Global Climate Change and Human Health: From Science to Practice

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Foreword: Climate Change and the Pandemic
The Social Injustice of the Pandemic
Climate Justice
Leading
References
Acknowledgements
The Editors
The Contributors
Commentary on COVID-19, Climate Change, and Human Health
Climate Change Exposure Pathways and COVID-19
Increasing Temperature
Air Quality
Concomitant Stressors
Climate Change and Future Pandemics
New and Emerging Pathogens
Migration and Vulnerable Populations
Water
Crucial Turning Point
References
Chapter 1 Primer on Climate Science
Scientific Consensus
Weather, Climate Variability, Climate Change, and Scientific Theory
Energy Balance
Greenhouse Gases
The Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse Gas Global Warming Potential
Solar Radiation Cycles
Summary
Evidence of a Changing Climate
Temperature
Seasonal Temperature Cycles
Hydrologic Cycle
Sea Ice Extent, Sea Level, and Ocean Acidification
Urban Heat Island
Summary
Projected Future Climate Changes
Increasing Temperatures
Extreme Heat Events
Hydrologic Cycle
Sea Ice Extent, Sea Level, Ocean Acidification, Glacial Extent, and Snow Cover
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 2 Climate-Related Disasters: The Roleof Prevention for Managing Health Risk
Introduction
Definition of a Climate-Related Disaster
Global Incidence of CRDs
Global Trends
Global Trends in Disasters
Global Trends in Disaster Management
Global Trends in Human Development
Public Health Impact of Climate-Related Disasters, in General
The Relative Impact of CRDs
Mortality Associated with CRDs
Morbidity Associated with CRDs
Public Health Impact of Climate-Related Disasters, According to Hazard
Managing the Health Risk of Climate-Related Disasters
Disaster Risk Management
Disease Management
Disease Prevention
Summary
References
Chapter 3 Health Impacts of Extreme Heat
Introduction
Heat-Triggered Health Effects
Heat Illness
Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases
Respiratory Diseases
Birth Outcomes (Reproductive and Developmental Effects)
Mental Health and Neurological Outcomes
Infectious Diseases
Other morbidity studies
Mortality
Indirect Health Impacts of Extreme Heat
Factors Influencing Health Effects of Heat Exposure
Vulnerable Populations
Urban Heat Island
Local Climate
Occupational Exposures
Adaptation, Mitigation, and Resilience
Summary
References
Chapter 4 Climate Change Impacts on the Hydrologic Cycle and Waterborne Diseases
Changes in Hydrology Caused by Climate Change
Water Temperature
Precipitation
Droughts
Flooding
Waterborne Pathogens Sensitive to Climate Change
Campylobacter
Salmonella
Vibrio (noncholera)
Cryptosