors Effecting Innovation)
Innovation as an Independent Variable (Or Outputs/Outcomes of Innovation)
Sources of Innovation
Types of Innovations
Innovation Climate
Measurement of Innovation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Institutionalism
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Emerging Perspectives on Organizational Institutionalism
Isomorphism, Diffusion, and Organizational Change
Institutional Logics
Institutional Complexity: The Role of Organizational Fields
Organizational Institutionalism: Where Is Public Administration and Policy Research?
Organizational Institutionalism Meets Transnationalism
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Justice
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Dimensions of Organizational Justice
Organizational Justice Theories
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Justice and Public Performance in Greece
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Organizational Justice
Distributive Justice
Procedural Justice
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Learning
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Motors of Organizational Change
Stage Models in the Grounds of Organizational Learning
An Organizational Learning Perspective of Change and Single and Double Loop
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Life Cycles
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is the Study of Organizational Life Cycles?
How Can the Study of Organizational Life Cycles Be Applied?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Pathology
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Organization-as-Organism Analogy, Redux
Diagnosing Organizational Pathologies, Validly and Reliably
Remedying Organizational Pathologies, Responsibly
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Reputation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Reputation of Public Agencies in the Eyes of Citizens
The Impact of Public Agencies´ Reputations on Legislatures
Reputation and Network
Conclusion
References
Organizational Socialization
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Administration Research on Organizational Socialization
Agenda for Future Research
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Structure and Crisis Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Organizational Structure
Crisis Management and Organizational Structure
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Technology
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Revolutions
Computers
The Internet
Social Media
E-Government
Important but Unconsidered Applications
Global Grid and Military Systems
Surveillance
Applied Biophysical Concepts
DNA Sequencing
Biometrics
Frequency
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizational Theory in Japan
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Original Agenda of Bureaucracy and Organization in Japan
Japanese Organizational Theory Affected by Foreign Theory
Before and After World War II
Organizational Theory Boom and Introduction of Overseas Research
Transformation to Fit the Japanese System and Agenda
Ringi-sei Decision-Making Process
Interagency Struggle or Turf War as Kakkyo or Sectionalism
The Saidaidoin Mobilization System
The Obeya-shugi Layout System
Empirical Studies That Apply the Lens of Foreign Theories
Focus on Japan and the Japanese Organization and the Bifurcation of Organizational Studies
Conclusion: The Lost Three Decades
Cross-References
References
Organizational Turnover
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Perspectives on Organizational Turnover
Analysis: Managing Organizational Turnover
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Organizational Values
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Does It Mean to Say That Organizations Have Values?
Perspectives on Organizational Values
Espoused Values
Enacted Values
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizations and Environment
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Organizational Theory and the Environment
Organizations and Sustainable Development
Organizations and Climate Change
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizations and Globalization
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)
The United Nations System
Global Economic Governance
New Global Actors
Networked States
Global Public Space
International Nongovernment Organizations (INGOs)
The Commercial Sphere
Transnational Networks of Production and Finance
Conclusion
References
Organizations as Moral Agents
Synonyms
Introduction
Can an Organization Be an Agent?
Can an Organization Be a Moral Agent?
The Consequences of Organizational Agency for Our Moral Practice
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Organizing Unions as Social Policy
Definition
Introduction
Unions in the United States
Private-Sector Unions
Public-Sector Unions
Organizing Unions: Techniques and Practices
Right-to-Work States
Conclusion
References
Origin and Development of Local Government in Ireland
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Local Government During the Anglo-Norman
Local Government Under the Tudor Re-Conquest of Ireland
Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act, 1840
Local Government (Ireland) Act, 1898
Conclusion
References
Osha as a Social Policy
Definition
Introduction
Worker´s Compensation in the United States
Summary of the Occupational Safety and Health Act
Appeals
Why Is Occupational Safety and Health Important?
OSHA as a Social Policy
Mechanisms for Social Policy
Conclusion
References
Outlaw Citizenship
Synonyms
Definition of Outlaw Citizenship
Introduction
Not Spontaneous: Outlaw Citizenship´s Seeds Planted Before Eruption
No Access, No Effect: Outlaw Citizens Unheard in Traditional Venues
Outlaw Without Borders: Globalization Fueling Outlaw Citizenship
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Outsourcing Contract
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Outsourcing Background
Does Outsourcing Save Money?
The Politics of Outsourcing
Outsourcing Workforce Issues
Inherently Governmental Issues
Outsourcing Accountability
In-Sourcing
Conclusion: Finding the Right Outsourcing Balance
Cross-References
References
Outsourcing of Human Resource Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Viewpoint
Outsourcing HRM Activities and Drivers for Outsourcing
Which HRM Function to Outsource?
Extent of HRM Outsourcing and the Situation of Hong Kong
Problems with HRM Outsourcing
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Outsourcing Public Services
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Contracts Regulating the Purchaser-Provider Relationship
Competitive Versus Noncompetitive Public Service Markets
Types of Providers and Collaborative Efforts
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Override Public Policies: What They Are and Why They Matter
Synonyms
Introduction: Understanding Override Policies
Override Policies as Part of a New Policy Typology
Features of Override Policies
Override Policies Are Generally Very Rare
Override Policies Typically Focus on Sensitive Public Issues
Override Policies Result from Stringent Multiple Legislative Actions
The Override Policy Process Is Characterized by Intense Conflict
Override Policies Often Reflect Public Opinion Climate
Conclusion
References
Overview of Scientific Production in Public Sector´s Enterprise Architecture from 2013 to 2018
Overview of New Knowledge in Public Sector Enterprise Architecture from 2013 to 2018
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Enterprise Architecture in Companies
Enterprise Architecture
EA Frameworks
Recent Applications of EA in the Public Sector
Literature Review in EA
Methodology
The Last 6 Years of EA Research in Public Sector
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
P
Pakistan´s Urgent Need for Clean Air
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
An Overview of Air Pollution in Pakistan
Pakistan and the Barriers to Enforcing Clean Air Standards
Conclusion and Recommendations
Strengthening Air Quality Management Through Proper Upgrading of Regulatory Bodies
All Sources of Pollution Shall Be Identified and Addressed
Public Litigation
References
Paradox of Human Capital Development and SDGs Implementation in Nigeria
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conceptual and Analytical Framework
Linking HCIPs, Poverty Reduction and Sustainability Indicators in Ebonyi State MoANRs
Research Background
Linking Sound Governance Approach to Human Capital Development and SDGs Implementation: Policy, Obstacles, and Performance
Research Methodology
Understanding the SDGs 2030 Agenda: An Overview
SDGs Analytical Framework and the Need for SHCI Policy Reform
Discussion and Policy Implications
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Paradox of Professionalization in Public Administration
Synonyms
Introduction
Growing Distrust of Government and Its Employees
Big Government
The ``deep state´´
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Participation in Public Policy: Brazil
Synonyms
Introduction
Framework
Participating Institutions in Brazil
Models of Public Management and Social Participation
Cross-References
References
Participatory Budgeting
Definition
Introduction: Citizen Involvement as a Key Factor in Government Renewal
The Emergence and Spread of PB Around the World
An Overview of PB: Main Features
Form of PA Involved
Promoters
Types of Citizen Invited to Participate
Participatory Structure
Themes of Co-decision
Existence of a Preset Budget
Level of Process Formalization
Process Reporting
Critical Issues
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Participatory Decentralization Reform, Peru
Introduction
The History of Decentralization in Peru
Legal Framework
The Evolution of Peru´s Decentralization Process, 2002-2015
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Participatory Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
State of the Art: Marking the Boundaries of Participatory Governance
Future Perspectives
Institutionalizing Participatory Governance
Implementing Participatory Governance
The Dark Side of Participatory Governance
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Partnerships and Network Governance for United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Partnerships
Implementation
Food-Energy-Water (FEW) Policies
Food-Energy-Water (FEW) Nexus in Urban Areas
Examples from Florida, USA
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Path-Goal Theory of Leadership
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theory Development
Path-Goal Theory Evolved from 1971 to 1996
Path-Goal Theory Components
Links to Other Leadership Theories
Assessment of Path-Goal Theory
Future Research Recommendations
Application to Public Sector
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Pathways to Electronic Citizen Participation: Policy and Technological Arrangements in Korea
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
E-communication Orientation and Applications (1995-2004)
E-consultation Orientation and Applications (2005-2014)
E-co-production Orientation and Applications (2015-Recent)
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Patronage and the Politics of District/City Creation in Uganda
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Patronage and District Creation in Africa
History of District Creation in Uganda
Institutional Framework for District Creation in Museveni´s Uganda
Benefits of New Districts
Costs of New Districts
Patronage at Central Government Level
Patronage at Lower Levels of Government and Communities
Patronage and Politics in City Creation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Patterns of Democracies and Participatory Developments: A Matter of Path Dependency?
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Participatory Developments: Direct Democratic Options or Public Deliberation
Consensus Democracies and Majoritarian Democracies
Path Dependencies?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Pay Equity and Performance in the Public Sector
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Pay Equity
Individual Job Performance
Perception of Pay Equity and Performance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Pay for Performance in Government: The Case of South Korea
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Current Pay for Performance Scheme in Korea
Performance-Based Annual Salary for Senior Civil Service (SCS)
Performance-Based Annual Salary for Public Officials on Grade 5 and Above
Performance-Based Bonus
Differential Payment by Individual
Equal Payment by Individual After Differential Payment by Department
Combination of Differential Payment by Individual and by Department
Differential Payment by Individual After Differential Payment by Department
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Peace and Governance
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Theological View of Peace
Philosophical View of Peace
Modern View of Peace
The Correlationship Between Peace and Governance
National Governance and Peace
Global Governance and Peace
Regional Governance and Peace
Personal Governance and Peace
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Pension Fund Regulation and Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Complexities in Governance
Boards as Mechanisms of Good Governance
Deficits of Governance and Possible Solutions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Pensions and Local Government Fiscal Instability
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Pension Effect on Fiscal Stability
Unrealistic Expectations for Pension Trust Earnings
Failure to Implement Plans that Accommodate Future Benefits
Political Dynamics and Costs
Avoiding and Correcting Pension and OPEB Liabilities
Financial Planning
``Emergency Financial Managers´´
Benefit Reductions
Pension Obligation Bonds
Bankruptcy
Theoretical Causes of Fiscal Instability
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Perception of Performance Management Practice: A Sectoral Comparison
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Reform of Performance Management in the South Korean Government
The Career Choice of Public Officials in South Korea: Competitive Personality
The Practice of Performance Management
Employees´ Feeling of Competitiveness
Conclusion
Cross-References
Appendix. Survey Items
References
Performance Assessment of Regional Governors in Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Mechanism of Performance Assessment of Regional Governors
Conclusion
References
Performance Auditing
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Separating Performance Audit from Traditional Audit and Program Evaluation
Types of Performance Audits
The Organization of Performance Audit
Performance Audit´s Products and Communication
Impacts of Performance Audits
Challenges for Performance Audits
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Performance Audits and Performance Appraisals
Synonyms
Introduction: A Historical and Comparative Perspective
Why Is It Done?
How Is It Done?
The Critical Incident
Checklist Methods
The Narrative Approach
Rating Scales
Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS)
The Scaled Comparison Method
Management By Objectives (MBO)
360 Degree Appraisal
Has It Delivered on Its Promise?
Suggested Reforms and Alternatives
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Performance Budgeting
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Advantages of Performance Budgeting
Challenges of Performance Budgeting
The Problems of Adopting a Performance-Based Budget Classification
The Potential Dangers of Linking Budget Appropriations to Performance Indicators
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Performance Crisis
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Institutional Level of Performance Analysis
Policy Level of Performance Analysis
Organization Level of Performance Analysis
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Performance Evaluation and Reporting
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Performance Evaluation in the Public Sector: An Internal Perspective
Performance Reporting in the Public Sector: An External Perspective
Performance Evaluation and Reporting in the Portuguese Context
Conclusions
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Performance Information in Evidence-Based Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Types and Validity of Performance Information
The Link between Performance Information and Evidence-Based Management
Evidence-Based Policy or Policy-Based Evidence?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Performance Information Under Austerity: Using Outcome Measures to Set Budget Priorities
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Performance Information: The Principal Agent Theory
Performance Information: Empirical Research So Far
Performance Measurement
Functions of Performance Measurement
Austerity: A Response to Past Poor-Planned Spending
Performance Information Use Under Austerity
Using Outcome-Based Measures to Set Budget Priorities
Challenges of Using Outcome-Based Measures in Government Institutions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Performance Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Basic Logics and Mechanisms of Public Sector Performance Management
The Life Cycle of Public Sector Performance Management
PMS Design
PMS Implementation
PMS Operation
PMS Use
PMS Impact on Performance
Application of Performance Management in PSOs
Conclusions and Reflections
Cross-References
References
Useful Textbooks for Further Information About Public Performance Management
Performance Management and Culture
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Performance Management: Concept and Relevance
Performance Management: What Has Culture Got to Do with It?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Performance Management in Japanese Local Government
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
History of Performance Management in Japan
Current Status of Performance Management in Local Government
Future Challenges
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Performance Management in Local Government
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Performance Management Doctrine
From Performance Measurement to Management
Challenges and Strategies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Performance Management in Public Administration
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Performance Agreements as Performance Management Tools
Performance Goals and Targets
Performance Monitoring
Accountability
Conclusion
References
Performance Management in Social Service Provision
Synonyms
Introduction
Collaborative Governance and Collective Impact
Performance Management Approaches
The First Three Generations of Evaluation
On the Way to the Fourth Generation of Evaluation
Realities of Social Service Provision
Multiple Stakeholders and Value Pluralism
Diverse Service Delivery Contexts and Variations in the Practice
Conclusion: The Three Principles of Performance Management in Social Service Provision
References
Performance Management in the Korean Central Government
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Performance Management System at the Organizational Level
Performance Management System at the Individual Level
The Desirable Future of Performance Management in the Korean Government
Cross-References
References
Performance Management in the Public Sector
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Performance in the Public Sector: Models, Dimensions, and Levels
Models of Performance
Dimensions of Performance
Levels of Performance
Performance Management
Performance Measurement
Managing Performance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Performance Management: Brazil
Synonyms
Fundaments of Performance Management
Some Empirical Evidence of Performance Management in Brazil
Conclusions
References
Performance Measurement
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Purpose
Individual Assessment (Staff Appraisal)
Function
Criteria
Method
Evidence
Consequence
Case Presentation: Macao Government
Group Assessment (Program, Policy, Departmental Evaluation, etc.)
Function
Criteria
Method
Evidence
Consequences
Case Presentation: Macao Government
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Performance of Nonprofit Services
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Nonprofit Performance Measurement
Dimensions of Performance Measurement
The Use of Performance Information for Decision-Making
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Performance Reforms, Ethical Issues, and the Veterans Administration
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Performance Reforms
Ethics and the VHA
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Performance-Based Budgeting Implementation: A Nonlinear System Perspective
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Theoretical Underpinnings
A Behavioral Interpretation of the PBB Policy-Making-Implementation Gap
The PBB Rationality Versus the Political Irrationality of Budgetary Decisions
Nonlinearity and Difficulty of Implementation
Bureaucratic Inertia and Resistance to Change
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Performance-Based Governance, Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Performance Governance in the Russian Federation
Early Attempts at Introducing Performance Management
Main Directions of Government Activity
Performance Reporting at Regional and Local Level
Government Programs
Strategic Planning
Problems and Criticism
References
Performative Consequences of Measuring Performance: Insights from Health-care Contexts
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Accounting, Performativity, and Health Care Sector
Insights from a Health Care Context
Accounting as Modifier of Medical Context
Embeddedness of Accounting in Medical Profession
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Personality and Leadership
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Personality Instruments
Trait Theory
Core Self-evaluations (Self-concept)
Narcissism
Machiavellianism
Attitude and Perception
Motivation
Social Cognitive Theory
Group Behavior
Power and Influence
Emotion and Mood
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Phenomenon of Financial Contagion on the Crisis Framework, The
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Noncontingent Theory
The Contingent Theory
Contagion Definitions
Contagion and the Crisis Framework
Conclusion
References
Philanthropy and Nonprofit Organizations, Russia
Definition
Nonprofit Organization
Introduction: Philanthropy and Nonprofit Organizations: The Conceptual Background
Russian Civil Society and Philanthropy: History
Nonprofit Sector in Contemporary Russia: Legislation and Policies
Russian Nonprofit Sector: Main Characteristics
Socially Oriented NGOs: Governmental Support
Contemporary Russian Philanthropy: From Traditional to Strategic Giving
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Philippine Public Administration: 5Es and an A
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining Public Administration
Traditional Public Administration: Classic Principles of 3Es
Economy
Efficiency
Effectiveness
Modern Public Administration: Towards 5Es and an a
Ethics
Equity
Accountability
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Philosophical Ethics
Synonyms
Introduction: Public Policy and Ethical Analysis
Philosophical Ethics: Theories and Implications
Broadening Ethical Analysis: Diversity and Agency
Conclusion
References
Planning for Public Procurement
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Overview of the Planning Phase
Problems Associated with Incomplete or Insufficient Planning
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Planning Organizations, Latin America
Synonyms
Definition
Origin
Organizational Structure and Functions
The Waves of Change in the Planning Agencies
A Useful Organization
Conclusion
References
Planning, Brazil
Synonyms
Introduction
Cross-References
References
Planning, Diversity, and Personnel Leadership
Introduction
Modern Practices
Diversity Contradictions
Leadership Commonalities
Summary
References
Platforms and Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Perspectives
Managing Platforms
Platforms in Public Administration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Police Use of Force and Community Policing During a Pandemic
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
It´s a Matter of Perspective
Public Fear of the Police: Justified or Unjustified?
Broken Windows Concept
Community Policing Challenges
Use of Force
Standpoint Theory
A Hopeful Solution
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Policies and Governance of Knowledge Commercialization in IRAN
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Commercialization of Knowledge in Higher Education: Concepts and Effective Factors
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Policing in Implementing Social Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Historical Context of Policing
Analysis and Conclusion: Policing and the Intersection of Social Policy
References
Policy Capacity, Brazil
Synonyms
The Concept Application in the Brazilian Context
Cross-References
References
Policy Coordination, Brazil
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Budget Allocation and Strategic Planning
Public Planning and Budgeting
Institutional Enhancements
Organizational Competences
Governance Committees
Interministerial Governance Committee - CIG
Conclusion
References
Policy Diffusion in Latin America
Introduction
The Diffusion Model and Its Main Components
The Mechanism of Diffusion
The Critical View of the Policy Diffusion Models and Their Mechanisms
Studies About Cases of Diffusion in Latin America
Conclusions
References
Policy Entrepreneurs as Bureaucrats, Merging Formality and Informality
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Solving Problems with Formality and Informality
Which Problems
Why Policy Entrepreneurship
Contradictions of Formalized Policy Entrepreneurship
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Policy Evaluation, Brazil
Introduction: Unraveling the Polysemy Around Policy Evaluation
Policy Evaluation as a Field
Covering the Most Significant Classificatory Efforts
A New Classification According to Epistemology
Brief Words on Meta-Evaluation and Monitoring
Can We Talk About a New Work Agenda?
References
Policy Failure
Synonyms
Definition
Section
Introduction
Conceptual Issues
On the Identification of a Failed Policy
On What Leads to the Failure of Public Policy
On the Lessons from a Failed Policy
Concluding Remarks
References
Policy Innovation Labs
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining PILs
Origins of PILs
Policy Co-production
PIL Functions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Policy Making and Crisis Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Issues in Policy Making
Crises Management
Case Study: COVID 19 Pandemic as a Health Crisis
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Policy Mechanisms
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Thinking Mechanistically
Mechanistic-Based Policy Analysis
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Policy Network and Governance
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Defining Policy Network
Types of Policy Networks
Policy Network: Dependent or Independent Variable?
Network as a Form of Governance
Complexities in Governance Network
Substantive Complexity
Strategic Complexity
Institutional Complexity
Conclusion
References
Policy Networks as a Form of Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Rise of Governance Concept
The Impact of Political Regime on Network Governance
Policy Networks in Russia
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Policy Pressures and Public Law
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Pressure (Interest) Groups
PACs and Super PACs
Chicago Police Department
Flint, Michigan
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Policy Tactics
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Policy Tactic: Theoretical Foundations
Policy Oriented
Interactive Window
Behavioral Nature
Conclusion
References
Policy-Making for Sustainable Agricultural Development
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Policy-Making and Development
Economic Development of Nations
Developing Countries
Development Opportunities
Agricultural Developments
Development Recommendations
Sustainable Social Responsibility
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Policy-Making for Sustainable Empowerment and Poverty Reduction Scheme in Nigeria
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Concept of Empowerment-Benefit Exchange (EBE) Explained
Sustainable Empowerment: An Alternative Instrument for Poverty Reduction
Participatory Intervention, Political Leadership, and Sustainable Urban Development Linkages
Harmonizing Development Planning and Empowerment Strategies Toward Sustainable Abakaliki Urban Community
Ebonyi Empowerment Benefits Implementation Processes
Lessons Learnt: Empowerment-Benefit Exchange in the Ebonyi Urban Transport System
Lessons Learnt: Empowerment-Benefit Exchange in the Ebonyi Agriculture Sector
Lessons from Previous Policy-Making Approache(s) by the State Government
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Policy-Visibility and Implementation in Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Policy-Visibility (and Policy Blindness) as an Approach
How Can Governments or Policy-Makers Enhance Policy-Visibility and Implementation?
Identifying the Right Audience and Integration of Key Actors
Policy Advocacy as a Strategy of Policy-Visibility in Public Administration
Participating and Tackling Media Framings of the Policy
Conducting Evidence-Based and Inclusive Policy Training
Establish Effective and Broaden Financial Resource Mobilization Strategies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Political and Administrative Culture in Turkey´s AK Party, Tunisian An-Nahada, and Bangladesh Jamat-e Islam
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Link Between Turkey´s AK Party, Tunisian An-Nahda, and Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami: Theoretical Foundation
Three Parties from Three Regions: Three Diverse Histories
Islamic Values and Ideology Versus Democratic Values: Convergence or Divergence?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Political Appointees and Career Executives
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Roles of Political Appointees and Career Executives in Public Administration
Differences Between Political Appointees and Career Executives
Can Political Appointees and Career Executives Coexist Effectively in a Bureaucratic Society?
Are Political Appointees as Competent as Career Executives Are?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Political Appointees and Political Executives
Synonyms
Cross-References
References
Political Approach to Public Administration in Iran´s Public Sector
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Politicization: The Result of Political Approach to Public Administration
Political System and Administrative Structure in Iran
Political Approach to Public Administration in Iran´s Governance System
Consequences of Political Approach to Iran´s Public Administration
Conclusion
References
Political Communication
Synonyms
Introduction
The Minimal Effects Era
Elite Influence
Political Sophistication
Public Deliberation
The Broadcast Era and New Media
Selective Exposure and Media Bias
Political Advertising and Campaigning
Negativity and Incivility in Political Media
Rhetorical Presidency
The Internet, Digital Democracy, and Social Media
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Political Connections, Corruption, and Tax Practices
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Political Connections and Tax Practices
Developed Economies
Developing Economies
Emerging Economies
Corruption and Tax Practices
Cross-Country Studies
Single-Country Studies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Political Control or Professional Autonomy? A Case of Agency Director Resignation
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Theoretical Perspectives: Instruments, Culture, and Symbol
Contextual Features
Main Events in the Reorganization Process
Narrative 1: The View of the Agency´s Director
Narrative 2: The Ministerial View
Discussion: The Theoretical Perspectives Revisited
Conclusion
References
Political Corruption
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Agreements and Disagreements About Political Corruption
The Concept of Political Corruption and Its Functions
The Causes of Political Corruption
The Consequences of Political Corruption
Methodological Issues
Corruption, Anti-corruption, and Anti-anti-corruption
Conclusion
References
Political Crimes in Bangladesh
Synonyms
Introduction
Definition of Political Crimes
Conceptual Discussion of Political Crimes
Typologies and Actors of Political Crimes in Bangladesh
Political Crime in Educational Institutions by Students Wings
Intra-Political Parties Conflict in Bangladesh
Interpolitical Parties´ Conflict
Clash Between Law Enforcing Agencies and Political Parties
Hartal and Political Crime
Attack on Opposition Political Parties by Ruling Parties
Attack on Law Enforcing Agencies by Opposition Political Parties
Political Vandalism of Vehicles
State-Sponsored Violence
Tender-Related Political Crime
Government Jobs Recruitment
Environmental Hazards
Grabbing the Land of Landless People by Political Leaders
Illegal Sand Business by Political Leader
Corruption in Development Project by Politians
Assault on Administration´s Personnel by Ruling Leaders
Violence Against Women and Political Connection
Other Types of Political Crime
A Holistic View of Political Crime in Bangladesh
Conclusion
References
Political Culture and Good Governance in Nigeria
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Political Culture Clarified
Good Governance Clarified
Nigerian Political Culture in Retrospect
Evaluating Effects of Political Culture on Good Governance in Nigeria
Culture of One Nation
Culture of Mediocrity, Ethnicity, and Cultural Cleaverage
Culture of Corruption and Gross Mismanagement
Culture of Mass Rigging and Political Violence
Political Apathy
Conclusion
References
Political Ideology in the Bureaucracy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is Ideology?
The Challenge of Measuring Bureaucratic Ideology
Measures of Bureaucratic Ideology
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Political Influence over Bureaucracy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Underpinnings
Methodology
Findings
Case Background
Reef Endeavour: The Shipbuilding Project
Under-Cost Signup and Accountability
Discussion/Implications
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Political Injustice and Public Policy
Synonyms
Introduction
Framework of Justice and Public Policy
Political Injustice, Corruption, and Governance
Cross-References
References
Political Leadership
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Complex and Varial Relationships
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Political Leadership and Gender (In)Equality
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Women as Political Leaders
Gender Political Inequality
Barriers for Gender Equality
A Permanent Challenge
Cross-References
References
Political Party ``Footsoldierism´´ and ``Vigilantism´´: An Empirical Study
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Vigilantism and Footsoldierism in Ghana: Historical Trajectory - Past to Present
Theoretical Underpinnings of Vigilantism and Research Model
Hypotheses Development
Independent Variables
Unemployment
Distrust
Loyalty
Powerlessness
Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) Variables
Attitude (Mediator Variable) - Intention (Dependent Variable)
Data and Research Method
Sample and Data Collection
Measures
Data Analysis and Results
Model Analysis
Measurement and Structural Model Evaluation
Hypothesis Testing Effects
Test of Mediation Effect Analysis
Discussion, Conclusion, and Recommendations
Implications and Limitations of the Study
Cross-References
Appendix
References
Political Sociology in Latin America
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Political Sociology in Latin America
Elite Circulation
Clientelism
Social Movements
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Politician-Bureaucrat Relation in Ghana
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Methodology of the Study
Nature of Politico-Administration Relations Across Regimes in Ghana
Impact of Politician-Bureaucrat Relations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Politicization and Social Mobilization in Twenty-First-Century Chile
Synonyms
Introduction
Dictatorship and Demobilization
The Return of Politicization and Mobilization
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Politicization of Bureaucracy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is Bureaucracy?
What Is Politicization of Bureaucracy?
The Relationship Between Democracy and Bureaucracy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Politicization of Iran´s Public Administration Based on Institutional Perspective
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Foundation
Politicization
Institutionalism
Rooting the Causes of the Politicization of the Iranian Administrative System
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Politico-administrative Relationships in Japanese Context
Definition
Synonyms
Section: Bureaucracy
Introduction: Who Designed the Japanese Postwar Recovery?
Stronger Bureaucracy Hypothesis
Stronger Politicians Hypothesis
Politico-Administration Relations after the 1990s
Cabinet Bureau of Personnel Affairs
Conclusion
References
Politics and Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Politics-Administration Dichotomy
Evidence on Political-Administrative Relations
Roles that Public Administrators and Elected Officials Play
Complementarity View: An Alternative
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Politics and Aid
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Who Provides Aid?
Determining Support for Foreign Aid
Debates on Aid Allocation
Debates on Aid Effectiveness
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Politics and Bureaucracy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Limitations of the Politics-Administration Dichotomy
Policy Disputes and Bureaucracies
Democracy and Accountability for the Bureaucracy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Politics and Collaboration
Synonyms
Introduction
Background and Basic Framework of Collaboration in Politics
The Structure of Collaboration: Who Participates and How?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Politics and Crisis Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Political Ramifications of Crises
All Crises Are Political
Crisis Avoidance for Politicians
Political Action During a Crisis
Political Concerns After a Crisis
Political Ethics and Accountability
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Politics and Ethics
Synonyms
References
Politics and Gender
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: What Is Gender?
The Politics of Gender Identity
Gender Rights, Protections, and Prohibitions
Gendered Politics: Access, Leadership, and Behavior
Gendered Policy: Does Representation Matter?
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Politics and Government in Hong Kong
Introduction
Hong Kong´s Outstanding Economic Development Legitimated Its Nondemocratic System Before Handover to Mainland China
Chinese Government Has Repeatedly Blocked Hong Kong´s Democratization
Threats to Freedoms and Judicial Autonomy in Hong Kong Escalated
Rising Threats to Hong Kong´s Press Freedom
Escalating Threats to Academic Freedom
Threats to Freedom of Expression
Judicial Autonomy
Hong Kong´s Vital Importance for China Helps Maintain ``One Country, Two Systems´´
Prospect of Hong Kong: Greater Sino-Hong Kong Economic Integration Deepens Political and Economic Threats to Hong Kong
Conclusion: Further Integration Between Mainland and Hong Kong Harmful to Hong Kong´s Stability and Prosperity
References
Politics and Partisanship
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Where Do Parties Come from?
The Origins and Development of Mass Partisanship in American Politics
Why Are There Two Parties in American Politics?
The Meaning of Partisanship in the American Public
How Partisanship Affects Political Behavior
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Politics and Public Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Main Text
Conclusion
Cross-References
Further reading
Politics and Public Policy of Wireless Facilities Procurements, The
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Policy Matters
Political Factors
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Politics and the Environment
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Solving the Problem of Externalities
Environmentalism as a Social Movement
Implementation of Environmental Law and Environmental Federalism
Environmental Justice
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Politics in Program Evaluation
Synonyms
Introduction
Political Context of Evaluation in the Public Sector
Selection of Programs to be Evaluated
Selection of Evaluators
Evaluation Approach and Stakeholder Engagement
Uses of Evaluation Reports and Research
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Politics of Corruption in Africa
Synonyms
Definition of Terms
Introduction: An Expedition Toward Contemporary Politics in Africa
The Current Debates on Political Corruption
The Nexus Between African Democracies and Corruption: Examples from South Africa, Tanzania, Kenya, Democratic Republic of Cong...
Democratic Republic of Congo
Tanzania
Nigeria
South Africa
Kenya
The Normalization of Politics of Stomach Infrastructure
Shifting the Blame of Corruption: Political Class or the Citizens
Concluding Remarks
References
Politics of Municipal Consolidation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Trends in Municipal Consolidation
Arguments for and Against Municipal Consolidation
Some Issues Regarding Analysis of the Effects of Municipal Consolidations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Politics of Patrimonialism, Influence of Principal/Agent Relationships on Discretionary Powers of Street-Level Bureaucrats in ...
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Concept of Street-Level Bureaucracy
SLB Theory and Practice: A Contextual Explication
Understanding Patrimonialism and Prebendal Clientelism in Nigeria
Patrimonial Influence on SLBs Discretionary Exercises in Developing Contexts
Ambiguity of Discretionary Roles
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Politics of Public Policy Implementation: Case of Ghana National Health Insurance Scheme
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Framework
Politics and Implementation
Political Settlement
Methodology
Discussion
Political Context of the Policy: The Haste and Laxities in the NHIS Bill/Law
Technical and Political Imperatives: Complementarity or Competition?
The Politics of Strategic Appointments: A Political Calculus
Street Level Politics and Appointments
Conclusions and Policy Suggestions
Cross-References
References
Politics of the Policyscape
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Policies as Political Institutions
How the Policyscape Shapes Politics
Policymakers
Interest Groups
Citizens
Social Security: A Case Study
The Problem of Policy Maintenance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Politics of Value-Added Tax Policy in Ghana
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Policy Cycle
The Features of the Political System
Constitutional Provisions
Features of the National Democratic Congress Government
The Economic Conditions Under the First NDC Government
The Policymaking Stage of the VAT
The Implementation Stage of the VAT
The Implementation Challenges of VAT in Ghana
A New Political Environment and the Reintroduction of VAT in Ghana
Study Implications and Recommendations to Public Policymakers
Conclusion
References
Politics Without Principles, Ghana
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Political Responsibility Approach
The Political Accountability Approach
Politics Without Principles
Principle Defined
Socioeconomic Development
Analysis and Discussions
How Politics Without Principles Have Impacted the Socioeconomic Development of Ghana and Africa
How Corruption Has Affected the Socioeconomic Development of Ghana and Africa
Failure of Leadership and How It Has Affected the Socioeconomic Development of Ghana
Approaches in Achieving Political Responsibility and Accountability
Conclusion
References
Politics: Basic Concepts
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
A Definition of Politics
Approaches to Studying Politics
Where Politics Often Occurs
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Politics-Administration Dichotomy: Insight from a Developing Country
Synonyms
Brief Definitions
Introduction
Politics-Administration Dichotomy
History and Interpretation of the Politics-Administration Dichotomy
Complementarity of Politics and Administration
Politics/Administration Zones
Types of Bureaucratic Relations
Public Enterprise Reform in Fiji
The Politics-Administration Dichotomy in Fiji
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Poor and Social Policy, The
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Impact of Public Opinion on Social Policy for the Poor
Poverty Measures and Social Policy for the Poor
Historical Influences on Social Policy for the Poor
Current Social Policies for the Poor
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Popular Reporting
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Citizens´ Accounting Information Needs
Popular Reporting
Characteristics of Popular Reports
Popular Reporting and the Internet
Popular Reporting and Integrated Reporting
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Popular Support for Public Policies to Curb Political Vigilantism: Reflections from Ghanaian Electorate
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Theoretical Framework
Group Model of Politics, Policymaking, and Implementation
Conceptualizing Political Vigilantism
Envisaging Robust Political Systems: World Governance Indicators
Methodology
Design
Brief Overview of Recent Political Vigilantism Activities in Ghana
Results and Discussions
Extent of Popular Support for Political Vigilantism
Appropriate for Groups to Attack Government Officials?
Disgruntled Youth Justified Locking Up Government Offices?
Seizure and Destruction of State Properties?
Popular Support for Institutions to Clamp Down on Vigilante Activities
Level of Formal Education and Support for Government to Deal with Political Vigilantism
Insights and Discussion
Political Vigilantism Greatly Scorned by Ghanaians
Support to Clamp Down Generally Highest with Secondary Education
Political Communication to Derive Political Currency and Benefits
Development Politics and Local Economic Development to Address Problem
Conclusion and Policy Implications
Cross-References
References
Population Ecology Theory of Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is Population Ecology?
How Can Population Ecology Be Applied?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Population Policy, China
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Types of Population Policy
Population Dynamics of Developing Nations
Population Policy in China
Initial Policy: Socialist Development Is the Best Policy (1949-1954)
First Five-Year Plan
The Great Leap Forward
China´s Second Population Campaign
Cultural Revolution Population Policy Reversal
Later-Longer-Fewer, China´s Third Population Campaign, 1971
One-Child Policy
First Phase: One-Child Policy Introduction
Second Phase: Central Document 7
Third Phase: Liberal Policy with Strong Implementation
Selective Two-Child Policy
The Two-Child Policy
Conclusion
Policy Evolution
Cross-References
References
The Position of Women in Iranian Public Sector Organizations: Facts and Challenges
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Glass Ceiling
Adjusting for Gender Inequality
Policy - Legal Considerations
Indicators of Human and Gender Development in International Instruments
The Image of Employment and Promotion of Women in Iran
Legal Considerations Regarding the Management of Women in Iran
Five-Year Economic, Social, and Cultural Development Plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Iran´ Situation in Terms of the International Indicators and Approach
Iran Human Development Index (HDI)
Iran Gender Development Index (GDI)
Iran Gender Inequality Index (GII)
Iran Gender Gap Index (GGI)
Barriers to Promoting Women to Managerial Positions in Iranian Government Organizations
Barriers Related to Role Requirements
Sociocultural Barriers
Legal Barriers
Political Barriers
Organizational Barriers
Conclusion
References
Positive Deviance
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Constructive Deviance
Attributes of Positive Deviance
Uncommon Practices
Novelty Experiments
New Knowledge Values
Acceptability
Competitiveness
Adoption
Positive Deviance as a Management Method
Challenges of Managing Positive Deviants in Developing Countries
Recommendations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Positive Emotions and Employee Engagement
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Positive Emotions
Types of Positive Emotions
Gratitude
Pride
Elevation
Compassion
Happiness
Antecedents of Positive Emotions
Outcomes of Positive Emotions
Conclusion
References
Positive Leadership Behavior
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Positive Leadership
Is There Negative Leadership Behavior?
Origins of Positive Leadership Behavior
Recent Research
Theoretical
Positive Psychology
Empowerment Management
Quality Improvement
Recent Empirical Research
Implications for Governance and Public Administration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Postdisaster Public Procurement
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Definitions of Key Terms and Relations
Public Procurement Principles, Structure and Policies
Postdisaster Behaviorism and Public Procurement
Challenges in Postdisaster Procurement
Summary and Conclusion
References
Poverty and Hunger in Nigeria
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Poverty in Nigeria: Meaning, Causes, and Effects
Causes of Poverty in Nigeria
Effects of Poverty in Nigeria
Hunger in Nigeria: Meaning, Causes, and Effects
Causes of Hunger in Nigeria
Poverty and Hunger in Nigeria: Way Forward
Cross-References
References
Poverty Reduction in Africa
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Theoretical Underpinning
Theory of Planned Behavior
Theory of Personal Initiative
Social Capital Theory
Human Capital Theory
Poverty Reduction
Conclusion
References
Power and Empowerment
Synonyms
Definitions (from the Oxford Dictionary)
Introduction
Similarities and Differences Between Power and Empowerment
Defining and Constructing Employee Empowerment
Benefits and Costs of Power and Empowerment
Extensions of Power and Empowerment and Future Research Agenda
Discussion
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Power and Ethics
Synonyms
References
Power and Leadership
Synonyms
Introduction
Definitions and Theoretical Review
Power
Leadership
Power Over and Power To
Power in Organizations
The Triangle of Power
Power Is Knowledge: Knowledge Is Power
Power Technologies
Technologies of the Self
Leadership as a Social Construct
Conclusion
References
Power and Minority Representation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is Representation?
Trustee Versus Delegate Model of Representation
Pitkin´s Representation Theories
Passive and Active Representation
Why Is Minority Representation Important?
Shared Socialization Experiences with Minorities in Society
The Theory of Representative Bureaucracy
Linked Fate
Are Minority Representatives a Source of Power? Promising Effects in Extant Literature
Effects of Descriptive and Substantive Representation
Support for Benefits of a Representative Bureaucracy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Power and Minority Rights
Introduction
Power and Political Community
The Westphalian System of Sovereignty
Principle of Sovereignty and Self-Determination
Principle of Sovereignty and Noninterference
National Political Community and Westphalian Sovereignty
National Statehood and Minorities
Minorities and National Minorities
What Defines a Minority?
Inequality
Minorities and Problems of Inequality
Survival and Existence
Identity
Inequality and Discrimination
Nonparticipation
International Minority Protection: Emergence and Features
Special Measures
Individual Versus Collective Rights
Collective Rights: From Religious to National Minorities
Individual Rights: From Minorities to Human Rights
Sources of Minority Rights and Mechanisms for Protection
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Power and Peace
Synonyms
Introduction
Definition
Power
Peace
Discussion of Power
Discussion of Peace
Interrelationship Between Power and Peace
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Power and Politics in the European Union
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Politics and Power Distribution in the European Union
The Institutions of the European Union
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Power and Politics: Basic Concepts
Synonyms
Introduction
The Questions
The Answers
Politics
Conclusion
References
Power Elites
Theories of Global Elites
The Global Power Elites
Conclusion
References
Power Politics in the Governance of Bengal Sultanate
Synonyms
Introduction
Early Muslim Rulers of Bengal
Political Rise of Hindu Raja in Muslim Bengal
Trade-Off of Religion for Power
Reconstruction of Ganesha´s History by Sarkar (1948)
Criticism of Sarkar´s ``Reconstruction´´ by Ali (1985)
Conclusion
References
PPPs and SDGs, the Missing Stakeholder Is Civil Society
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: The Intentions of the 2030 Agenda Versus the Reality of SDG-PPP Partnership Implementation
Developing PPP Standards by UNECE
Organizational Structure of UNECEs PPP Centre of Excellence
The PPP Standard Setting Process and Economic Cooperation
Making UNECE PPP aligned with the 2030 Agenda
Conclusions
Annexe 1
References
Practical Aspects of Emergency Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Why Is Emergency Planning Needed?
Planning Considerations
Emergency Response Leadership
Emergency Plans
Facility Issues
Evacuations and Sheltering
Emergency Communications
Alternate Locations
Finances
Management Commitment
Training
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Pragmatism Matters in Chinese Public Hospital Management and Doctor-Patient Relationship
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Chinese Healthcare Reforms and Pragmatism Model of Doctor-Patient Relationship
Institutional Change and Turnover of Doctors in Public Hospitals
Doctor-Patient Relationship and Turnover Intention of Doctors in Public Hospitals
Commitment HR Practices and Doctor-Patient Relationship
Pragmatism and Individual Values
Implications
Cross-References
References
Prayer in Implementing Social Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Why the Discussion?
Prayer That Is Personal
Prayer That Is Professional
Prayer That Is Public
Conclusion
Cross-References
Preparedness Measures Implementation in Crisis Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Why Is Emergency Planning Needed?
Planning Considerations
Emergency Response Leadership
Emergency Plans
Facility Issues
Evacuations and Sheltering
Emergency Communications
Alternate Locations
Finances
Management Commitment
Training
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Preparedness to Retire by Malaysian Civil Servants
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Preparedness of Civil Servants to Retire
Financial Literacy
Effectiveness of Employees Retirement Planning
Government Efforts in Retirement Planning for Civil Servants
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Preparing for Succession, Head and Heart
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Succession Planning Readiness: Enterprise Considerations
Succession Planning Readiness: Enterprise Owner Consideration
Interdependencies: Relationship and the Rub
Pathway Forward
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Preparing the Population for an Aging Society in Thailand
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Royal Thai Government Response
Quality Elderly (Active Aging)
Obstacles on Tackling the Aging Society Problem in Thailand
The Foundations on Preparing to Enter the Old Age
Cross-References
References
Presidential Policy Agenda in Latin America
Synonyms
Introduction
Presidential Pre-legislative Agenda
Presidential Legislative Agenda
Presidents Partisan Powers in the Legislative Process
Conclusions and Directions for Future Research
Cross-References
References
Presidential Signing Statements and Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
History
Signing Statement: A Typology
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Further Reading
Press Freedom and Democracy in Nigeria (2015-2020)
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Origins
The Press, Regulation, and the Government
Press Freedom and Democratic Governance in Nigeria: 2015-2020
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Preventing Corruption Risk in Legislation: Russia
Synonyms
Introduction
The Essence of Corruption Proofing
Conclusion
References
Price Index Contracts
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Contingencies
Price Volatility as Risk in Procurement
Example Forms of Price Index Contract
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Primary Education in Uganda: Serving Public Interest
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Concept of Public Interest
Primary Education in Uganda
Primary Education Promoting Public Interest
Theoretical Viewpoint
Public Choice Theory
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Principal-Agent Theory of Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is Agency Theory?
Factors that Complicate Application of Agency Theory
Improving Agency Theory
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Principles of Good Governance, The
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Two Approximations to Principles of Good Governance
Good Governance as the Setting in which Networks Operate
Good Governance as a Condition to International Aid
Defining the Principles of Good Governance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Prisons as Social Policy, United States
Synomyms
Definition
Introduction
Origins
Prisons as Social Policy
Conclusion: Prisons as Social Policy
Cross-References
References
Privacy Rights and Public Employment
Synonyms
Drug Testing
Personnel Files
Employee Recourse for Invasion of Privacy
Cross-References
Private Law and Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Property Law
Contract Law
Tort Law/Law of Delict
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Privatization
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Means of Privatization
Advantages and Disadvantages of Privatization
Privatization and the Emergence of New Governance Arrangements
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Privatization and Deregulation in Japan
Synonyms
Introduction
Privatization Overview
The Nakasone Government
Japan National Railway
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation
Koizumi Government
Japan Highway Public Corporation
Japan Post
Privatization of International Airports
Deregulation Overview
Civil Aviation
Financial Market
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Privatization and Public Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Privatization
Public Management
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Privatization and Reforms
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Public Sector Reforms
Types of Privatization
Contracting out
Divestiture
Management Contract
User Fees or Charges
Public-Private Partnership
Franchising
The Impetus of Privatization
Privatization and Reforms in Developed and Developing Countries
Debating Privatization as a Tool for Reform
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Privatization in Central Government
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Reasons and Factors for Privatization
The Process of Privatization
Capital Markets as Disciplinary Mechanisms of Management
The Governance System in the Privatization Process
Results of the Privatization Process
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Privatization in Local Governments
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Factors that Influence the Decision to Privatize Local Government Services
Advantages of Privatization in Local Governments
Disadvantages of Privatization in Local Governments
Experiences of Privatization in Local Governments
Re-municipalization of Municipal Services
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Privatization of Education in Australia
Synonyms
Introduction
The VET Sector Design and Implementation
The VET Sector: Analysis of the Financial Implications
Rent-Seeking Behavior and Marketing Practices
Government Response
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Privatization of State-Owned Enterprises in Indonesian Manufacturing Industry
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Literature Review
Modeling
Data
Results
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Privatization of the Utilities in Abu Dhabi, UAE
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Privatization of Utilities
Alignment
Benefits of the Privatization of the Utilities Sector
Lessons Learned
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Privatization Question, Perspectives and Experiences
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Government Intervention and Resurgence of Privatization
Ideology and Privatization Campaign
Globalization
Management System Revolution
Why Privatization?
Theoretical Framework
Lessons Learnt: Customers Quality Service Delivery and Development Issues in the Ebonyi State Power System
Implications and Explanation for the Developing State Experiences
Conclusion
Cross-References
Reference
Process Innovation in Public Sector
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Process Innovation: From Adoption to Implementation
At the Origin of the Implementation: The Adoption of Innovation
Implementation of Process Innovation in Public Organizations
Public Sphere
Public Context Characteristics
Factors Impacting Process Innovation Implementation in the Public Sector
Strategic Alignment
Governance
Leadership
Culture
Information Technologies (IT) and Information Systems (IS)
Process Actors (PA)
Performance Evaluation (PE)
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Procurement and Finance in the Public Sector
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Procurement in Public Sector Organizations
Finance in Public Sector Organizations
Finance and Procurement in Research and Practice
The Strategic Interactional Relationship Between Finance and Procurement
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Procurement at the Local Level
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Traditional ``Bureaucratic Perspective of Procurement in Local Government
The Strategic Role of Local Government Procurement
Management of Public Procurement at the Local Level
Increasing Procurement Operational Excellence at the Local Level
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Procurement Integrity
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Corruptive Practices in Public Procurement Markets: An Overview
Integrity Risks and Measures to Fight Corruption Throughout the Public Procurement Cycle
Good Governance Imperatives for Promoting Procurement Integrity
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Procuring for Sustainability: Prioritizing Preferences
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
What Is Green Procurement Policy?
Determinants of Green Procurement in Public Organizations
Hypotheses
General and Sustainability-Specific Professional Management
Climate Protection Networks
Interest Group Support
Research Design
Data
Operationalizations
Dependent Variables
Independent Variables
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Cross-References
Permissive Procurement Policies
Mandated and Permissive Procurement Policies
References
Product Development Partnerships: Collaborative Multi-sector Regimes to Accelerate Vaccine Development
Synonyms
Definition
Discussion
Vaccine Development: A Wicked Policy Problem
Emergence of the PDP Model
The PDP Model
Impact
Evolution
Challenges
Cross-References
References
Productivity and Management in Public Sector
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Productivity Drivers
Productivity Barriers
Public Performance Measurement
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Productivity Methods in Public Sector
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Development of Management Paradigms
New Public Management
Practice and Performance
Motivation
Discussion
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Professional and Business Associations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Associations as Nonprofit Organizations
Professional Associations
Business Associations
Professional and Business Associations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Professional City Management
Synonyms
Introduction
Early City Management
City Management Responsibilities
The Future of City Management
Conclusion
References
Professional Development and Training
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is Professional Development?
What Is Training?
Strategic Advantages of Training and Development
Culture of Learning and Growth
Assessing PD and Training Needs
Professional Development and Training Strategies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Professional Ethics
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Professional Ethics and Public Trust
Ethics Management: Formal and Informal
Ethical Competence and Decision-Making
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Professional Norms in Public Sector HRM
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Clarification of Terminology
History
Meritorious Hiring
Political Neutrality, the Hatch Act, and Job Security
The Civil Service Commission
Searching for Efficiency Through Standardization
Searching for Efficiency by Abolishing Job Security
The Civil Service Reform Act
The Federal Government as Model Employer
Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action
Debating Professional Norms in the Information Age
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Professionalism and Professionalization in Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Frameworks
Professions and Professionalization in the Pre-Socialist Period
The Reconceptualization of the Professions and Professionalization in the Soviet Era
Professions and Professionalization in the Period of Late Socialism
Post-Soviet Professionalism: The Remapping of Occupations and Professions
Conclusions
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Professionalism and the Ethics in Selected Local Governments in the Philippines
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Adherence to the Norms of Conduct and Ethical Standard
Professionalism Goes Beyond Awareness
Conclusion
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Program Evaluation
Synonyms
Introduction: What Is Program Evaluation and Why Do It?
How Programs Are Evaluated
Program Need and Stakeholders
Program Theory and Logic Models
Program Implementation and the Purpose of Evaluation
Program Outcomes and Evidence of Effectiveness
Efficiency
A Note on Measurement
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Project Management in Government Organizations, Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Hybrid Nature of Russian Governance
Origins of Project Management in the Post-Soviet Russia
Sochi 2014 Olympics as a Catalyst of Project Management Competences
National Projects as a Policy Implementation Tool
National Project Management Standards
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Proletarian Power
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Who Rules?
Enter the Proletariat
What Does Proletarian Power Entail?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Pronatal Responses to National Decline
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Demographic Transition Theory
Sub-replacement Fertility
1930s Sub-replacement Fertility
Postwar Baby Boom
Baby Bust
The New Normal
Sample Attempts to Reverse National Decline
Russia
Immigration
Policy Initiatives
Germany
Immigration
Pro-natal Policies
Sweden
Immigration
Pro-natal Policies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Property Insecurity and Globalization
Short Run and Longer Run Effects
Short Run
Longer Run Effects
MM Effects
Summary
References
Property Rights and Governance
Synonyms
Introduction
Conceptual Framework
Understanding IPR Infringement: Context Bangladesh
Legislative Responses Within the Domestic Level
The Penal Code, 1860
The Patent and Designs Act, 1911
The Trademarks Act, 2009
The Copyright Act, 2000
The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Act, 2006
Competition and Geographical Indication Related Laws
Judicial Decisions for IP Rights Protection
Compliance with the International Protection Regime
Conclusion
References
Proposed Fiscal Council for Ghana: An Ex Ante Evaluation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Trend of Deficit Bias in Fiscal Management
The Advent of Fiscal Councils
Prospects and Challenges of Establishing a Fiscal Council in Ghana
The Need for a Fiscal Council in Ghana
Functions of Proposed Fiscal Councils
Independence of the Council
Effectiveness of the Council
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Protected Disclosures Act: Whistleblowing in an Anti-informer Culture
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Informer Fi Dead Culture
Protection for Whistle-Blowers
Conclusion
References
Provisions and Contingent Liabilities
Definition
Recognition
Contingent Liability and Asset
Measurement
Particular Transactions and Provisions
Information on Provisions
Cross-References
References
Psychology of Crisis Evacuation
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Theories of Behavior in Crises and Evacuations
Crowd Behavior, Panic Myths, and the Empirical Evidence
Crowd Dispersal and Evacuations
Policy and Practice Implications of Crisis Psychology on Evacuations
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Psychology of Leadership
Synonyms
Introduction
Early Management Theory: Character, Personality, and Trait Approaches
Behaviorism
Humanism
Social Psychology and Sensemaking
Psychoanalytic Theory
Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Psychology of Talent Management, The
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Concept of Talent Management
Psychology: A Psychological Contract Fulfilment Perspective
Talent Management: What Has Psychology Got to Do with It
Implications and Recommendations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Psychosocial Consequences of Obstetric Fistula: Implications for Social Work Policy and Practice
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Methods
Study Design
Study Population
Sample and Sampling
Data Collection Methods
Data Analysis
Ethics
Results
Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Participants
Psychosocial Consequences
Marginalization and Stigmatization
Isolation and Abandonment
Sexual Dysfunction, Disrupted Marital Relations, and Divorce
Economic Consequences
Job Losses
Financial Challenges
Dependency
Coping Measures
Discussion
Conclusion, Recommendations, and Implications for Future Policy and Practice
References
Public Acceptance of Nuclear Energy Policies in South Korea
Synonyms
Introduction
Public Acceptance of Nuclear Energy
Case: Historical Review on the Development of Nuclear Power in South Korea
A Historical Analysis of Public Acceptance of Korea´s Nuclear Policy
Public Acceptance of Nuclear Policy in South Korea: 1940s-mid 1980s
Public Acceptance of Nuclear Policy in South Korea: Mid 1980s-2000s
Public Acceptance of Nuclear Policy After the 2011 Fukushima Accident (Early 2010s)
Public Acceptance of Nuclear Policy in the Era of Changing Energy System (Mid 2010s-)
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Accountability in African Local Governments
Synonyms
Definitions
Historical Perspective of Accountability
Text of Public Accountability in African Local Governments
Rationale of Public Accountability
Approaches to Accountability
Traces of the Lack of Accountability in Sub-Saharan Africa
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Accountability System in Korea and Role of Board of Audit and Inspection
Synonyms
Introduction
Understanding Public Accountability
Definition of Accountability
Public Accountability Systems
Accountable About What
Accountable to Whom
How to Hold an Actor Accountable: The Public Accountability Mechanism
Public Accountability Framework
Historical Changes of the Public Accountability System in Korea
The Accountability System During the Joseon Dynasty
Introduction
The Public Accountability System
Accountable About What
Accountable to Whom
How to Hold an Actor Accountable
Summary of the System
The Public Accountability System During the Developmental State Stage (From the First to the Fifth Republic)
Introduction
The Public Accountability System
Accountable About What
Accountable to Whom
How to Hold an Actor Accountable
Summary of the System
The Public Accountability System During the Establishment of Democracy (The Sixth Republic)
Introduction
The Public Accountability System
Accountable About What
Accountable to Whom
How to Hold an Actor Accountable
Summary of the System
Conclusion: Future Directions for Improvement
References
Public Administration and Corruption
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theories on Sources of Corruption (Kim and Hira)
History of Corruption and Attempts to Fight It in the West (Hira)
Global Measurements of Corruption (Murillo)
Representative Surveys of Service Users
Citizen Surveys
Expert Assessments
Composite Indices
General Criticisms and Limitations of Corruption Measurement
New Technological Approaches to Corruption (Murillo)
The Principal-Agent Framework, Adjusted
Corruption, Development, and Globalization (Hira)
Conclusion and Recommendations
Cross-References
References
Public Administration and Gender Issues
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Fundamentals of Public Administration
Models of Public Administration and Gender
Gender Influence: Indirect
Gender Influence: Direct
Gender Influence: Bureaucracy
Female Leadership
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Administration and Governance in Comparative Perspectives: Nigeria and South Africa
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Understanding Public Administration and Governance
Public Administration in Nigeria and South Africa: An Overview
Public Administration and Governance in Nigeria
Public Administration and Governance in South Africa
Comparing Public Administration in Nigeria and South Africa
Similarities Between Public Administration and Governance in Nigeria and South Africa
Differences Between Public Administration and Governance in Nigeria and South Africa
Conclusion and Recommendation
Cross-References
References
Public Administration and Management in Uganda
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Origins of Public Administration
Colonial Public Administration in Uganda
Postcolonial Public Administration
Public Administration and Management Museveni Rule
Recruitment into the Public Service
Creation of Multiply Authorities and Agencies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Administration and Religious Leaders in Nigeria
Synonyms
Introduction
Conceptual Framework
Research Method
Analysis and Discussion
Public Policy Recommendations
Conclusion
References
Public Administration as a Professional Practice
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Professional Practices of Public Administration
Accountability
Transparency
Coordination of Works
Implementing Legislation
Advocacy
Responsiveness
Competence and Conduct
Professional Bodies of License and Registration
Ethics and Bureaucratic Behavior
Law Implementation
Professional Autonomy
Professional Service Status
Nonprofessional Occupation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Administration as an Academic Discipline and Social Science
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Administration as an Academic Discipline
Public Administration as a Social Science
Social Change
Crisis of Legitimacy
Political Environment
Field of Study
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Administration During the Indenture System
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Early Public Administration (EPA) Model
Traditional Model of Public Administration (TMPA)
Weber´s Theory of Bureaucracy
Taylor´s Scientific Management
British Public Administration
Indenture System in Fiji
Indenture System and Psychological Contract Theory
Indenture System and Human Relations School of Thought
Indenture System and Dunlop´s System Theory
Task System
Application of Scientific Management and Girmit System
Application of Bureaucratic Principles and Girmit System
Conclusion
References
Public Administration in Kyrgyzstan
Synonyms
Introduction
The Context of the Public Administration
Public Administration System
Policy Process
Key Challenges and the Reforms
Conclusion
References
Public Administration in Morocco
Synonyms
Introduction
Evolution of Public Administration
Evolution of Public Administration in Morocco
Public Reforms in Morocco
Conclusion
References
Public Administration in Russia, Digital Transformation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Experience of E-Government Building and Digital Transformation of Public Administration
Stages and Principles of E-Government Building in Russia
Institutional Structure of Electronic Government and Super-Services
Russia´s Central Portal of Public and Municipal Services
Russia´s International Ratings
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Administration in Russia, History of
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Period of Ancient Rus (Ninth to Fourteenth Century)
The Period of the Centralized Russian State, or Muscovy (Fourteenth to Seventeenth Century)
The Period of the Russian Empire and the First Republic (From End of the Seventeenth to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century)
The Organization of the Public Administration in the Russian Empire in the Beginning of the Twentieth Century
The Period of Soviet Russia (October 1917-December 1991)
The Contemporary Stage of Public Administration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Administration in the United Arab Emirates: Continuity and Changes
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Federal Government
Local Government
Public Administration as Governance
Federal Civil Service
Manpower in Civil Service
The Grading System for National Employees in the Ministries and Authorities
Gender
Emiritization
Human Resource Management Practices in Federal Civil Service
Central Personnel Agency
Recruitment
Promotion
Remuneration
Training
Performance Management
Public Budgeting in Civil Service
Strategic Management in Civil Service
Public Service Delivery Through the Integrated System of Total Quality Management (TQM), Business Process Reengineering (BPR),...
Ethics in Public Administration
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Public Administration in Turkey
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Background
Public Administration System
Challenges Facing the System
Conclusion
References
Public Administration Research in Mainland China
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Development of Chinese Public Administration as an Academic Discipline
Comparative Studies of Public Administration
Reviews of Chinese Public Administration Studies
A Systematic Content Analysis of Words Used in the Abstracts
Conclusion
References
Public Administration Risk Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Aim and Scope of Public Sector Risk Management
Risk Management Concepts and Process
Risk Management Organization and Actors
Factors Influencing the State of Risk Management Implementation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Administration Theory
Synonyms
Introduction
What Is Public Administration? Some Definitions
Public Administration as an Interdisciplinary Field
Public Administration Theoretical Interests
Usefulness of Public Administration Theory
Future of Public Administration Theory
Cross-References
References
Public Administration Theory Versus Practice in Ghana
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Paradigms of Public Administration and Their Associated Theoretical Underpinnings
The Old Public Administration
The New Public Management
The New Public Governance
The Gaps in the Literature
Criteria for Evaluating Gap Between Theory and Practice of Public Administration
Adoption of Public Administration Models in Ghana
Adoption and Implementation of the Bureaucratic Model
Adoption and Implementation of NPM
Adoption and Implementation of the NPG
Dualistic Framework of Foreign and Domestic Models
Discussion
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Administration, Governance, and Illegal Small-Scale Mining in Ghana
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Administration: A Bibliometric Research
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Changing Context in Which the Contemporary Public Administration Operates
Bibliometric Summary of the Main Lines of Research Related to Public Administration Throughout the Twentieth Century
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Public Attitudes and Corruption
Synonyms
Introduction
Definition and Measurement of Corruption
Public Opinion Data
Causes of (Perceptions of) Corruption
Consequences of (Perceptions of) Corruption
Trust and Confidence in Government
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Budgeting in Africa in the Post-Recovery Period
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Ecology of Public Budgeting
Global Economic Crisis and Fiscal Stress
Global Economic Crisis and Budget Reforms
Public Budgeting in Africa in the Post-Recovery Period
The New Face of Public Budgeting in Africa
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Bureaucracy and Crisis Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Bureaucracy and Crisis
Planning for a Crisis
Handling a Crisis
Crisis Monitoring
Public Trust in Bureaucracies
Administrative Budgets
Administrative Ethics
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Public Choice Theory of Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Exclusion
Non-subtractablility
Jointness of Use
PCT Discourse
PCT Application
Voting with Your Feet
Government as Monopoly
Organizing Government Services Through Public Choice
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Contracts
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Identifying Public Contracts
Purpose of Public Contracts
Rationale for Using Public Contracts
Peculiar Rules
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Control as a Mechanism of the Openness of Public Procurement: Case of Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Control in Public Procurement in Russia
Conclusion
References
Public Corruption
Synonyms
Introduction: The Nature of Public Corruption
Defining Public Corruption
Discerning Corruption from Public Corruption
Corruption in the Legislature and Political Processes
Grand Corruption
State Capture
Electoral Corruption
Corruption of the Executive
Corruption in Public Procurement
Police Corruption
Judicial Corruption
Dealing with Public Corruption
Rule of Law and Equality
Transparency
Accountability
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Diplomacy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is Public Diplomacy?
Who Is the ``Public´´ in Public Diplomacy?
What Are the Dimensions of Public Diplomacy?
Discussion and Conclusion: Implications of a Publics´ Diplomacy
Cross-References
References
Public Employees and Motivation
Synonyms
Definition of Motivation
Introduction
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
Job Satisfaction and Herzberg´s Theory of Motivation
Conclusion
References
Public Employees as a Strategic Resource
Synonyms
Introduction
Employees as a Strategic Resource
Strategic Human Resources in the Public Sector
Case Study: The US Defense Logistics Agency
Obstacles to Wider Use of SHRM in the Public Sector
Conclusion
References
Public Employees´ Motivation to Learn and Develop in Greece
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Perceived Supervisor Support as an Antecedent of Employees´ Motivation to Learn and Develop
The Role of POS in the Relationship Between PSS and MLD
The Role of Organizational Commitment in the Relationship Between Employees´ Motivation to Learn and Develop and Supervisors´ ...
Affective Commitment
Normative Commitment
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Employment and Representative Bureaucracy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Perspectives: Representative Bureaucracy and Its Importance
The Malaysian Public Employment and Representative Bureaucracy
The Malaysian Public Employment
Representative Bureaucracy in the Malaysian Civil Service
Performance of the Malaysian Civil Service
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Employment During Budget Crises
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Background: State Fiscal Crises During and After the Great Recession of 2008-2009
State Responses to Their Fiscal Crises
Public Employment Reduction as a Response to Budget Crisis
Conclusion
References
Public Financial Management Reform in Less Developed Countries: An International Perspective
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Financial Management Reform (PFMR)
Budgeting Reform
Public Sector Accounting Reform
Auditing Reform
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Financial Management: COVID-19 Challenge
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Pre-COVID-19
COVID-19 Pandemic
During COVID-19: Financial Management
Post-COVID-19 Financial Consequences
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Health Legislation in the Caribbean
Introduction
Public Health Law in Trinidad
Conclusion
References
Public Higher Education as Social Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Higher Education as a Public Good
Theories for Policy Development and Implementation
Social Policy Outcomes
Conclusion
References
Public Innovation: An Empty Discourse
Synonyms
Definitions
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Public Innovation: Concept, Praxis, and Consequence
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Concept of Public Innovation
The Practical History of Innovation
Definitions on Innovation
Practices for Public Innovation
Recognized Consequences
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Public Interest in Government Institutions
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Public Interest
Historical Evolution of Public Interest
Dimension of Public Interest
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Leadership Meta-skills
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Theoretical and Conceptual Lenses to Leadership Meta-skills
Distributed Leadership, Meta-governance, Metacognition, and Sensemaking
Systems Thinking
Positive Psychology and the Role of Positive Emotions
Solutions-Focused Philosophy and Building a Better Future
The Typology of Public Leadership Meta-skills
Selection of Leadership Meta-skills
Learning to Learn
Systemic Understanding
Harnessing Thinking Skills
Dialogical Approach
Enabling Mindset
Reaching Out to Praxis
Practical Implications
Enabling Systems Change
A Shift Toward Human-Centered Leadership and Systems Views of Change
Reshaping Leadership Training for a Complex World
Conclusions: Synthesis and Further Research Agenda
References
Public Management Models, Latin America
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Historical Construction of the Latin American Public Administration Model
First Configurations of the Public Administration Model
Public Management Reforms from the 1980s
Characteristics of Administrative Reform Processes
Latest Trends in the Reform of Public Administrations
References
Public Management Reform in Latin American and Caribbean Nations
Introduction: The Development of Public Sector Management Reform in Developing Countries
The Field of Public Management
Public Enterprise Management in Developing Countries
The Forgotten Factor: How Colonialism Influenced Public Management
Ascendancy of New Public Management
The Business of Airport Public Enterprises
Conclusion
References
Public Management Resources of the NHS
Synonyms
Introduction
European Models of Social Welfare Systems: Bismarck Versus Beveridge
Patient Satisfaction as an Indicator of the NHS Quality
Health Expenditure: A Quality Differentiator
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Public Organizations and Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Nonprofit Organizations as Gap Fillers
Nonprofit Organizations as Third-Party Partners
Nonprofit Organizations as Policy Advocators
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Organizations and Regulations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Types of Public Organizations
Public Organization Influences in the Regulatory Process
Regulatory Recipients
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Participation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Perspectives on Public Participation
Public Participation and Procedural Justice
Meaningful Public Participation
Reasons for Nonparticipation
Prerequisites for Meaningful Public Participation
Practice of Meaningful Public Participation
Public Participation in Taiwan
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Participation in Procurement
Synonyms
Introduction
How Contracting Changes Participation
Participation and the Contracting Process
Conclusion: A Wide Potential for Future Research
Cross-References
References
Public Pension Administration in Nigeria: Serving Retirees´ Interest
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Serving Retirees Interest
History of Pension Administration in Nigeria
Law Governing Pension in Nigeria
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Personnel Administration in Local Government, Japan
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Overview of Japan´s Local Public Service Personnel System
Personnel Management Practices at Local Governments
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Personnel Data in Public Organizations
Synonyms
Introduction
Need for Good Quality Personnel Data in the Public Sector
Barriers to Good Quality Personnel Data
Internal Factors
Information Systems
Human Resources Culture
Organizational Culture
Data Ownership
Reporting
External Factors
Legal Mandates
Stakeholders
Business Processes
Organizational Interventions
Auditing
Leadership
Streamlining Business Processes
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Policy and Bureaucracy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Bureaucracies and the Policy Process
Bureaucrats and Policy Implementation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Policy and Governance: Theory and Practice
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Policy Implementation: Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approach
Good Governance Theory
Good Governance Practice
Poor Governance
Good Governance Practice for Effective Public Policy Implementation: A Situational Analysis of Solid Waste Management Policy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Policy and Instrumentalism
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Policy and Instrumentalism
Public Policy, Language Games, and Obligation
Importance of Critique of Instrumentalism
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Policy and Political Parties
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Consequences of Institutional Differences for Political Parties
The Status and Role of Political Parties in Post-authoritarian Systems: Case of Russia
Changing Role of Political Parties in Public Policy in Modern Russia
Conclusion
References
Public Policy and Politics
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Public Policy and Politics
The Policy Process as a Political Process
Understanding the Political Context of Policymaking
Conclusion
References
Public Policy and the Life Sciences
Introduction
Main Text
Political Philosophy
Transnational Politics
Human Origins and Variation
Human Behavior
Human Health
Human Reproduction
Agriculture
Environmental Risks
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Policy Development in Iran, Theory of
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Foundations of ``Implication Studies´´
Types of Implication Eliciting Studies in Public Administration and Public Policy
Systematic Implication Eliciting Research Design
Emerging Implication Eliciting Research Design
The Steps of Implication Eliciting Study Methodology
Conclusion
References
Public Policy Entrepreneurship
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Concept of Policy/Public/Political Entrepreneur
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Policy in Algeria
Synonyms
Introduction: Issues of Public Policy in Algeria
First Phase (1962-1979): National Development Plans and Central Administration
Second Phase (1980-1989): ``Self-Adjustment´´ Policies and Public Action
Third Phase (1990-1998): Sustaining Public Action
Fourth Phase from 1999 and Beyond
Conclusion
References
Public Policy in Turkey: Success and Failure in Education Reform Policies
Introduction
Policy Failure and Policy Success: A Conceptual and Theoretical Framework
Education Policies and Policy Reform in Turkey
Has Education Policy Failed? An Evaluation of the Reasons of Policy Success and Policy Failure
Main Drivers of Failure in Turkish Education Policy
Factors of Failure
Factors of Success
Conclusions
Appendices: Some Figures About Turkish Education
References
Public Policy-Making in Iran: A Shia Perspective
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Policy Actors
Supreme Leader
President
Cabinet
Parliament
Guardian Council of the Constitution
Expediency Discernment Council
Political Parties
Public Policy Formation in Iran
Public Policy in Iran: How Are Policies Aligned with Shia Perspective?
Conclusion
References
Public Procurement
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction: What Is Public Procurement?
Main Principles of Public Procurement
Value for Money (VFM)
Ethics
Competition
Transparency
Accountability
Policies of Public Procurement: Why Do They Matter?
Impact of Public Procurement: A Broader View Ahead
Sustainable and Innovative Public Procurement Policies
Barriers to Implement the Sustainable and Innovative Policies of Public Procurement
Implementing Public Procurement Policies
Forms of Public Procurement
General Versus Strategic Procurement
State Procurement in Connection with Private Users
Commercial Versus Pre-commercial Procurement
Concept and Goals of Public Procurement
Conclusion
References
Public Procurement and Accountability
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Accountability in Public Procurement
Stakeholders and Interests
Challenges for Accountability in Public Procurement
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Procurement and Knowledge Sharing
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Procurement
Knowledge Sharing
Knowledge Sharing and Public Procurement
Recommendation for Future Research
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Procurement and Performance
Introduction
The Notion of Public Procurement
What Does Public Procurement Look Like?
Learning Based on Performance: Benchmarking Accountability
Magnitude of Public Procurement
References
Public Procurement and Public Trust
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Background
Trust as a Public Value
Trust in the Contracting Relationship
Privity and Completeness in Contract
Trust in Comparative Procurement
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Procurement and Social Justice
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Environmental Justice
Social Enterprise
Private Prisons and Incarcerated Labor
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Procurement for Public Financial Management in Africa: Agency Theory Lenses
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Conceptual Overview
Public Financial Management
Public Procurement
Principal-Agency Theory
Methodology
Discussion of Findings
Agency Issues in Public Procurement and PFM
Information Asymmetries
Guidance and Monitoring
Control and Sanctioning Regimes for Compliance
Public Procurement Environment in Africa
Government Structure
Economic Variables
Cultural Value
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Procurement in Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Concept of the Contract System
Planning in the Russian National Contract System
Initial (Maximum) Price of the Contract
Bidding Process
Joint Procedures of Purchase
Centralized Purchases
Contract Service of the Customer
Contract Audit and Control in the Contract System
Public Control
Current Achievements, Problems, and Solutions
Problems of the State Ordering System in Russia
Directions of Reform
Debureaucratization
Electronic Shop
Personalization of Responsibility
Conclusions
Cross-References
Public Procurement in Uganda
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
International Public Procurement Regulation Instruments
Public Procurement Regulation Instruments in Uganda
Stages in Public Procurement in Uganda
Stage 1: Planning and Budgeting
Stages 2: Initiating Procurement Requirements
Stage 3: Preparation of Specifications
Stages 4: Selecting a Procurement Method
Stage 5: Drafting Solicitation Documents
Stage 6: Invitation for Bids
Stage 7: Submission and Receipt of Bids
Stage 8: Public Bid Opening
Stage 9: Evaluation
Stage 10: Award Decision
Stage 11: Notice of Best Evaluated Bidder
Stage 12: Awarding a Contract
Stage 13: Contract Signing
Stage 14: Contracts Management Phase
Stage 15: Performance Review
Public Procurement Challenges in Uganda
Recommendations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Procurement Trends in Public Administration Research: 1972-2017
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
What Is Public Procurement?
Public Procurement and Public Management
Public Procurement and Public Administration Scholarship
Public Procurement Trends in Public Administration Research
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Procurement, Brazil
Synonyms
Introduction
Framework
The Brazilian Public Procurement System
Cross-References
References
Public Purchasing and Agency Theory
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Essence of the Agency Theory
Change in Public Procurement and Agency Costs
Two Levels of Agency Theory Analysis in Public Purchasing
References
Public Reorganization in the Philippines
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Overview of Public Reorganization
Pre-Government Survey Reorganizational Commission: 1898-1953
Government Survey Reorganizational Commission: 1954-1956
Presidential Commission on Reorganization: 1969-1986
Presidential Commission on Government Reorganization: 1986-1992
Presidential Commission on Streamlining the Bureaucracy: 1992-1998
Presidential Committee on Effective Governance: 1998-2001
Rationalization Program: 2001-2010
Rationalizing the Office of the President: 2010-2016
National Government Rightsizing Program: 2016-Present
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Reports of Nursing Home Quality
Synonyms
Introduction
Rising of Public Reporting
Nursing Home Compare
State Report Cards
How Effective Is Public Reporting?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Scrutiny of Reforms in Fiji
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Underpinnings of NPM
Background to Reforms in Fiji
Kadavu House
Ba Provincial Council and Telecommunications
Permanent Secretaries to CEOs
Discussion
Cross-References
References
Public Sector Accounting
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Aim and Scope of Public Sector Accounting
Accounting Theories and Users´ Information Need
Accounting Systems in Public Sector
Fund Accounting
Cash Accounting
Commitment and Cameralistic Accounting
Modified Cash Accounting and Modified Accrual Accounting
Accrual Accounting
The Adoption of Different Accounting Systems Worldwide
The Role of Accounting Standards at National and International Level
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Public Sector Collaboration and Social Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Sector Collaboration
Wicked Problems
The Definitional Issue
Models and Frameworks of Collaboration
Collaborative Structure
Elements of Public Sector Collaboration
Communication
Consensus Decision-Making
Diverse Stakeholders
Goals
Leadership
Shared Resources
Shared Vision
Social Capital
Trust
Conclusion
References
Public Sector Employment and International Labor Rights: The International Labor Organization on Public Sector Workers
The USA and the International Labor Organization
The US Obligations to ILO Conventions on Collective Bargaining
Applying International Standards to the USA
Case 2460
Case 2742
Conclusion
References
Public Sector Entrepreneurship
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Brief History of PSE
What is PSE?
Research on PSE
Successful PSE Examples
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Sector Expatriation
Synonyms
Definition
Public Sector Expatriation
Different Parts of the Public Sector Using Expatriates
Main Differences Between Expatriation in the Private and Public Sectors
Key Issues in Public Sector Expatriation
Recruitment and Selection
Partners
Location
Preparation
Adjustment
Performance
Rewards
Repatriation
Conclusion
References
Public Sector Governance and Ethical Compliance Indices
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Understanding the Nature of Public Sector Governance in Ebonyi State
Research Design
Linking PSEC Measures, Citizen-Centered Service Delivery (CCSD), and Public Trust (PT) in EBSPS
Conceptual Framework Model
Hypothesis
Results Analysis and Discussion
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Sector Innovation in Korea
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Methods
Data
Innovation in Korean Public Sector
Innovation in the Public Sector
Theoretical Background
Dominant Themes of Previous Studies
Primary Findings of the Studies on Innovation in the Korean Public Sector
Micro-level Studies
Meso-level Studies
Macro-level Studies
Conclusion
References
Public Sector Leadership and Governance
Public Sector Leadership: Definition
Public Sector Leadership: Distinctive Skills and Behaviors
Public Sector Leadership as Distributed Leadership
Public Sector Leadership: Impacts
Public Sector Leadership: Implications for the Practice
Cross-References
References
Public Sector Reforms in Central Asia
Synonyms
The Context
Existing Research
Contemporary Issues
Government Effectiveness
Voice and Accountability
Corruption
Democracy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Sector Reforms with Social Inclusion: The Cases of Bolivia and Haiti
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Social Inclusion and Public Policies
Public Sector Reforms with Social Inclusion
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Sector Strategic Planning Facilitation: Developing Country Perspective
Synonyms
Definitions
Maritime Safety Authority of Fiji (MSAF)
2012 - Facilitator #1
2013 - Facilitator #2
2014 - Facilitator #3
Strategic Planning Process
Step 1: Initial Agreement
Step 2: Organizational Mandates
Steps 3 and 4: Vision (3), Mission, and Shared Values (4)
Step 5: SWOT
Step 6: Strategic Issues
Step 7: Strategies to Meet Objectives
Step 8: Simple, Practical Implementation Plan
Step 9: Re-evaluation, Approval, and Implementation
Step 10: Reassess Plan and Process
Findings
Conclusion and Research Implications
Cross-References
References
Public Service and Service Delivery
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Service and Civil Service Defined
Characteristics of Public Service
Functions of Public Service
Public Service Delivery
Model of Relationship in Public Service Delivery
Public Service Reform
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Service Commission Capacity and Performance Management in Ghana
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Organizational Capacity
Public Policy Implementation
The Case of Ghana
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Service Ethics and Accountability
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Public Service Environment and Levels of Ethical Compliance
Legitimizing Informal Behavior in Ebonyi State Public Service (EBSPS) System
Structural Innovation in Continuous Role-Playing in PS
Outputs, Perceptions, and Public Trust: Quest for New Legitimate Action
Mitigating Unethical Behavior/Building Trust
State Capture and PSEs in Developing Countries: The Ebonyi State Experience
The Political Economy of ECSC: Going Beyond Whistle-Blowing
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Service Ethics, South Korea
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Public Service Ethics System
Property Registration and the Disclosure and Review System
Property Registration System
Property Disclosure System
Property Review System
Blind Trust Stock System
Gift Reporting System
Retired Public Official Employment and Activity Restriction System
Public Ethics Information System
Concluding Remarks
References
Public Service in Russia
Synonyms
Legal Basis of the Public Service in the Russian Federation
Legal Regulation of State Service in the Russian Federation
The System of the State Service in Russia
The State Civil Service of the Russian Federation: Legal Regulation
The Classification of Positions of the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation
Distinctive Features of the Legal Status of Civil Servants: Restrictions and Prohibitions on the State Civil Service
Entry into the State Civil Service: Personnel Assessment
Conclusions
References
Public Service Leaders in a Democracy: Stewards Versus Entrepreneurs
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Stewardship Versus the Entrepreneurial Model of Public-Sector Leadership
A Better-Fit to a Constitutional Democracy or a Reconciliation?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Service Motivation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
PSM Dimensions and Measurement
Global Measure of PSM (MPSB Scale) as Used by Wright et al. (2013)
Antecedents of PSM
Effects of PSM
PSM and Performance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Service Motivation and Employee Engagement in Bureaucratic Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Employee Engagement
Public Service Motivation
Implications for Practice
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Service Motivation and Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
PSM and Employment in Nonprofit Organizations
PSM and New Not-for-profit Organizational Forms
PSM and Socio-Political Activism
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Service Motivation and Psychological Ownership in Taiwan
Synonyms
Introduction
Public Service Motivation and Psychological Ownership
Hypothesis 1: There Is a Positive and Causal Relationship between CPI and PO
Hypothesis 2: There Is a Positive and Causal Relationship between APP and PO
Hypothesis 3: There Is a Positive and Causal Relationship between SS and PO
Hypothesis 4: There Is a Positive and Causal Relationship between COM and PO
Method
Samples
Measures
PSM
Psychological Ownership
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Service Motivation Research in Africa
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Methodological Approach
Findings
Number of Publications, Authors, and Publication Outlets
Research Designs and Methods
Content of Study and Theoretical Approaches
Antecedents and Consequences of PSM in Africa
Discussion of the Findings
Avenues for Further Research
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Public Trust in Government, Japan
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Trust in Government in Japan
Government Reform and Trust
Discussions and Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Public Use Files: Keys for Successful Dissemination
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Keys for Successful Dissemination
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Value Account: Establishment and Application
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Towards a Public Value Account Measurement
The Application of Public Value Accounting
Public Value Chain
Public Value Account
Public Value Scorecard
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Value and Bureaucratic Rhetoric
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Implications of Public Value as Rhetoric
Addressing Rhetoric in Public Value
Cross-References
References
Public Value Dynamics
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Values, Public Value Systems, and Public Morality
Public Value Dynamics
Change and Stability in the Occurrence of Public Values
The Attribution of Meaning to Public Values Over Time
Conceptualizing and Measuring Public Value Dynamics: Theories and Results
Historical Approaches
Axiological Approaches
Public Organization Theory and Public Management Approaches
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Value: Bureaucrats Versus Politicians
Synonyms
Definition
Bureaucrats Versus Politicians in Public Value
Reconciling ``Efficiency´´ and ``Democracy´´
The Post-Truth Era: Implications for Bureaucrats Versus Politicians
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Values in Public Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Design of Public Administration
Evolution of Values in the Public Administration Field of Study
Value Categories Identified
Ethical
Democratic
Professional
People
Benefits of Values in the Public Sector Organization
Conclusion
References
Public Versus Private Sector
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Differences Between Public and Private Sector
Political Direction
Broad Base and Democratic Decision Making
Devoid of Profit Motive
Social Prestige
Public Scrutiny and Public Accountability
Service and Cost
Legal Framework
Consistency of Treatment
Comprehensive
Monopolistic and Indispensable Services
Anonymity
Lower Level of Efficiency
Similarities Between Public and Private Sector
Common Skill Sets
Profit Motive
Common Personnel Practices
Adhering to Legal Framework and Policy
Hierarchical Organizations
Close Contact with People
Public Versus Private Debate
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public-Private Partnership and Bureaucracy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public-Private Partnership on Toll Roads
Theoretical Benefits/Problems Associated with PPP for Toll Roads
Principal-Agent Theory (or Agency Theory)
Transaction Cost Economics Theory (TCE)
Private Contracting Firm Holdup and Transaction Costs
Government Led Holdup and Transaction Costs
Opportunistic Bidding Problem Due to Unbalanced Profit Pool and Transaction Costs
Resource-Based View (RBV) Theory
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public-Private Partnership and Governance
Introduction
Defining Public-Private Partnerships
Emergence of Public-Private Partnerships (PPP)
Typology and Theory of Public-Private Partnerships
The Case: The Urban Primary Health Care Project (UPHCP)
Conclusion
References
Public-Private Partnership Coordination: Lessons from Tanzanian Water Sector
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Review of Related Literature
Methodology
Implementation of PPP Success Factors in DAWASA/CWS PPP
Sound Legal and Regulatory Framework
Appropriate Risk Allocation
Project Feasibility Study
Competitive Bidding Process
Trust
Political Support
Educating Community Stakeholders
Communication and Compromise
Results and Findings
Conclusion
References
Public-Private Partnership in Ghana
Synonyms
Introduction
Motivations for Adopting PPP in Ghana
Potential Obstacles in PPP Implementation in Ghana
Key Risk Factors and Risk Allocation Mechanism for PPP Projects in Ghana
Strategizing PPP Projects in Ghana: The Best Practices
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Public-Private Partnership, Brazil
Definition
Public-Private Partnerships in Brazil: Past and Present
Challenges to PPP in Brazil: Institutions and Capabilities
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public-Private Partnerships
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining Public-Private Partnerships
Using Contractual Approaches for the Understanding of PPP
Critical Success Factors to PPPs
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Public-Private Partnerships as Alternative Public Procurement Instruments
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Comparing Traditional Public Procurement and PPP
The Case for PPP Procurement in the Developing World
Way Forward in PPP Procurement
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public-Private Partnerships in Kenya´s Water Sector Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Framework
Methodology
Results and Discussion
The Nature of Public-Private Partnerships Management
Scope of Public-Private Partnerships
Conclusion
References
Public-Private Partnerships on Water and Sanitation Issues in Small Towns: Case of Mvurwi, Zimbabwe
Synonyms
Definitions
Entry Chapter
Introduction
Literature Review
The Concept of Public -Private Partnerships
The Need for PPPs in Zimbabwe Water and Sanitation Sector
Study Area
Methods
Results and Discussion
Current Water and Sanitation Issues Affecting Mvurwi Town
Main Source of Drinking Water
Quantity of Water Required Per Day
Zimbabwe National Water Authority Capacity to Provide Adequate Water in Mvurwi Town
Provision of Adequate Sanitation Facilities by Mvurwi Town Council
Challenges Faced in the Implementation of PPPs in Mvurwi Town
Role of PPPs in Solving Water and Sanitation Issues Affecting Mvurwi Town
Responsibility for Solving Water and Sanitation Issues
Conclusion and Recommendations
Cross-References
References
Public-Private Sector Readiness and Sustainability of Privatization and Strategic Partnership
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Readiness to Engage in Strategic Partnerships
Sustainability of Strategic Partnerships
Conclusions and Recommendations
Cross-References
References
Puerto Rico´s Default on Municipal and Commonwealth Debt: Implications to Financial Management and Policy
Synonyms
Introduction
Destiny, Protection, and Expansion
The Foraker Act of 1900
The Jones Act of 1917
Puerto Rican Municipal Bonds
Section 936
Falling Revenues, Increased Debt Burden, and Poverty
Public Budgeting in Puerto Rico
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Purchase Card Programs
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Benefits of Purchase Cards
Governmental Use of Purchase Cards
Ongoing Evolution of Purchase Card Technology
Implementation Challenges
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Putting Public Values in Public Procurement Agenda
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Procurement Governance Environment
Procurement Process
Procurement Governance Structure
Conclusions
References
Q
Quality Management in Al Ain Municipality, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Quality in the UAE
Al Ain Municipality
TQM Thinking Orientation
The Need for a Robust Strategy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Quantitative Methods
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Methods of Inquiry
Observational Research Method: Quantitative Survey
Experimental Research Method
Data Analysis Techniques
Descriptive Statistics
Frequency
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Dispersion
Inferential Statistics
Developing Hypothesis for Testing
Significance Level (Alpha)
Statistical Significance (P-value)
Errors: Type I and Type II
Tests in Inferential Statistics
Interpretation
Conclusion
References
R
Race, Arrest, and Sentencing as Social Policy
Definition
Introduction
Crime as Social Policy
Arrest and Sentencing Policy
Value Neutrality and the Rule of Law
Race, Arrest, and Sentencing
Intersection of Race
Data
Racial Perceptions of Crime
Overestimation/Harsh Penalties
Biased Framing
Arrest
Racial Disparity in Police Activity
Initial Police Interaction
Bundy vs. Brown: The Tale of Two Protests
Excused Behavior
Drug Enforcement
Traffic Stops
Racial Disparities in Trials
Power of the Prosecutor
Racial Disparity in Sentencing
Capital Punishment
The ``War on Drugs´´
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Railway Labor Act
Synonyms
Citation
Definition
Introduction
Labor Law in the Railway Industry Prior to the RLA
Passage of the Railway Labor Act
The Act Itself
Coverage
Representation of a Firm´s Employees
Negotiation of Collective Bargaining Agreements: ``Major Disputes´´
Disputes Involving Existing Bargaining Agreements: ``Minor Disputes´´
Strikes and Other Concerted Activity
Conclusion
Cross-References
Rape as Social Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Definitions of Rape
State Rape Warfare
Rape as Social Control
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Rational Model of Decision-Making
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is Rational Decision Making?
Rational Choice Theory
Rational Decision Making and Intuitive Decision Making
Rational Decision Making and Demographic Variables, Age and Gender
Suppositions of Rational Decision Making
A Model of Rational Decision Making
Identifying the Problem that Requires a Solution
Identifying the Solution Scenario
Carrying Out a Gap Analysis
Gathering Facts, Options, and Alternatives
Analyzing Option Outcomes
Implementing Decision for Solution and Evaluating Final Outcome
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Reality Shock and Public Service Motivation
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Types of Reality Shock
Professions Affected by Reality Shock
Public Service Motivation and Reality Shock
Ways to Reduce a Reality Shock
Concluding Thoughts
Cross-References
References
Recent Developments in Public Sector Reforms, China and Hong Kong
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Recent Public Sector Reforms in China
Civil Service Selection
Civil Service Reward
Performance Management Reform
Transparent Public Budgeting
Administrative Structural Reforms
Collaborative Governance
Recent Public Sector Reforms in Hong Kong
Civil Service Reforms
Performance Management
Political Accountability Reforms
Administrative Structural Reform
Collaborative Governance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Recruitment and Selection into Ghana´s Local Governments: Theory and Practice
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Conceptual Overview
The Concept of Decentralization
Forms of Decentralization
Human Resource Management and Decentralization
Recruitment and Selection
Autonomy of Local Government
Sequential Theory of Decentralization (STD)
Method and Data Collection
Results and Discussion
Legal Basis for Decentralization in Ghana
Recruitment and Selection Process in Ghana´s Local Government
Determination of HR Needs
Two Categories of Staff in Local Governments
Mechanized Staff:
Local Staff:
General Selection Activities and Processes
Staff Progression
No Recruitment But Selection?
Responsibility for Local Government Recruitment and Selection
HRM and District Coordinating Units
Local Government Service
A Unified Model?
Upper Arm of the Center?
Impact of the Current Recruitment and Selection Process
Good Side
Hurdles to Cross
Conclusion and Policy Implications
Cross-References
References
Recruitment Practices and Sustainable Development
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Political and Economic Environment of HRM Practices
PSR Practices and Sustainable Development in Nigeria
Linking Best Practices, Job Satisfaction, and Attitudinal Change
Theoretical Anchorage
Conceptual Discourse
Political Influence
Personal Interest
Work Environment
Training and Development
Motivation
Institutional Capacity
Professionalism
The Quandary of Faulty Recruitment on Effective Service Delivery and Productivity
Findings and Implications
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Recruitment, Equal Opportunity, and Law
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Historical Context of Equal Opportunity
Executive Orders and Administrative Laws
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Challenges to Equal Opportunity
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Red Tape and Bureaucracy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Bureaucrats
Leveling Bureaucratic Inertia
References
Redesigning Organizations for Maximum Resiliency in Dynamic Environments
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Resilience and Sustainability Defined
Quadruple Bottom Line (QBL)
The Environmental Challenges
Resilient Systems
From Plans to Action
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Reforms and Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Understanding Reform and Governance
Scholarships and Perspectives of Reform and Governance
Approaches to Reforms and Governance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Regime Changes and Public Administration in Ghana
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Regime Change Theory
Economic Performance/Development and Regime Change
Kinds of Regimes and Regime Change
Globalization and Regime Change
About the Republic of Ghana
Types of Regime Changes in Ghana
Postindependence Regimes
Public Administration in Ghana
The President
Parliament (Legislature)
Judiciary
Conclusion
References
Regional Climate Governance
Synonyms/Related Terms
Definition
Introduction
Caribbean SIDS Regional Climate Governance
Regional Climate Governance: Thematic Division
Disaster Risk Reduction and Adaptation to Climate Change
Marine Governance, Fisheries, and Coastal Zone Management
Health and Food Security
Energy Governance and Tourism
Environment and Biodiversity
Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre
Geopolitical Regional Climate Governance: CARICOM, ACS, and OECS
Assessing Caribbean Climate Governance: Policy Coherence in Caribbean Climate Change Governance
Conclusion
References
Regional Economic Development Policies of Korean Central Governments
Toward Growth: The Growth Center and Unbalanced Growth Strategies
The Growth Orient of the Unified Strategies
Top-Down Development Projects for Economic Growth
Reviewing Recent Approaches to BRD from the Viewpoint of Political Economy
Conclusion
References
Regional Executives, Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Autonomy Versus Hierarchy
Constitutional and Legislative Framework
Composition and Structure
Allocation of Functions
Chief Executives: Status Development
Answerability and Accountability
Conclusion: Between Federal and Local Levels of Government
Cross-References
References
Regional Finance in Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Regional Finance in Russia
Conclusion
References
Regional Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Zoning of the Territory of Russia
Regional Sources of Revenues and Expenditures
Regional Inequality and Globalization
References
Regional Social Budgets, Russia
Synonyms
Definition
The Composition of Regional Social Spending
The Role of Regional Budgets in Public Social Spending in Russia
Social Burden of Regional Budgets
Some Problems of Regional Social Spending in Russia
Cross-References
References
Regression Analysis
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: What Is Regression Analysis?
Building Model
Definition
Steps to Building Model
Notations in Regression Analysis
Linear Function vs Nonlinear Function
Single-Equation Model Versus Multi-equation Model
Interaction Between Variables
How Many Explanatory Variables Should Be Used in Regression Analysis?
Data Structure and Regression Analysis
Time Series Data
Cross-Sectional Data
Panel Data
Hypotheses in Regression Analysis
Estimation in Regression Analysis
Simple Regression
Multiple Regression
Regression Diagnostic
Goodness of Fit in Regression Analysis
Issues in Regression Analysis
Conclusion
Appendix
References
Regulation on Political Parties
Introduction: The Regulatory Agency
Regulation Expectations
Regulation Problems
Solutions to Regulatory Problems
Manager´s Expectations for Regulatory Agencies
Initiatives for Improving Work Environment
Analysis and Conclusion
References
Regulatory Enforcement in Japan
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Major Role of Local Governments
Regulatory Enforcement by Private Entities
``Informal Measure-Oriented´´ Style of Regulation
Issues and Changes of Regulatory Enforcement in Japan
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Regulatory Policy
Synonyms
Regulatory Rationales
Public Interest Theories
Private Interest Theories
Regulatory Regimes and Strategies
Standard Setting
Enforcement and Compliance
Self-Regulation
Regulatory Competition
The Rise of Regulatory States
The Context of China
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Rehabilitation and Recidivism
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Great Awakening of Criminal Rehabilitation
Rehabilitative Models
The Good Lives Model (GLM)
Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR)
Conclusion
References
Rehabilitation Programs and Prison Inmates: An African Context
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Scientific Investigation to Inmates´ Rehabilitation in Nigeria
Quantitative Description of the Effect of Rehabilitation Programs on Prison Inmates in Southwestern Nigeria
Qualitative Description of the Effect of Rehabilitation Programs on Prison Inmates in Southwestern Nigeria
Conclusion
References
Reinventing Government
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Strategy and Organization Choices for Facing Challenges
Three Patterns of Structural Change
A Case of Nationwide Planned Change Process of the Entire Public Administration. The US Reinventing Government Program
Summary and Conclusion
Cross-References
References
``Re-invention´´ of the Public Sector Training, The
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Civil Service Training: From Traditional to ``Customer-Oriented´´ Approach, From Centralization to Decentralization
Civil Service Training in Hong Kong
Conclusion
References
Relational Leadership Theory
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining the Relational
Why Relational Leadership?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Relations Between Institutionalized Public-Private Partnerships and Their Public Clients
Synonyms
Introduction
PPP´s Set of Objectives
Renegotiations Between Institutionalized PPPs and Their Public Clients
Conclusion
References
Relationship Building Among Stakeholders in Public Private Partnership Projects
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Relationship Building Practices
Stakeholder Engagement
Stakeholder Trust
Stakeholder Commitment
Stakeholder Communication
Indicators of Relationship Building
Conclusion
References
Religion and Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Churches
Faith-Based Nonprofit Organizations
Heuristic Directions
Global Context
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Religious Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Changing Role of Religion in the Modern World
Defining Religious Organizations
Typologies of Religious Organizations
Religious Organizations in the Field of International Development and Advocacy
Religious, Organizational, and Strategic Dimensions of Religious Organizations
Religious Dimensions
Organizational Dimensions
Strategic Dimensions
Emerging Issues and Challenges
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Reponses to Organizational Conflict
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Response One: Avoidance
Response Two: Competition
Response Three: Accommodation
Response Four: Compromise
Response Five: Collaboration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Representative Bureaucracy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Representation by Levels of Government in the United States
Representative Bureaucracy in Europe
Representative Bureaucracy in South Africa
Representative Bureaucracy in Malaysia
Criticisms of Representative Bureaucracy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Representative Bureaucracy in Canada
Definition
Introduction
Differing Interpretations of Representative Bureaucracy
Canadian Background
Merit and Representation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Representative Bureaucracy in Ghana
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theory of Representative Bureaucracy: Passive and Active Representation
Intervening Conditions and Contingencies
Representative Bureaucracy in Ghana
The Case of Girls´ Education
Empirical Test of Representative Bureaucracy in Ghana
Data, Measurement, and Methods
Findings and Discussions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Reputation Management in Crisis
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Reputation Management
Crisis Management and Reputation Management
Perceived Risks and Destination Image
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Research Performance and the Development of Higher Education Systems
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Assessment of Research Performance
The Relationship Between Research Performance and Other Knowledge Transfer Activities
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Residential Mortgage Foreclosure
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Spatial Patterns of Mortgage Foreclosure
Impact of Mortgage Foreclosure
Policy Responses to Foreclosure
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Resilience Factors That Help Mitigate Systemic Risk Factors Among African American Youth
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Significance of the Study
Research Method
Literature Search Strategy
Updated Conceptualizations
Findings
Recommendations
Conclusion
References
Resistance to Organizational Change
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Organizational Change in Perspective
``Resistance´´ to Organizational Change Examined
Beyond ``Resistance´´ to Organizational Change
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Resources for Entrepreneurs
Synonyms
Introduction
Support Organizations
Free Resources
Government Resources Within the United States
Subscription Resources
Conclusion
Cross-References
Responsible Leadership
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Why Is Responsible Leadership Important?
Perspectives and State of the Responsible Leadership Field
Studies in the Field of Responsible Leadership
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Responsible Leadership in Public Contexts
Synonyms
Crisp Definitions of the Key Title Words
Introduction
Responsible Leadership in the Egyptian Public Context
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Responsible Public Finance Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Classical Model, New Public Management, Governance Model
Measures on Public Revenues Strengthening Responsible Public Finance Management
Measures on Public Expenditures Strengthening Responsible Public Finance Management
Control of the Responsible Public Finance Management
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Restructuring the National Weather Service to Build a Weather-Ready Nation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Current Mission and the Need for Change
Budget Restructuring
Headquarters Reorganization
Governance
Process to Develop the NWS Governance Document
Aspects and Benefits of the NWS Governance Document
Reasons for Success and Lessons Learned
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Results and Output-Based Budgeting
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Towards Results-Oriented Budgeting
The Traditional Budget
The Concept of Performance Budgeting
Objectives and Challenges
Implementation Strategy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Results-Based Management, Brazil
Synonyms
Introduction
Performance, an Expanding Concept
Performance Management
Performance Management Regimes and Models
Limits of Performance Management
Landmark Results-Based Management Experiences in Brazil
The Future of Performance Governance in Brazil
Cross-References
References
Rethinking Public Administration Paradigms: Toward a New Social Contract Paradigm
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
A Paradigmatic Process in Science
Public Administration Paradigms
A Speculative Paradigm: New Social Contract
New Social Contract
Remarks and Conclusion
References
Rethinking the Models of Police Oversight: Toward a New Paradigm
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Models and Mechanisms of Police Oversight
The Internal Affairs Model
The Civilian Review Model
The Civilian Control Model
The New Imperative: The Hybrid Model
Conclusion
References
Rethinking the Vicissitudes of Decentralized Governance in Ghana
Synonyms
Introduction
Theoretical Context: Path Dependence Theory
Policy Alternatives to Resolve Problem
Policy Recommendation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Retirement Contributions, Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Retirement Contributions Rates in Russia
Sources of Retirement Contributions: Russian in the International Context
Structure of Financing of Russian Pension System
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Retirement Crisis: Global
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Retirement in a Historical Perspective
Traditional Arrangements
Germany, the First Social Security
US Social Security
Japan
China
The Operation of Retirement Systems
Changing Demographics
The First Demographic Transition
The Second Demographic Transition
The Baby Boom as Temporary Anomaly
Back to Declining Fertility
Exceptions to the Rule: Developing Nations
The New Normal
Attempts to ``Reform´´ Social Security
Cutting Benefits
Increase Social Security Payroll Taxes
Smoke, Mirrors, and Retirement System Projections
Delaying Retirement
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Retirement Crisis: USA
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Retirement System Mechanics
Defined Benefit or Defined Contribution?
Fully Funded or Pay as You Go (PAYG)?
Retirement System Dynamics: The Perfect Storm
Demographics
Labor Force Participation Rate
Stagnant Payrolls
Depressed Interest Rates and Investment Returns
Longer Life Expectancy
Social Security Crisis
Social Security Act of 1935
Amendments to Social Security Act, 1939
Expansion in the 1950s and 1960s
1972 Amendments to Social Security
1977 Amendments to Social Security
1983 Social Security Reforms
Pensions in Crisis
Public Pensions
Private Pensions
Private Savings Slowdown
Conclusion
References
Retirement Income, Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Level and Structure of Incomes of Retirement-Age Persons and Pensioners
Dynamics of Pension Benefits
Employment of the Pensioners
Poverty Levels Among Retirement-Age Persons and Pensioners
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Retirement Village Development for the Elderly: Applying the Concept of Public-Private Partnership
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Global Development of Retirement Villages
Australia
The UK
The USA
Key Challenges in the Retirement Village Industry
Public-Private Partnership for Retirement Village Development
Strategizing PPP Retirement Village Projects: The Best Practices
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Revenue Diversification and Tax Volatility
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Revenue Volatility and the Business Cycle
Additional Reasons to Diversify Revenue Portfolios
Evidence
Revenue Portfolio Diversity at the State Level
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Revenue Diversification in Africa in the Post-Recovery Period
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Monocultural Economies and Revenue Concentration
Fiscal Strictures Post-2007
Actualizing Revenue Diversification
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Revisiting Quota System in Civil Service of Pakistan
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Status of Quota System in the Civil Service of Pakistan
Meritocracy: Key to Effective Public Administration
Recommendations
References
Revolution and Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Which Revolution?
Why Do Administrations Matter in Revolutions?
Scenarios of Administrative Action and Reaction
Public Administrations as the Drivers of Revolutions
Public Administration as the Dependent Variable
The Bureaucracy in Revolutions: Empirical Evidence
Iran
Middle East and North Africa
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Revolution and Public Administration in Pakistan
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Theories of Revolution
Forms of Revolution
Public Administration in Pakistan
The Executive Government
Prime Minister of Pakistan
The Parliament
The President of Pakistan
The Senate
National Assembly of Pakistan
The Jurisdiction
Supreme Court
Federal Shariat Court (FSC) of Pakistan
Provincial and High Courts
Ombudsman/Mohtasib
Conclusion
References
Revolutions and Evolutions
Synonyms
Definition
Revolutions
Evolutions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Reward Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Reward as Strategic Lever
The Composition of Reward
The Distinguishing Features of Public Sector Reward
The Influence of New Public Management
The Age of Austerity
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Rewards for High Public Office
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Rewards Offered to High Public Office
Criteria for Reward Levels
Patterns and Variations in Paying High Public Officials
Explaining Variations in Rewards for High Public Officials
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Rewards in Bureaucracy and Politics
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Taxonomy and Theory of Rewards Systems
Rewards Systems for Bureaucrats
Rewards Systems for Politicians
Utility Functions of Rewards Systems and Concluding Observations
Cross-References
References
Right of Access to Administrative Documents in the Italian Military Courts
Synonyms
Definitions
The Gross Denials of Access to Administrative Documents
The Case of Gross Denials of Access to Administrative Documents at Military Court of Verona
The Useless Military Justice
Conclusion
References
Risk and Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Perspectives on Risk
Sociocultural Theories of Risk
Risk Society
Governmentality
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Risk and Performance in Public Sector
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Method
Questionnaire Structure
Sampling
Research Process
Results
Total Reliability Report
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Risk Management in Japan
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Political Nature of Risk Management
Regulatory Reform of Food Safety in Japan
Regulatory Reform of Nuclear Safety in Japan
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Risks and Compliance: Brazil
Synonyms
Definition
Governance, Risk, and Compliance Development in the Brazilian Democratic Regime
Current Advancements in the Brazilian GRC
Cross-References
References
River Law and Governance
Synonyms
Introduction
Definition
International Rivers, International Watercourses, and Transboundary Rivers
River Basin
River Governance/Water Governance
International Water Law
River Law and Governance
Existing International Legal Instruments for the Governance of Rivers
The 1992 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (UNECE Convention)
The 1997 UN Convention on the Law of Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UN Watercourses Convention)
Other Regional/Multilateral Legal Instruments
Actors in River Governance
Substantive Governing Norms of River Governance
Equitable and Reasonable Utilization
No Significant Harm
Duty to Cooperate
Protection and Sustainable Management of Rivers
Procedural Norms of River Governance
Notification, Consultation, Negotiation, and Exchange of Information
Public Participation
Institutional Mechanism for River Governance
Settlement of Disputes
Conclusion
References
Role Abandonment in Emergency Response
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining Role Abandonment
Theories and Research Methods for Examining the Issue
Conclusion: Application of Research Findings to Government Policy and Planning
Cross-References
References
Role of Bureaucracy in Public Policymaking in Ghana
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Perspectives on the Role of the Bureaucracy in Policymaking
Bureaucracy and Policymaking in the Colonial Era
Bureaucracy and Policymaking in the Immediate Postindependence Period
Outcomes of Bureaucratic Involvement in Public Policymaking
Measures to Improve Bureaucrats´ Role in Public Policymaking
Conclusion
References
Role of Community-Based Organization to Combat Corruption
Synonyms
Defining Community-Based Organization
Why is the CBOs Role in Anti-Corruption?
CBOs in Combating Corruption: Early Development
Types of Community Organizing to Combat Corruption
Activities and Effectiveness of CBOs to Combat Corruption: Compared
Challenges of CBOs in Combating Corruption
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Role of Corporations in Addressing Climate Change
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Climate Change and Corporate World
History of Corporate Societal Responsibility
Root Cause of Environmental Instability
Ethical Prerogative for Corporate Societal Responsibility
Social Entrepreneurship
Strategies to Mitigate the Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Corporations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Role of Superpowers in Conflict Development and Resolutions, The
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Superpowers, Conflict Development, and Human Progress
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Role of the Public Sector in Corporate Social Responsibility, The
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Sector Entities and CSR
Public Sector´s Role in Improving Private Sector CSR
Federal Sentencing Guidelines
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Romance of Leadership
Introduction
Extensions and Applications of the Romance of Leadership Theory
Leadership Portrayals in the Media
Followers and Followership
Conclusion
References
Rural Development
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Possibility of the New Rural
Economic Aspects
Infrastructure and Service Concerns
Sociocultural Factors
Stakeholder-Led Views of Rural Development
Concluding Thoughts
Cross-References
References
Rural Procurement in Indonesia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
General Controls
Administrative Elements of Rural Procurement on Goods/Services
Governance
New Control Content
Shortcomings of the New Regulation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Russia, Administrative Reform
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Stages of the Russian Administrative Reform
Key Focus Areas of the Administrative Reform
Improvement of Control and Oversight
State Property Management
The System of Executive Authorities of the Russian Federation
International Experience and National Context
Prospects and Risks of Russia´s Administrative Reform
Conclusion
References
Russia, Government Regulation of the Economy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
History and Theory of Government Regulation of the Economy in Russia
Goals, Objectives, and Methods of Government Regulation of the Economy in Russia
Institutions and Mechanisms of Government Regulation of the Economy
Modern Trends in Government Regulation of the Economy in Russia
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Russia, Labor Migration Processes
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Historical Background
The Key Characteristics of Labor Migration to Russia
The Government Policy Towards Labor Migration in Russia
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Russia, Legal Regulation of Civil Service
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The System for Civil Service Legislation in the Russian Federation
Characteristics of Legal Support for Managing the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation
Main Directions and Development Programs Aimed at Improving State and Municipal Services
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Russia, System of Civil Servants Training
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Professional Education of Civil Servants
The System of Civil Service Positions and Educational Qualification Requirements
Professional Development of Civil Servants
Formation of Personnel Reserves, Training of Reservists and National Competitions for Public Administrators
National School of Public Administration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Russia: Reconciling Public Governance and Economic Development for Overcoming Crisis
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Tasks and Instruments of Public Governance for Crisis Overcoming
Monetary Policy During Crisis
Budgetary and Fiscal Crisis Management Instruments
Real Sector of Economy: Large and Small-/Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Support
Comparative Analysis of Public Crisis Management Programs 2009-2010 and Plans 2015-2016
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Russian Federation, Anti-corruption Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Legal Foundations of the Anticorruption Policy of Russia
Russia´s Anticorruption System
Key Focus Areas in Combating Corruption
International Evaluation of Russia´s Anticorruption Efforts
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Russian Federation, System of Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Division of Powers
Structure of the Executive Branch
The Management System of the Constituent Entities of the Russian Federation
Organization of Local Self-Government: Interaction of Public Authorities at Different Levels
Constitutional Changes in the System of Governing Bodies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Russian Political System, The
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
History of Establishment of Presidency in Russia
Functions of President
Authority of the President of Russia
The Parliament
The Council of the Federation
The State Duma
Conclusion
References
S
Same-Sex Marriage as Social Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Brief History of Same-Sex Marriage
Marriage as a Fundamental Right
Marriage No Longer Tied to Sexuality but Now Tied to Love
Marriage as Key Stone in the Society
Conclusion
References
Sampling Methods in Public Administration Research
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Services Can Be Evaluated Through the Quality Control
Sampling
Sampling Methods
Use Sampling with Caution for the Future Cases
Conclusion
References
School Bureaucracy
Definition
Synonyms
Introduction
Public Education as a Bureaucracy
Education as a Neglected Field in Public Administration Scholarship
Reforming School and System-Wide Governance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
School Feeding and SDG Implications: A Stakeholder-Based Study
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Study Background
Social Protection, School Feeding Program, and Stakeholder Involvement
Methodology
Research Approach and Design
Population and Sampling
Participants and Sampling
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Findings
Responses from Caterers
Responses from Teachers
Responses from Circuit Supervisors
Opinion Leaders
Responses from Parents
Responses from School Children
Discussions
Conclusion and Recommendations
Cross-References
References
School Segregation in Chile
Synonyms
Introduction
Why Is the Chilean School System a Rich Source of Learning About School Segregation Worldwide?
International Evidence on Segregation
The Effects of School Segregation
Factors Affecting School Segregation
Segregation, the Chilean Case
Factors that Explain School Segregation in Chile
Main Public Policies that Have Affected Segregation in Chile
Parental Co-Payment and Its Effects on Segregation
The Preferential School Subsidy Law and Its Effects on Segregation
The Law for School Inclusion
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgment
References
School Voucher Programs
Synonyms
Introduction
Philosophy and Partisanship
Legal Issues
Performance
Civic Dimension
Funding and Oversight
Conclusion
References
Scientific Management Theory of Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Beyond Taylor: Governmental Administration and the Influence of Fayol
Mooney and Reiley
The Contributions of Gulick and Urwick
Criticisms of the Scientific Theory of Management
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Scientific Research on the Efficiency of Public Expenditures
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Framework
Theory of Public Administration and Public Spending Efficiency
Evaluating the Efficiency of Public Spending
Research Method: Characterization
Search Procedures
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Scope of Some Scoring Rules Applying, The
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Three Scoring Rules
Highest Bid-Lowest Bid Scoring Rule
The Linear Scoring Rule
The Highest/Lowest Bid Scoring Rule
The Public Procurement Institutional Environment in the Developing Countries: The Russian Case
The Applying of Some Scoring Rules in the Russian Institutional Environment: Several Lessons for Developing and Developed Coun...
Highest Bid-Lowest Bid Scoring Rule
Linear Scoring Rule without Threshold
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Seaweed Farming in the Solomon Islands
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Overview of Seaweed Farming in the Solomon Islands
Production of Kappaphycus alvarezii in the Solomon Islands
Socioeconomic Benefits of Seaweed Farming in the Solomon Islands
Socioeconomic Problems Faced by the Seaweed Industry of the Solomon Islands
Volatility of Farm Gate Prices
Farmers Lack Innovative Skills
Poor Data Recording and Processing at the Production Site
Constraint by Lack of Extension Support
Actions for Future Growth Potential
Policy Implications
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness and Non-fiscal Measures
Monetary Policy Ineffectiveness
Suggestions for Way Forward
Conclusion
References
Secession Bid in the Southeastern Nigeria: Issues and Prospects
Synonyms
Introduction
The Provenance of Secession Agitation in the Southeastern Nigeria
The Anatomy of Post-Civil War Biafran Agitation
Reasons for Biafran Agitation
Consequences of Biafran Agitation in Nigeria
Conclusion and Recommendations
Cross-References
References
Sectarian Politics
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Sectarianism in the Middle East
Sectarian Politics in Iraq
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Security and Public Policy in Turkey
Synonyms
Introduction: Social Movements
Public Policies and Social Movements
The Shift from Social Movements to Collective Violence
Conclusion: Appropriate Intervention Strategies
Cross-References
References
Semiotic Theory and Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Semiotic Analysis and Public Administration
Applications of Semiotic Analysis
Concluding Thoughts
Cross-References
References
Separation of the Powers from Birth to Now: Democratic Countries
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Origination of the Separation of the Powers
Charles-Louis De Secondat, Baron De La Brede et De Montesquieu
The Spirit of the Laws
The Separation of the Powers
Social and Cognitional Elements as an Input
Various Governmental Systems as an Output
Emerging Powers in Modern Era
Conclusion
References
Serial Entrepreneur, The
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
A Little History: The Emerging Entrepreneurial Mind
Common Traits of Serial Entrepreneurs
Not Invented Here (NIH)
Are You An Entrepreneur? A Serial Entrepreneur?
Performance and Style
Ahead of Its Time
More on Innovation
Framework Questions on Innovation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Misc. Links for References
Servant Leadership
Synonyms
Definition
Servant Leadership
Servant Leadership and Leadership Theory
Servant Leadership, Trust, and Building Community
Servant Leadership and Organizational Performance
Cross-References
References
Service Charters
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Content and Characteristics of the Service Charters
Guidelines to Elaboration and Management Process
Experiences in Some Countries
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Service: The Matrix of Good Governance in Nigeria-Africa
Synonyms
Definition of Operative Terms
Introduction
Service and Good Governance
Perspectives of Nigeria Public Service Compact: Issues Analysis
Understanding the Need for Efficiency in Public Services in Nigeria
State of Public Service in Nigeria Before SERVICOM
The Nigeria Service Compact in Pursuit of Good Governance
The Public Service Performance Challenges: Implication for SERVICOM
Evaluating Service Performance in FETHA, Nigeria
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Results
Discussion
Measuring the Outcomes of Nigeria Service Compact
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Sexual Harassment Law and Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Legal Status
Conduct Recognized as Sexual Harassment
Scope and Prohibition
Protection of Employees Within the Service Industry
Course of Employment, Vicarious Liability for Employers, and Significant Cases Within the Courts
Statutory Body Under the SDO
Legal and Social Difficulties for a Sexual Harassment Victim
China, PRC
Definition
Conduct Recognized as Sexual Harassment
Cases and Legal Difficulties in China
References
China Cases
Shamanic Leadership
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Background of Shamanism
Shamanism as Leadership Practice Today
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Shar´ia Law and the Social Policy of ISIS
Abbreviations
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction: The Attempt to Reestablish an Islamic Caliphate in the Levant Based on IS Radicalized Social Policies Under Shar...
IS Social Policies Derived from ``Expansionist Program´´ Under Radicalized Enforcement of Shar´ia
2014 Ramadan Declaration Describes IS Social Order Based upon a Radicalized Version of Shar´ia
IS ``Manifesto on Women´´ Illustrates Utopian Social Policies of IS Under a Radicalized Shar´ia
IS Social Institutions and Policies Portrayed in IS War Propaganda Documents through Social Media Distribution Channels
Education and Marriage for Girls and Others in Previously Held IS Cities
IS Justice System and Policies Under a Radicalized Form of Shar´ia
Health Care and Elder Care Social Policies
Conclusion: IS Social Institutions and Policies Were Framed by the Expansionist Goals of the Group
References
Shell Companies and Government Corruption
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Location: Offshore Versus Onshore
Form of Operation: Empty Versus Live Shells
Theorizing Shell Companies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Sick Leave Policies in the Public Sector
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Paid Sick Leave Policies in the Public and Private Sectors
Issues Involving Paid Sick Leave Policies in the Public Sector
Benefits of Paid Sick Leave
Financial Burdens of Sick Leave Policy
Paid Sick Leave Policies at the Federal, State and Local Level
Federal Government Paid Sick Leave Policy
State Government Paid Sick Leave Policy
Local Government Paid Sick Leave Policy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Silver Tsunami of Retirement: Implications for Consideration
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Background
Individuals: The Microlevel
Community: Mezzo Level
Global: Macro Level
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Skill Requirements for City Administrators
Synonyms
Cross-References
Skill Requirements for City Administrators, Russia
Introduction
The Most and the Least Required Skills
Conclusions
References
Small Enterprises and Development
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Small Enterprises
Public Policy Propositions for Small Enterprise Programs
Entrepreneurship
Innovation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Soap Recycling, Trash into Treasure
Synonyms
Introduction
Founding Story
First Partnership
First Funding
Walking Alone
Chasing Sustainability
Short-Term, Long-Term Impacts
Sidestepping: 2020 Pivot
Think Globally, Act Glocally
Accolades and Humility
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Social Accounting
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Theoretical Underpinnings
Nonprofit Social Accounting in Practice
Expanded Value Added Statement
Balanced Scorecard
Global Reporting Initiative Sustainability Reporting Guidelines
Stakeholder Impact Statement
Social Accounting and Social Enterprises
Social Accounting and Enterprise Risk Management
Social Accounting and Ethics
Social Accounting and Accountability
Challenges to the Adoption of Social Accounting
Moving Forward: Education and Skills Development
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Social Capital and Organizational Change
The Intellectual Origins of Social Capital
Applications of Social Capital Theory in Social Policy Research and Practice
Consolidation of Social Capital into the Prevailing Public Choice Framework
Path of Social Capital to Public Administration by Way of Business Administration
Social Capital and Organizational Change in Appreciative Inquiry
Cross-References
References
Social Class and Governance
Synonyms
Introduction
Building the Paradigm of Social Class: Marx and Weber in Context
Weber on Social Class
Social Class from Marxist Point of View
Revisiting the Traditional Perception of Social Class
Social Evolution: Class and Governance Perspective
Social Evolution and Elements of Governance
Primitive Communism
Slavery
Serfdom
Feudalism
Capitalism
Deconstructing the Concept: Exploitation and Social Class
Classifying Exploitation: Intrapersonal Exploitation
Interpersonal Exploitation
The Paradigm of Interaction Between Social Class and Governance
Rules of Nature and Exploitation
Social Class and Superiority
Conclusion
References
Social Class: Perception and Reality
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Relevant Literature
Recent Work
Findings
Discussion
Conclusion
Appendix A Question Wording
Class Perception
Middle-Class Perceptions
References
Social Compliance and Governance
Synonyms
Introduction
Legal Framework of Social Compliance
Constitutional Guarantees
ILO Conventions Ratified by Bangladesh
Third Party Standards on Social Compliance
Buyers´ Codes of Conduct (CoCs)
Statutory Framework: Bangladesh Labor Law 2006
Declaration of Minimum Wage
Conclusion
References
Social Consequences of Bureaucracy
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Concept of Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy According to Max Weber
Negative Social Consequences of Bureaucracy
Positive Social Consequences of Bureaucracy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Social Construction of Corruption in Developing World
Synonyms
Defining Social Construction of Corruption
Origin and Instruments of Social Construction
Social Construction of Corruption in the Developing World
Good, Bad, and Ugly Corruption
Social Construction of Corruption and Anti-corruption in Developing Nations
References
Social Distancing
Introduction
Origination
Mitigation
The Theoretical Basis for Social Distancing
The Use and Abuse of Social Distancing Over Time
The Psychic Cost of Social Distancing
Summation
References
Initial Selected List of References
Social Economy, Social Accounting, and NP Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Social Economy
Social Accounting
Role of Social Accounting Within Social Economy Framework
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Social Entrepreneurial Venture Creation in Uganda
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Emergency of Great Social Heroes
Evolution of Social Entrepreneurship in Uganda
Theoretical Underpinnings
Dimensions of Social Entrepreneurial Venture Creation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Social Entrepreneurship
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conceptual Foundation
The Nature of Social Problems
The Career Volunteer as Social Entrepreneur
Casual and Project-Based Volunteers
Obligation and Commitment as Parts of the Explanation
Moral Obligation and Commitment
For-Profit Entrepreneur as Occupational Devotee
Devotee work
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Social Entrepreneurship Education as a Viable Approach to Building Resilient Communities
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Intervention Through Social Entrepreneurship Education
Components of the Social Entrepreneurship Program
Curriculum
Target Groups and Enterprise Solution Component
Social Entrepreneurship Model
Significance, Benefits, and Best Practices
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Social Equity Leadership
Definition
Introduction
Social Equity and Public Administration
Social Equity as a Pillar of Public Administration
Operationalization of Social Equity
Diversity
Managing Diversity
Cultural Competency
Manifestations of Social Equity Leadership
Conclusion
References
Social Equity: The Fourth Pillar of Public Administration
Social Equity: An Overview
Evolution of Social Equity
Social Equity Defined
Why This Concept Is of Concern to Public Administrators
How to Measure Social Equity
Government´s Role in Resolving and Contributing to Inequity
The Case for Improving Social Equity: Consequences of Inequities
Future of Social Equity
References
Social Exclusion and Vulnerability in Crisis
Synonyms
Definition
What Is ``Vulnerability?´´
Social Exclusion
The Consequences of Social Exclusion
New Technologies for Identifying Community Vulnerability
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Social Impact
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Origin: Social Impact
The ``Shift´´ from Project Planning to Impact Evaluation of Socially Responsible Organizations, Mainly Constituted by Nonprofi...
The World Bank Definition About the Relevance of Measuring Outputs and Outcomes of a Project
Social Return on Investment (SROI) as a Tool for Measuring and Account Social Impact Achieved by New Typologies of Nonprofit O...
Current Issues in Social Impact Assessment and Measurement for Nonprofit Organizations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Social Impact Bond
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Are Social Impact Bonds?
How Social Impact Bonds Work
Benefits of Social Impact Bonds
Challenges/Criticisms
Guidelines for Using Social Impact Bonds
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Social Innovation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Types of Social Innovations
Characteristics of Social Innovations
The Role of Nonprofit Organizations in Driving Social Innovations
Social Innovation Research
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Social Innovations in Housing in Slovakia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Social Housing
Housing in Slovakia
Co-creation as a Social Innovation
Co-creation in Social Housing by ETP Slovakia
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Social Intelligence
Synonyms
Social Intelligence
How Is Social Intelligence Measured?
Why Is It Important to Study Social Intelligence?
Can Social Intelligence Change or Be Learned?
Future Directions
Conclusion
References
Social Learning and Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Perspectives of Social Learning
The Relationship Between Social Learning and Governance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Social Media and Government Employees in Tanzania
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Framework
UTAUT Extension
Hedonic Motivation (HM)
Perceived Personal Image (PI)
Perceived Risks (PR)
Attitude (AT)
Proposed Research Model
Research Methodology
Population, Sample Size, and Sampling Technique
Instrument Design and Development
Study Procedure
Results and Analysis
Descriptive Analysis
Missing Data, Normality, and Outlier Assessment
Measurement Model
Structural Model
Discussion and Implication
Conclusion
References
Social Media and Organizational Capacity
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Organizational Capacity
Social Media Strategies
Organizational Capacity as an Outcome of Social Media Strategies
Barriers to Social Media Utilization
A Survey of Human Service NPOs
Logit Regression Results
Content Analysis Results
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Social Media and Public Sector
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Accountability, e-Government, and Social Media
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Social Media in Public Employment
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Position Planning and Creation of New Policies
Recruitment and Selection
Performance Management
Development and Training
Crosscutting Issues
Managing Diversity and the Free Speech
Instrumental Uses of Social Media in Public Law Enforcement Occupations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Social Media Use by Government
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Social Media: The Term
From e-Government to Government 2.0: The History
Modes of Social Media Use by Governments
Benefits and Challenges of Social Media Adoption in the Public Service
Social Media Policy Dilemmas
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Social Network Theory
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Dimensions of Social Network Theory: Network Structure and Content
Practical Application of Social Network Theory in Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance
Social Networks of Public Sector Organizations and Actors
Social Network Theory to Understand Constituent Activity and Outcomes
Social Network Theory to Understand Undesirable Public Outcomes
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Social Networks in African Universities
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Case of Uganda Universities
Theoretical Underpinning
Conclusion
References
Social Policy and Administration in Japan
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Japanese Welfare Administrative System
The Previous Research on Japanese Welfare Administration System
The Change and Continuity of the Welfare Administration System
The Characteristics of the Japanese Welfare Administration System
Discretion of Local Governments in Welfare Administration and the Size of Their Role
Recent Issues
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Social Policy, Brazil
Synonyms
Historical Perspective
Current Structure
Impacts
References
Social Psychology of Organizations
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
History of Social Psychology
Organizational Typologies and Cultures
Social Psychology: Theories and Perspectives
Social Psychology of Organizations
Productive Organizations: Corporations
Maintenance Organizations
Political Organizations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Social Work and Governance
Synonyms
Ensuring Quality Outcomes Through Social Care Governance
Key Principles of Care Governance
Ethics and Values
Cross-Cultural Knowledge
Service Delivery and Empowerment and Advocacy
Diverse Workforce
Professional Education
Language Diversity and Cross-Cultural Leadership
Social Work and HIV/AIDS
Social Work and Resiliency
Social Work - Policies and Legal Systems
Legislations on Equality and Diversity
Social Work and Ageism
Social Work and Governance Related to Persons with Disability
Social Work and Social Support
References
Socially Responsible Investment
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Socially Responsible Investments
Cross-References
References
Sociological Study of Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Sociological and Interdisciplinary Study of NPOs
Defining Key NPO Types
Associations
Nonprofit Agencies
Foundations
Global History of NPOs
Global Numbers and Prevalence of NPOs
Voluntary Association Characteristics
Nonprofit Agency Characteristics
Foundation Characteristics
The Dark Side of NPOs
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Sociology of Governance
Synonyms
Introduction
Conceptions of Interaction Between Sociology and Governance
Sociological Approaches to Governance
Rationalist Approaches to Governance
Culturalist Approaches to Governance
Structuralist Approaches to Governance
Social Context of Governance
Power/Dominance
Leadership
Social Movement
Additional Important Social Context of Governance
Political Party
Civil Society
Legitimacy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Sociopolitical Factors Giving Rise to the Kurdish Question in Turkey
Synonyms
Introduction: The Kurdish Question in Turkey
Factors Giving Rise to the Problem
The Kurdish Identity
Political Motivation of the Kurdish Movement
The Activities of the PKK
Counter-Strategies of the Government
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Socio-technological Aspects in Disaster Mitigation
Synonyms
Definition
What Is Mitigation?
The Socio-Technical Interface: System Failure
Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
Implementation Considerations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Solid Waste Management in Urban Development
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Historical Background of Solid Waste Management
Urban Waste Generation
Theoretical Evolution
Role of Participation and Planning
Reduction and Recycling
Waste Collection and Transfer
Disposal and Treatment
The Way Forward
Cross-References
References
Sound Governance and Effective Public Relations: An Assessment of Nigerian Prison
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Origins
Nigerian Prisons and Governance
PR, Sound Governance, and NPS
Sound Governance and Penal Policies
Sound Governance and Ex-Offenders´ Rehabilitation
Sound Governance and Community´s Involvement in Penal Policy
Conclusion: Public Relations and Sound Governance
Cross-References
References
Sound Governance and Inclusive Education: A Case of Correctional Service Special School Abakaliki, Nigeria
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Origins
SG and IE in Global Perspectives
Inclusive Education
IE and Prison Management
Cross-References
References
Spiritual Leadership
Synonyms
Introduction
Spirituality: A Foundation for Leadership in Public Administration
Spiritual Leadership
Spiritual Leadership in Public Administration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Spirituality and Health Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Creating a Common Understanding
A Need for a Unifying Framework
Spirituality and Health Policy: United States Context
Spirituality and Health Policy: International Context
Negative Aspects of Integrating Spirituality into Healthcare
Conclusion
References
Spirituality and Public Administration
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Strands in the Spirituality Approach to Public Service
View on Human Nature
Propositions on Work Motivation
Motivation for Efficiency and Effectiveness in Task/Job Performance
Motivation for Work
Motivation for Serving the Public
What Does Spirituality Mean for the Study of Public Administration?
Cross-References
References
Staff and Volunteers
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Roles and Functions of Staff and Volunteers in Nonprofit Organization
Understanding Management and Motivation Differences of Staff and Volunteers
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Stakeholder Analysis and Wicked Problems
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Characteristics of Wicked Problems
Ambiguity and Frame Reflection
Stakeholder Selection for Frame Deliberation and Problem Definition
Deliberative Dialogue
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Stakeholder Perspective in Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Nonprofit Organizations
Classifying Stakeholders
Nonprofit Organizations´ Obligations to Stakeholder Perspectives
Stakeholders´ Obligations to Nonprofit Organizations
Challenges and Benefits in Stakeholder Involvement
Conclusion
References
Stakeholder-Centric Exploration of Health Insurance Subscription
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conceptual Framework, Theory, and Literature
Health Insurance Models in Other Jurisdictions
Health Insurance in Ghana
Materials and Methodology
Study Design and Context
Study Participants and Sampling Procedure
Sociodemographic Characteristics of Key Informants
Data Generation Tool and Procedure
Data Analysis
Study Settings
Results
Emerging Themes
Push Factors (Health Insurance Subscription)
Pull Factors (Health Insurance Subscription Behavior)
Discussion
Conclusion, Recommendations, and Implications for Policy, Practice, and Further Research
Cross-References
References
State Action Doctrine and Public Administration
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Problem of State Action
History of the US Doctrine
Critiques of State Action
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
State and Administrative Reforms in Turkey and Their Implications
Synonyms
Introduction
Political System in Turkey
Central, Regional, and Local Administrations in Turkey
Some Major State and Administrative Reforms in Turkey
Conclusion, an Overall Evaluation, and Policy Implications
Cross-References
References
State and Local Governmental Accounting in the United States
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Key Content of State and Local Governmental Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports (CAFRs)
An Historical Account of State and Local Government Accounting in the United States
GASB 34 and Beyond
Cross-References
References
State and Vigilantism: Interrogating Nigeria´s Experience
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
African Communities´ Policing Regimes and Historicity
The State and Vigilantism
Community Policing and Global Perception, Perspective, and Practices
Is Vigilantism a Worthy Option? Reexamining the Experiences
Understanding the Nature of Governance in Nigeria Political Economy
Conclusion
References
State Budget Cycle in Egypt
Synonyms
Introduction
Budget Process in Egypt
Budget Formulation
Budget Discussion and Approval
Budget Implementation and Audit
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
State Budgeting Practices
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Budget Formats
Forecasting
Rainy Day Funds
Multiyear Budgeting and Fiscal Sustainability
Conclusion
References
State Capacities for Public Policies in the Uruguayan Subnational Governments
Introduction
Definition of Departmental State Capacities
Political and Administrative Capacities of the Municipalities
Political Capacities of the Departmental Government
Administrative Capacities of the Departmental Government
Typology of Departmental State Capacities in Uruguay
Conclusion
References
State Income Taxes and Their Impact on Migration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Expectations from the Theory
Evidence from the Literature
Other Factors That Influence Migration Decisions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
State Strategic Planning System, Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Soviet Planning and How Russia Is Not Coming Back to It
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
State-Owned Enterprise
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
State-Owned Enterprises´ Definitions from Different Perspectives (Governance, Accounting, and Statistics)
Key Elements of SOE
SOE Concept in Academic Literature: At the Border of Public-Private Sector
SOEs´ Role in Economies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Strategic HRM Approaches
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Definitions, Evolution, and Historical Background of SHRM
Personnel Management (PM)
Human Resource Management (HRM)
Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM)
State Enterprises
Case Study: State Enterprises in Trinidad and Tobago
Potential Areas of Interest in SHRM and State Enterprises
Public Leadership
Ethical Practices
Employee Engagement
Conclusion
References
Strategic Management in Public Administration in Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Legal Framework
Historical Evolution of Strategic Management in Russia
Organizational Design and Implementation of Strategic Management
Strategic Management as a Public Consensus on Strategic Goals
Conclusion and Policy Implications
References
Strategic Retirement of Teachers in Sub-Saharan Africa
Synonyms
Definitions
Background to the Study
Retirement of Teachers in Uganda
Theoretical Perspectives
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Strategic Trade Policymaking
Synonyms
Brief Definition
Introduction
New Theory of International Trade
Strategic Trade Policy of Fiji and Samoa
National Export Strategy (NES) of Fiji and Strategy for the Development of Samoa (SDS)
Fijian Trade Policy Framework (FTPF) and Samoan Trade, Commerce, and Manufacturing Sector Plan (STCMSP)
Opportunities of the New Theory of International Trade on Strategic Trade Policy
Challenges of the New Theory of International Trade on Strategic Trade Policy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Strategically Agile Government
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Complex World of Public Policies
Strategic and Organizational Rigidities in Public Sector
Fostering Strategic Sensitivity
Enabling Public Sector Resource Fluidity
Strengthening Collective Commitment
Discussion
Conclusions
References
Street-Level Bureaucracy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Street-Level Bureaucracy
The Origins of the Study of Street-Level Bureaucracy
Street-Level Bureaucrats
Recent Study
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Street-Level Bureaucrats and the Exercise of Discretion
Synonyms
Definition
Street-Level Bureaucrats
Discretion
Introduction
The Principal-Agent Approach
Linking the Principal-Agent Theory to Street-Level Bureaucrats and How They Exercise Discretion
Distinctive Features of Street-Level Bureaucrats
Roles of Street-Level Bureaucrats
How Comprehensive Are the Roles? Are They Ambiguous?
How Street-Level Bureaucrats Exercise Their Discretion
Experience
Situation at Hand
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Street-Level Leadership
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Discretion
How Is Discretion Exercised in Street-Level Leadership?
The Increasing Ubiquity of Street-Level Leadership
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Strengthening Financial Accountability Through Budgeting
Synonyms
Introduction
Definition of the Budget
Contemporary Developments in Legislative Budgeting
Legislative Approval of the Budget
Strengthening Financial Accountability in Government Budgeting in Trinidad and Tobago
Budget Formulation
Budget Approval
Budget Implementation
References
Stress Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Models of Workplace Stress
Stress Management at a National Level
Stress Management Within Organizations
Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Approaches
Targets of Stress Management
Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Stress Management
Stress Management Best Practice
Conclusion
References
Stress of Vietnamese Working Adults
Synonyms
Introduction
Theoretical and Literature Grounding
Vietnam and the Culture
Occupational Stress
Methodology
Results
Discussion, Limitations, and Recommendations
Cross-References
References
Stress Perceptions in South Asia
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Stress Perception and Performance
Task Overload and Workplace Stress
Task Overload in Employees
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Structure and Reform of Local Government in Ireland
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Local Government Reform in the Immediate Post-independence Period
Local Government Reform: 1930s-1940s
Local Government Reforms of the 1960s-1980s
Local Government Reforms from the 1990s to the Present
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Structure of Bureaucratic Decisions
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Bureaucratic Structure
Bureaucratic Decisions: The Public Policy Approach
The Rational Decision-Making Model
Bounded Rationality Model
Incremental Decision-Making Model
Process Decision-Making
Political Decision-Making
Challenges of Bureaucratic Decisions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Structure of Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Governance
Administration
Staff Management
Management Policies and Program
Programs
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Structured Program Improvement Approach
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Process
Organization of Findings
Development of Problem Statement
Exploration of Cause Related to Each Theme
Five-Whys Exercise
Identification of Strategy
Establishment of Change Indicators
Benefits Provided by the Structure
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Study of the Implementation of Indonesian Public Private Partnership Procurement Regulation, A
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Concepts and Definitions
Public Private Partnership
Stakeholders´ Approach Model
Satisfaction with Perka
Research Parameters
Pre-Test Results
Research Findings
Understanding of Perka
Source of Information
Adequacy of Information
Expected Media to Get Information on the Perka
Knowledge Level on Perka
Satisfaction Perception of Perka
Satisfaction Index of Perka
Need for a Probity Advisor
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Subgovernmentalism and Parallel Bureaucracies Within a State
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Subgovernmentalism as Subsystem Politics
Subgovernmentalism Characteristics
Subgovernmentalism Typology
Examples of the Subgovernmentalism Types
Some Potential Consequences of Subgovernmentalism
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Subjective Globalization
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Discourses of Globalization
Globalization: Material Processes and Cultural Dimensions
Cultural-Subjective Dimensions of Globalization
Approaches to Subjective Globalization
Potential Challenges for Subjective Globalization Studies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Supergovernmentalism and Parallel Global Bureaucracies over a State
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Globalization and Bureaucrcay
Functional Characteristics of Supergovernmentalism
How Does the Supergovernmentalism Emerge?
How Does Supergovernmentalism Make Numerous Parallel Bureaucracies over a Domestic Bureaucracy?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Supply Chain of Malarial Drugs in Africa
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Medicine Supply Chain in Uganda
Supply Chain Coordination and Its Dimensions
Theoretical Viewpoint
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Supreme Court and Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Overview of American Public Administration
The Role of Governance: Costs and Benefits of a Managerial Versus Political or Legal Frame in Public Administration
US Supreme Court Decisions: Administrative Implementation and Social Equality
Racial Injustices: Who Exactly Are ``We the People´´?
Affirmative Action, Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Policies, and Intersectionality
Conclusion
References
Sustainability Analysis on the Basic Medical Insurance for Urban Employees in China
Synonyms
Introduction
Free Health-Care System Before the Mid-1980s
Social Health Insurance System Since 1998
Current Problems in the UEBMI Scheme
Ways to Maintain the Financial Sustainability of the UEBMI System
Conclusion
References
Sustainability and Crisis Management
Synonyms
Introduction
Sustainability and Crisis Management: Complementary Concepts
Sustainability and Sustainability Management
Crisis and Crisis Management
Sustainability and Crisis Management: Drivers
Sustainability and Crisis Management: Joint Approaches
Sustainability and Crisis Management: Goals and Objectives
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Sustainability and Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
A Brief Outline of Sustainability
Political Processes (Politics) and Sustainability
Institutional Structures (Polity) and Sustainability
Attributes of Adaptive Institutions
Conclusion and Summary for Governing Sustainable Development
Cross-References
References
Sustainability as Organizational Strategy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The New Normal: Strategic Management and Sustainability Planning
Sustainability Planning
The Learning Organizations and Sustainability Planning
Measuring Sustainability Efforts
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Sustainability of NGO Project Benefits in Uganda
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Participation
Empowering Local Institutions
Durability of Provided Project Benefits
Addressing Broader Societal Problems
Government Support
Private Sector Players
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Sustainability Report in Local Governments
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Paradigm of Sustainable Development
Accounting and Accountability for Sustainability
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Sustainability Reporting at Universities
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Many Faces of Sustainability Reporting
Sustainability Reporting Features and Motivations
The Main Standards Applied
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Sustainable Agriculture and Urban Food Security
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction: History and Context
The Emergence of Urban Agriculture
Urban Agriculture and Food Security
Religion, Ethnicity, and Role of Women in Urban Agriculture
Case Study Example
Conclusion
References
Sustainable Development Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Development Administration as a ``Big Government´´ Instrument of Modernization
From New Development Administration to Sustainable Development Administration
Sustainable Development Administration: Invigorated Role for Public Administration Under the SDGs
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Sustainable Development and the Social Consequence of Bureaucracy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Sustainable Development Agenda 2030: An Overview
Contemporary Bureaucratic Structures, Processes, Leadership, and Perspectives: A Pinhole View
Social Consequences of Bureaucracy
Implications for Global Sustainability
Summary and Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Sustainable Energy Policy for State and Local Governments
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Sustainable Energy for Local and State Governments
Local Governments Sustainable Energy Targets
States Renewable Energy Portfolio and Targets
Measuring the Sustainable Energy Impact
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Sustainable Innovations in Ugandan Financial Institutions
Synonyms
Definition of Terms
Background to the Study
Sustainable Innovations: Conceptualization and Antecedents
Discussion
Conceptualization of Sustainable Innovations
Institutional Logics and Sustainable Innovations
Self-Organization and Sustainable Innovations
Networks and Sustainable Innovations
Organizational Resilience and Sustainable Innovations
Conclusion and Directions for Future Research
Cross-References
References
Sustainable Leadership
Synonyms
Introduction
Success and Sustainability
Success is About Persistence
Success Requires Knowing, Showing, and Leading the Way
Leadership
Purposeful Destinations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Sustainable Procurement
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Good Governance of Sustainable Procurement
Green Procurement
Ethical Considerations of Sustainable Procurement
Private Sector Sustainability in Procurement
Quadruple Bottom Line (QBL) Sustainable Procurement
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Sustaining High Performing Bureaucracies
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Using Performance Information
Human Resources Management
Communication
Financial Resource Allocation
Barriers to Performance Use
Capacity Limitations
Knowledge Limitations
Buy-In Limitations
Building a Sustainable Performance System
Financial and Human Resource Factors: Addressing Capacity
Technical Factors: Addressing the Knowledge Gap
Cultural Factors: Addressing Buy-In
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Systemics of Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Origins of Systemism and the Precepts of Systemic Thinking
The Need for a Systemic Approach to Public Administration
Public Administration, Global Social System Subsystem
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Systems and Complexity Theories of Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Systems Theory and Organizations
Critique of Systems Theory
Complexity Theory
Characteristics of Complex Systems
Organization as Complex Adaptive Systems
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
T
Tax Collections and Democracy in Developing and Developed Countries
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Conceptual Framework
Discussions on Data and Empirical Findings
Data
Summary Statistics
Relation Between Democracy and Tax Revenue
Conclusion and Implications
Cross-References
References
Tax Compliance
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction: The Essential Roles of Taxation
Forms of Tax Compliance
Enforced Tax Compliance Perspectives
Voluntary Tax Compliance Perspectives
Contemporary Fiscal Policy and Tax Administration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Tax Compliance Policy and Administration in Nigeria
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conceptual Framework for Tax Compliance
Research Method
Analysis of Data and Discussion
Tax Administration Reform Policy Recommendations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Tax Evasion
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: The Tax Evasion Problem
Forms of Tax Evasion
The Reasons for Tax Evasion
The Struggle Against Tax Evasion
Tax Evasion and the Problem of Loyalty
References
Tax Evasion: Cases of Germany
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Tax Audit and Criminal Investigation
Types of Tax Evasion and Tax Administration´s Decisions
Cases of German Tax Evasion
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Tax Evasion: Cases of the USA
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Tax Evasion and Tax Gap
Tax Audits and Criminal Investigation
Cases of US Tax Evasion
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Case 6
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Tax Expenditures as Social Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Scope of Entry
Challenges of Measurement
Tax Expenditures as Substitutes for Traditional Expenditure-Side Social Programs
Designing Tax Expenditures for Social Policy
Examples of Tax Expenditures for Social Policy
Political Dimensions of Tax Expenditures for Social Ends
Fiscal Federalism and Intergovernmental Implications of Social Policy Tax Expenditures
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Taxation and Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Taxation and Governance: Understanding Interdependent Relationship
Taxation as a Social Contract
Collective Action Problem: Coercion and Contract
Taxation, Aid and Accountability
Taxation and Corruption
Fair Taxation Versus Good Governance
Governance and Tax Compliance
Conclusion
References
Taxation Policymaking in Ghana
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Framework: ACF and the Policy Process
Methodology
A Battle of Two Giants: The Alliance and the Cadres Coalitions
The Policy Context of VAT
First Creation of VAT: A Policy Debacle
Reformulation of VAT: A Negotiated Compromise
Conclusion
References
Teaching and Training in Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Introduction
Historical Development of NME
Location
Types of Degrees Offered
Faculty Qualifications and Backgrounds
Courses and Subject Areas
Alumni Outcomes
Current Challenges and Opportunities for the Future of NME
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Teaching Ethics in Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Student Audience
The Ethical Theories and Values
The Case Studies or Dilemmas
Keeping Ethics in Public Administration Relevant to Professional Life
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Team Coordination in Crisis Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is a Team?
Teamwork
Organizational Culture
Team Leadership
Team Knowledge and Skills
Team Building
Effective Teamwork
Team Activation and Response
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Team Leadership
Synonyms
Introduction
Definitions of Team Leadership and Its Emergence
Team Leadership Functions and Processes
Team Leadership Functions
Team Processes and Needs
Contingencies in Team Leadership and Challenges
Recommendations for Effective Team Leadership
Organizational Support for Effective Leadership Functions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Technical Advantages of Bureaucracy
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
What Is Bureaucracy?
Technical Advantages of Bureaucracy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Technological Justice and Job Satisfaction: Structural Equation Modeling
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Methodology
Conclusion
Appendixes
Cross-References
References
Technology and Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Nonprofits in a Digital Age
Historical Development
How Nonprofits Use Technology
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Temporary Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Temporary Organizations as Forms: Different Types and Classifications
Temporary Organizing as Perspective: Unique Features of Temporary Organizations
Temporary Organizing as a Process: Potentialities and Challenges
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Tenure and Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Tenure
Benefits of Tenure in Public Administration
Issues and Solutions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Termination of Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Introduction
Defining Organization Termination
The Nonprofit Organization Context and Termination
Decline: The Beginning of the End
Avoiding Termination: Merger or Consolidation
Wrapping up the Nonprofit Organization: Successful Termination
Concluding Points
References
Territorial Fiscal Self-Rule
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Decoupling TFSR from Tax Power and Own-Source Revenues
The Rationale of TFSR
The System of TFSR
Same Territorial Fiscal Balance with Counterintuitive Ratios of TFSR
The Vertical Dimension of TFSR
The Structural Dimension of TFSR
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Territorial Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Territorial Management Controller
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Tasks
Relationships
Image
Types of Territorial Management Controllers
The Territorial Management Controller Analyst
The Territorial Management Controller Partner
The Territorial Management Controller Advisor
The Territorial Management Controller Strategist
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Theories of Development
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theories of Development in Economics
Theories of Development of National Systems
Classical Theories of Economic Development
Theories of Regional Development
Sustainable Development and Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Theories of Ethics
Synonyms
Introduction
Virtue Ethics
Deontological Ethical Theories
Consequentialism
Utilitarianism
Rights-Based Theories
The Ethics of Care
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Theories of Leadership
Synonyms
Introduction
Weberian Theory
Great Person Theories
Trait and Skills-Based Theories
Behavioral Theories
Relational-Based Leadership
Contingency and Situational Theory
Attribution Leadership
Team and Participative Leadership Theories
Authentic Leadership
Performance-Based Leadership
Complexity and Integrative Leadership
Conclusion
References
Theories of Revolution
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theories, Characteristics, and Causes of Revolution
Classification of Different Typologies of Revolution
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Theories of Self-Determination
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Self-determination Theory (SDT)
Public Management Implications of the Self-Determination Theory
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Theorizing Household Wellbeing in Uganda
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Case of Mr. R
Theoretical Underpinning
Conclusion
References
Theory of Commons Governance and Public Administration System
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Commons, Self-Organized Collective Actions, and Shared Strategic Orientations
Communitarianism and Governance of Public Communities
Governance and Strategic Management of Commons in the Public Administration
Conclusion
References
Theory of Policy Learning, China
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Debating Policy Transfer
Conceptual Origins
Approaches
Policy Transfer Analysis
Ideational Approaches
Policy Diffusion Studies
Inclusive Approaches
Understanding the Process of Learning and Globalization
Agents of Policy Transfer
Barriers to Transfer
Measuring Success
Policy Learning in China
Policy Learning and the Rise of the New China
Processes of Policy Learning in China
Measuring Success in China
Avoiding the ``Learning Paradox´´
Parting Shot of Policy Learning
The Way Forward
The Structure/Agency Problem
Designing Instruments of Policy-Oriented Learning
Evaluative Methods: Determining the Success or Otherwise of Processes of Policy Learning
In Conclusion: Understanding Learning and Avoiding the ``Learning Paradox´´
References
Theory of Program Evaluation, China
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Evaluation Methodology
An Overview of Competing Methods
The Scientific Approach
The Narration Approach
Participatory Approach
Mixed Method Evaluation
Why Mixed Method Evaluation Is the Best Methodology?
How to Combine Methods
Problems of the Mixed Method Approach
Evaluation Design
Assessing Evaluability
Clarifying the Goals and Objectives and Program Theory
Identifying Stakeholder Interest in Evaluation Findings
Formulating Evaluation Questions
Selecting Data-Collecting Methods
Evaluation in the Field
Process/Implementation Evaluation
Impact/Outcome Evaluation
Reporting the Results of Evaluation
The Application of the Theory of Evaluation in China
Conclusion
References
Third Gaps of SERVQUAL in Indonesia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Factual Realities of Service Delivery
Office Supplies Job Fit Phenomenon
Authorized Official Legalization Phenomenon
Policy Incoherence in Service Delivery Gaps In Indonesia
Theoretical Implication
Conclusion
References
Third-Generation University Governance Model Using Total Interpretive Structural Modeling
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Background
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Threats to Free Expression in the Digital Age
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Freedom of Expression in the Digital Age
Digital Age and the Conditions for Freedom of Expression
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Three Hundred Sixty-Degree Assessment
Synonyms
Introduction
Defining 360-Degree Feedback
Design Considerations
Using 360-Degree Feedback for Development Versus Evaluation
Arguments Against Using 360-Degree Feedback
Effectiveness
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Total Quality Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is TQM?
From Quality Control to Total Quality Management
Foundation: Quality Control 1900-1940
Quality Control During World War II (the 1940s)
Post World War II: Total Quality Control and Reconstruction in Japan
1980s Onward: Rebirth of the Quality Movement in the USA and Emergence of Total Quality Management
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Tourism Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
A Public Policy for a Multifaceted Phenomenon
A Broader Definition of Tourism Policy
Tourism Policy Objectives
Policy Instruments for Tourism Policy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Toxic Policy-Making in Iran
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Roots of Toxic Policy-Making
The Concept of Toxication
Public Choice Theory
Theorizing Toxic Policy-Making
The Context of Toxic Policy-Making
The Causal Conditions of Toxic Policy-Making
Strategies of Toxic Policy-Makers
The Consequences of Toxic Policy-Making System
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Trademark Governance in Bangladesh
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Framework
Historical Context of Trademark Governance
Domestic Implications of International Treaties and Agreements
Operational Dimensions of Trademark Governance in Bangladesh
Trademark Registration: Why Important?
Trademark Governance: From Filing to Registration
Governance in Action: From Violation to Judicial Protection
Rhetoric Versus Reality: Perspectives from a Practitioner
Conclusion
References
Trait Theory of Leadership
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Summary of Theories
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Transactional Leadership
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Major Theories
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Transference Teachers to Administration/Finance Positions
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Literature Theories
Professional Development
Job Satisfaction
The Methodology Followed in This Entry
The Findings
Reasons for the Decision to Transfer
Difficulties and Problems in the New Work
Professional Development
Job Satisfaction
Conclusion: Discussion
Cross-References
References
Transformation Metaphor of Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Distinguishing Types of Change
Change in a Public Organization
Organizational Stance and the Prospects of Change
Organizations That Resist Change
The Forces for Change
Change for a Professionally Dominated Organization
Change for Protected Organizations
Change for a Routinized Organization
Prompting Change
Mutualist Leadership and Transformations
Conclusion
References
Transformational Leadership
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Overview
Idealized Influence
Inspirational Motivation
Intellectual Stimulation
Individualized Consideration
Similar Leadership Perspectives
Outcomes
Full Range Model of Leadership
Antecedents
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Transformational Leadership Fostering Organizational Change in the Public Sector: Perspective from Bangladesh
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conceptualizing and Theoretical Underpinnings
Transformational Leadership
Organizational Change
Can Transformational Leadership Promote Organizational Change in Public Sector? A Critical Review
Evidence of a Transformational Leader Facilitating Organizational Change in Bangladesh Public Sector
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Transformational Leadership: Role of the Public Administration Training Institutes
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Idea of Transformational Leadership and Public Administration
Are We Nurturing the Right Personality (Nature)?
MBTI Framework and Interaction of Nurture vs. Nature
Practitioners´ Insights
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Transition in Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Transitions and Nonprofit Organizational Stages
Leadership Transitions
Endings and Transitions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Transnational Capitalist Class, The
Synonyms
Introduction
Theory and Research
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Transparency
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
History of Transparency
Antecedents of Transparent Practices
International Organizations, CSOs, and Other Third Parties Involved in Transparency
Benefits and Costs
Citizen Views of Transparency and Effects on Trust
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Transparency and Accountability in the Philippine Local Government
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Hypothesis
Analysis of the Chapter
Transparency Practices of LGU Personnel on the Three Domains
Domain of Decision-Making
Procurement
Access to Public Information
Extent of the Observance of Transparency Practices in LGUs
Accountability Level of the LGUs in Relation to the Extent of Observance of Transparency Practices
In Decision-Making
In Procurement
In Access to Public Information
Concluding Notes
Cross-References
References
Transparency in South American Central Governments
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Transparency, Accountability, and Socioeconomic Development
South American Countries´ Context
Data and Methodology
Results
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Transparency Measures in an International Context
Definition
Introduction
Measuring Spectra of Transparency
Historical Trajectory
New Interpretations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Trust in Government
Trust in Government: Concept and Dimensions
Trust as a Variable of Public Performance
References
Trust in Government and Income Inequality
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Definition of Political Trust
Importance of the Trust
Declining Trust in Government
Importance of Studying Income Inequality
Multilevel Models for Cross-National Analysis
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Trust in Public Institutions in Greece and Turkey
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Culture: Institutions
Trust: Institutions
Trust in Public Institutions: The Reality
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
The Turkish Presidential Model: A Hybrid System?
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Historical Development of Government Systems in Turkey: The Years of the Ottoman Empire
From The Parliamentary Government System to Presidential Parliamentarism
The State of Affairs After the 2017 Constitutional Referendum
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Turnover at the Top: Causes and Consequences of Leadership Change in Public Agencies
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Causes of Turnover
Consequences of Turnover
Recommendations Regarding Understanding Turnover
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Turnover of Personnel in the Federal Government
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Definitions
Theories
Working for the Federal Government
Causes
Consequences
Current Trends
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Types of Local Governments´ Intervention to National Politics/Central-Local Cooperation and Antagonism by Political Parties an...
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Traditional Administrative and Partisan Routes of IGR in Japan
Evolving Channels of IGR Since the 1990s
Conclusion: The Dynamics of Decentralization, Partisan Incongruence, and IGR
Cross-References
References
Typology of Agency Models of Corruption
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Typology´s Basics
The Models with Bona Fide Principal
Conflict-Free Model
Model of Bureaucratic Corruption
The Models with Mala Fide Principal
Model of Efficient Corruption
Model of Totalitarian Corruption
Quasi-Corruption Model
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
U
Uncertainty in Crisis Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Sources of Uncertainty
Types of Uncertainty
Management of Uncertainty
The Rational Model
Naturalistic Models
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Uncertainty Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Uncertainty Reduction and Uncertainty Management
Uncertainty at the Individual Level in Nonprofit Organizations
Uncertainty at the Group or Organizational Level in Nonprofit Organizations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Unconditional Transfers and Fiscal Autonomy
Synonyms
Introduction
Definitions
Do Intergovernmental Transfers Work?
More Transfers or More Locally Sourced Revenue?
What Does the Philippine Case Suggest?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Underground Railroad as Social Policy, The
Synonyms
Definitions and Keywords
History
Mechanism of the Underground Railroad
Social Policy
References
Understanding and Operationalizing Financial Accountability in Government Contracting Systems
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Operationalizing Financial Accountability as Contracting Financial Performance
Factors Ensuring Financial Accountability in Government Contracts
Contract Specificity
Competition in the Bidding Process
Monitoring
Use of Rewards and Sanctions
Government Capacity
Contractor Capacity
Contract Length
Extensive Two-Way Communication
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Understanding Governance Challenges in Africa
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Governance Challenges in Africa
Corruption
Insecurity
Democratic Erosion
Leadership Challenge
State Capture of Relevant Institutions
Conclusion
References
Understanding Performance Appraisal
Synonyms
Introduction
Purposes of Performance Appraisal
The Process of Performance Appraisal: Steps and Actors
Methods and Techniques of Performance Appraisal
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Understanding Political Dowry in Iran´s Public Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Roots of Political Dowry
Prismatic Society Theory
Cooptation Theory
New Public Administration Theory
Theorizing the Political Dowry Theory
Mechanisms of Political Dowry
Receiving Public Loans or Public Budgets
Acquisition of Public Buildings
Land and Public Facilities
Linking of Target Organization with Power Centers
Debt Relief or Tax Exemption
Transaction of Public Policies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Unintended Consequences of the Public Sector Reforms in KZN, South Africa
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Sector Reforms: A Brief Background
The New Public Management: The Theoretical Argument for Outsourcing
Reasons for Outsourcing Services
The Impact of Outsourcing
Managing Outsourced Services
Approach
Findings
Reasons for Outsourcing
Outcome of Outsourcing
Discussion
Reasons for Outsourcing
Impact of Outsourcing Cleaning Services
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
United Nations and Crisis Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
UN´s Approach to Crisis Management
UN System for Crisis Management
Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
Guiding Principles
Organizational Arrangement and Responsibilities
UN Security Council
UN ECOSOC
UN Subsidiary Bodies and Specialized Agencies
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)
World Health Organization (WHO)
United Nations International Children´s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
UN Food and Agriculture Organization (UN FAO)
The World Food Programme (WFP)
Current Challenges and Future Direction for the UN´s Crisis Management
Cross-References
References
United Nations and Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
United Nations and Governance in the Cold World Era (Since Inception Until 1990-1991)
United Nations and Governance in the Post-cold World Era and Globalization (1990-1991 Onward)
Human Security
Human Rights
Human Development Sustainable Economic Development
United Nations on (Development) Governance
Criticisms of the United Nations System
References
United Nations Programme on Public Administration, History of
Introduction
The Early Days
The Consolidation of the Programme
The Effects of the Structural Adjustment Programs and the New Public Management (NPM)
The Historic Special General Assembly Session on Public Administration and Development
The Reinvention of the United Nations Programme on Public Administration
Institutionalization of the Intergovernmental Discussion on Public Administration
Development of Quality Analytical and Policy Tools
The World Public Sector Report
The UN e-Government Survey
Promotion of Innovation and Best Practices in Governance and Public Administration
Promotion of Knowledge and Information Sharing
Building a Common Understanding on Emerging Governance and Public Administration Issues
Assistance to Interested Governments in Public Sector Capacity Building
The Role of Public Administration in the Implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration
Participatory Governance and Civic Engagement
The Role of Public Administration in the Achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Sustainable Development Goals
Conclusion
References
University Governance Models Among Developing and Developed Countries
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Literature Review
Concepts of Governance and University Governance
Distinctive Models of University Governance
State-Oriented Governance
Academic Governance
Market-Oriented Governance
Amalgam Model of University Governance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Unplanned Change and Crisis Management
Definition
Introduction
Managing Unplanned Organizational Change
Change Management Theories
Organizational Change as a Result of Disruption
Organizational Change in the Midst of Crisis Management
Leading Major Changes After a Crisis
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
UPSC Examination Papers on Public Administration in India
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Background
Focus on American Theory
An Outdated View of Theory
Mismatch between Theory and Practice
Reform Opportunities and Challenges
Cross-References
References
Urban Administration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Urban Agriculture and Public Policy
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The History of Urban Agriculture
War Gardens
Economic Downturns
Benefits of Urban Agriculture
Economic
Educational
Environmental
Health
Social
Urban Agriculture and Regulatory Challenges
Animal Regulatory Issues
Land Regulatory Issues
Overcoming the Obstacles of Urban Agricultural Policy Challenges
Success Stories
Marketing of Urban Agricultural Goods
Urban Agriculture Certifications
Organic Certifications
Livestock-Related Certifications
Urban Agriculture around the World
Asia
Africa
Latin America
Europe
Future Issues and Research
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Urban Agriculture as an Opportunity for Local and Regional Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Historical Foundations of Urban Agriculture Practices
What Makes Urban Agriculture Successful?
Available Land
Regional Coordination
Community Participation, Education, and Training
Appropriate Land Use Regulation
Inclusion in the Comprehensive Plan
Land Management
What Impedes Urban Agriculture?
Site-Related Obstacles
Restrictive Policies and Regulations
Lack of Entrepreneurial/Agricultural Expertise
Ownership Related
Organizational/Institutional Coordination
Perceptual
Facilitating Urban Agriculture Through Local and Regional Government Strategies
Institutional Arrangements
Integration of Planning Functions
Interagency Coordination
Food Security Element
Conflict Resolution
Promotion of Peri-Urban Agriculture
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Urban Community College´s Role in Addressing Income Disparity, The
Synonyms
Definition
Legacy of the Urban Crisis
Mission of Community Colleges
The Urban College Student
The Achievement Gap
Sense of Belonging as It Relates to Access and Equity
Equity and Access to College
Challenges and Opportunities
Community Colleges´ Response and Role in Addressing Income Disparity
Expand College Transfer Pathways
Close the Skills Gap
Empower Low-Income and First-Generation Students
Strengthen Partnerships with K-12
Increase Virtual Learning Opportunities
Summary
References
Urban Food and Urban Community: A Case for Reinvention
Synonyms
Operational Definitions of Key Concept
Introduction
Factors Contributing to and Exacerbated by Food Insecurity
Food Deserts
Life Span
Chronic Diseases
Mental Illness
Stigma
Urban Food Systems and Urban Food Justice
Community Intervention, and Reinvention
COVID-19´s Impact on Urban Food Insecurity
Closing Remarks
Cross-References
References
Urban Hispanic Pre-service Teachers´ Science Self-Efficacy: Science Museum-University Partnership Impact
Synonyms
Definition
Overview of Relevant Literature
Theoretical Framework
Context of the Study
Participants
Participant Profiles
Study Design
Data Collection and Analysis
Results and Discussion
Summary
Implications
Cross-References
References
Urban Innovation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Building Blocks
Public Innovation
Innovation Systems
Model of Urban Innovation
Zooming in on the Functions
Conclusions
References
Urban Local Government Finance in Bangladesh
Introduction
Structure of Urban Local Government
Urban Local Government Finance: Background and Legal Framework
Urban Local Government Income and Areas of Expenditure
Nontax Revenue
Fees and Tolls
Rents and Profits from Property
Tax Revenue
Government Grants
Urban Local Government Expenditure
Challenges in Urban Local Government Finance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Urban Local Government Service Delivery in Post-Mugabe Zimbabwe
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Urban Service Delivery History in Brief
Legislative Provisions for Local Service Delivery in Zimbabwe
Addressing Zimbabwe´s Urban Local Service Delivery Challenges
Water Supply
Road Construction and Maintenance
Primary Health Care
Urban Solid Waste Management
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Urban Nonprofit Strategy, Understanding a Mission- and a Market-Based Perspective for
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
A Mission/Vision/Values-Based Perspective
Nonprofit Marketization
The Necessity of a Market-Based Perspective
Dilemma of Nonprofit Organizations in Urban Environments
A Reconciled, Multipronged Approach for Urban Nonprofits
A Reconciled Approach to Training for Minority Nonprofit Leadership
Conclusion
References
Urban Planning Environment in Haiti: Pre and Post 2010 Earthquake
Synonyms
Introduction
Procedural Theories/Conceptual Framework of Urban Planning Approaches
Urban Planning in Haiti Between 1975 and 2005
Town Planning and Urban Intervention After the January 12, 2010, Earthquake
Conclusions: A Change Paradigm to Move into the Twenty-First Century
Recommendations to Move into the Twenty-First Century
References
Urban Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
A Coherent Urban Policy?
Types of Urban Policy
Challenges to Urban Policy
From National to Global Urban Policy
Conclusion
References
Urban Policy, Russia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Urban Sanitation: Optimizing Private Sector Involvement
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Literature Review
Research Approach
Results and Data Presentation
Biodata
Local Government Partnership with Private Actors
Lessons from an Old Burdensome System
Door-to-Door System
Central Container System (CCS)
Community Members´ Engagement with Private Waste Collectors
Factors for the Poor State of Sanitation
Indiscriminate Dumping of Waste
Uncollected Waste by Private Waste Collectors
Limited Work Force/Labor
Inadequate Logistical Support
Informal Waste Collectors
Laxity in Sanitary Inspection (SI)
Enhancing Private Collection of Waste
Inspection of Tour Schedules
Registration of Individual Solid Waste Contractors
Institutional Strengthening (by-Laws)
Discussion
Conclusion and Policy Implication
Cross-References
References
US Foster Care Administration
Synonyms
Definition
The Foster Care Children
The Foster Care System
The Effectiveness of the Foster Care System
Cross-References
References
US Office of Government Ethics
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Responsibilities of the US Office of Government Ethics
The Resolution of Financial Conflicts of Interest and the Presidential Nominee
Employee Standards of Conduct Oversight and the USOGE
The USOGE and the Restoration of Public Trust in Government
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
US Trends in Public Corruption Prosecutions
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Prosecution Charges
Types of Corrupt Behavior and Governmental Level
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Use of Debt Relief for the Education Sector in the DRC
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The DRC´s History of Debt
Did the Process of HIPC Debt Relief Increase Resources?
How Did the Debt Relief Process Impact on Education?
Mind the Political Economy of Debt Relief
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Utilitarianism
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is ``the Good´´?
Who Is Included in ``the Greatest Number´´?
Moral Objections
Act and Rule Utilitarianism
Other Issues
Cross-References
References
Utility and Consumer Behavior Theory
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Literature Review Related to Samuelson´s and Lancaster´s Work on Consumer Theory
Critical Analysis of Samuelson´s (1938) and Lancaster´s Study
Criticisms of Consumer Theory Provided by Samuelson (1938) and Lancaster
Criticisms of Samuelson´s (1938) and Lancaster´s Work by the Author of This Paper and Existing Authors
Logical Analysis of Samuelson´s (1938) Study
Logical Analysis of Lancaster´s (1966) Study
Consumption Technology and Consumer Behavior
Efficiency Substitution Effect, Intrinsic Substitutes, and Intrinsic Complementary Goods
Labor, Alternative Employment Choice, and Leisure
Policy Implications
Conclusion
References
V
Value Congruence
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Perspectives
Effects of Value Congruence
Managing Value Congruence
Value Congruence in Public Service Organizations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Value Measurement
Ranking Measures: Milton Rokeach, the RVS, and Critiques
Rating Measures: Shalom Schwartz, the SVS, and the PVQ
Rankings Versus Ratings: Empirical Work on Value Measurement
Conclusions and Recommendations
Cross-References
References
Vendor Diversity in Public Sector Purchasing
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Inclusion as Procurement Policy: Distribution, Accountability, and Development
Vendor Diversity as a Government Interest
Challenges and Opportunities
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Vertical and Horizontal Tax Competition in the USA
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
State and Local Governments in American Federalism
Tax Instruments and Competition
Subnational Governments and Horizontal Tax Competition
Theoretical Context: Allocative and Productive Efficiency
Allocative Efficiency and Tiebout
Productive Efficiency and Public Choice
Movement Towards a Unified Theory of Competition
Tax Rate Competition
Multilevel Governments and Vertical Tax Competition
Theoretical Context: The Leader and Follower Hypothesis
Benefits of Tax Competition
Demerits of Tax Competition
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Village Model for Aging in Place
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Village Model
Village Model Initiation in Oxford, Ohio
Aging in Place
Disability and Aging in Place
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Violence Against the Transgender Community: An Epidemic
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Background, Limitations, and Relevance to Public Administration
Physical and Emotional Violence
Homicide
Suicide
Sexual and Family Violence
Bullying
Structural Violence
LGBTQ Panic Defense
Antitransgender Legislation (Housing, Employment, Healthcare)
Misgendering Following Death
Moving Forward
Identifying/Addressing Root Causes
Eliminating Antitransgender Stigma
Launching Opportunities
Reducing Risk Factors
Addressing the Amplifying Impact of Intersectionality
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Virtual Employee Management: Mitigating the Impact of COVID-19 at the Workplace
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Historical Perspective of VEM
The VEM Concept
VEM Attributes
Employees
Information Technology
Institutional Legal Framework
Strategies
Challenges
Recommendations
Conclusion
References
Virtual Volunteering and Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Benefits to Public Agencies
Benefits to Volunteers
Participation
Practice and Management Challenges
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Virtue Ethics
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Overview
Unpacking Virtue and Other Key Terms
Renewed Interest in Virtue in Public Administration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Vocational Rehabilitation System in the USA, A Brief Labor History of
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Early Development (1800s-1940s)
Professionalization (1950s-1990s)
Marketing (1990s to the Present)
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Volunteer Motivations and Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Introduction
Conceptual Foundation
The Serious Leisure Perspective
Distinguishing Qualities
Motive and Activity
Economic Vis-à-Vis Volitional Definitions of Volunteering
Theoretic Typology of Volunteers and Volunteering
Popular Volunteering
Idea-Based Volunteering
Material Volunteering
Floral Volunteering
Faunal Volunteering
Environmental Volunteering
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Volunteerism in Nonprofit Sector in Palestine
Synonyms
Introduction
Volunteerism and Funding
Decline in Voluntary Sector
Difficulties that Face Volunteers
Conclusions
References
Volunteers and Volunteer Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Prevalence of Volunteering
Types of Volunteer Organizations
Who Volunteers and Why
Managing Volunteers
The Human Resources Management (HRM) Approach
Alternatives to the Human Resources Management Approach
Public Sector Volunteers
Volunteering, Social Capital, and Citizenship
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Volunteers in the Public Sector
Volunteers: Who and What
Defining Volunteers in the Public Sector
Volunteer Involvement in the Public Sector: Magnitude and Scope
The Institutional and Legal Environment of Volunteer Involvement in the Public Sector
Human Resource Management of Volunteers in the Public Sector
Conclusion
References
W
Weber, Max, and the Civil Servant
Synonyms
Definition of Public Servant
Introduction
The Professional Civil Servant
Conclusion
References
Welfare Effects, Government Policies, and Deadweight Loss
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Overview of Fiji Electricity Authority (FEA) and Samoa Electric Power Corporation (SEPC)
Fiji Electricity Authority
Samoa Power Corporation (SEPC)
Theoretical Framework and Literature Review
Literature Review
Deadweight Loss and Monopoly Behavior
Impact of Government Regulation on Monopoly Behavior
Data Collection and Model Specification
Data Collection
Model Specification
Research Findings and Discussions
Impact of Tax on Deadweight Loss
Impact of Fuel Levy Subsidy on Deadweight Loss
Conclusions, Theoretical Contributions and Policy Implications
References
Whistleblowers in Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Whistleblower Types
Whistleblower Legislation and Enforcement
Good Practices That Support Whistleblowing
International Approaches
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Whistleblowing
Whole of Government Accounting
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Multiplicity of the Consolidation Approaches
The Usefulness and the Users
International Experiences
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Women and Politics Under Bureaucracy Section
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Status of Women in Local Politics in Ghana
Factors That Affect Women´s Political Participation
Empowerment as a Strategy for Enhancing Women´s Political Participation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Women and Work-Life Balance in Federal Law Enforcement
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Background
Federal Work-Life Programs
Research and Managerial Support for Work-Life Balance
Federal Law Enforcement
Women and Work-Life Balance in Federal Law Enforcement
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Women in Parliamentary Politics: Comparing the Barriers to Their Participation in Australia and Bangladesh
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Methodology
Political Participation of Women in Australia and Bangladesh
Barriers to Political Participation of Women
Family Responsibility
Lack of Finance
Violence, Harassment, and Security
The Nature of Politics
Role of Political Parties
Socio-Cultural Barriers
Self-Confidence
The Role of the Mass Media
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Women in the Middle East
Synonyms
Introduction
Education and Illiteracy
Economic Participation
Political Participation
Arab Spring and Women
Recommendations
Cross-References
References
Women Leaders
Synonyms
Introduction
Background
Stereotypes and Unconscious Bias
Mentoring, Sponsoring, and Networking
Opting Out and the Leaky Pipeline
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Women´s History and Governance
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Governance in Women´s History
Background
Medieval and Modern Age
From the French Revolution to the Present Time
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Women´s Representativeness in Government and Politics, Korea
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Road Toward Women´s Rise to Power in the Public Sector
Trends and Features of Women´s Representativeness in Government and Politics
Women in the Civil Service
Women in Politics
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Work from Home in the Public Sector Context Post-Covid-19: Challenges and Barriers
Synonyms
Crisp Definitions of the Key Title Words
Introduction
Work from Home
Challenges of Remote Work in the Public Sector
Institutionalizing Work from Home
Performance Management of Work from Home
Human Resources Management of Work from Home
Enhancing Online Civic Service
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Workers´ Mental Health Knowledge
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Method
Study Site
Study Design and Purpose
Eligibility Criteria
Recruitment
Ethical Considerations
In-Depth Interviews
Coding of Interview Data
Presenting Data
Study Participants
Mental Health Knowledge
Mental Health Challenges
Coping Mechanisms
Mental Health Needs and Support Systems
Discussion of Findings
Limitations of the Study
Conclusion and Recommendations
Cross-References
References
Working from Home in the Australian Public Sector Before, During, and Post-COVID-19
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
History of Working from Home
Perceived Benefits of Working from Home
Perceived Challenges of Working from Home
Working from Home and Returning to the Workplace during the Pandemic
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Working Style Assessment (WSA): The Gender Difference in Thai Population
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Original WSA Version
Thai WSA Version
Translation and Cultural Adaptation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Work-Life Balance Among Ethnic Minorities: A Case Study of Hong Kong
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Ethnic Minority Workers in Hong Kong: Difficulties and Dilemma
Government Responsibility on Securing Work-Life Balance of Ethnic Minorities
Family-Friendly Policies: A Possible Relief for the Working Ethnic Minorities
The Impact of Family-Friendly Programs on the Minorities Well-Being
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Work-Life Balance and Its Challenges, Iran
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Work-Family Models
Work-Family Conflict Model
Work-Family Enrichment Model
Work-Family Balance Model
Work-Family Balance Challenges in Iran
Model Designing and Conceptualization Challenges
Cultural Challenges
Economic Challenges
Work-Family Balance Policies and Regulations
Iran´s General Policies on Family
Women´s Rights and Policies
Women´s Rights in Iran Charter of Citizens´ Rights
Charter of Women´s Rights and Responsibilities in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Women´s Participation Challenges
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Work-Life Balance and Preferences for Government Employment
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Public Versus Private Sector Employment
Person-Environment Fit
Demographic Characteristics
Work-Life Balance
Country-Level Considerations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Work-Life Communication in Nonprofit Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Macrosocietal Discourses
Organizational Discourses
Relational Discourses
Intraindividual Discourses
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Work-Life Programs
Synonyms
Brief Definition or Concept Description of Work-Life Programs
Introduction
Looking Back and Surveying the Past
Significance and Benefits of Work-Life Programs
Analysis of Work-Life Benefits Programs
Challenges to Adoption, Access, and Usage
Strategies for Successful Implementation
Mapping Future Projections and Lessons
Conclusion
References
Workplace Adversity
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Workplace Adversity
Traditional Organizational Responses to Workplace Adversity
Alternative Organizational Responses to Workplace Adversity
Alternative Ways to Learn About Workplace Adversity
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Workplace Relevance of Professional Standards to Practitioners
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Professional Standards of Practice
Workplace Relevance of Professional Standards
Conclusion
References
Workplace Spirituality
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Overview
Values Framework of Workplace Spirituality
Benevolence
Equality
Generativity
Humanism
Integrity
Interdependence
Justice
Mutuality
Receptivity
Respect
Responsibility
Trust
Motivation
Commitment
Adaptability
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
WTO and Governance
Synonyms
Introduction
Definition
GATT to WTO: The Changing Role of Trade Governance
Trade Governance Within WTO
Dispute Settlement and Governance
WTO, Trade Governance, and Development
Conclusion
References
Y
Youth Unemployment in Egypt
References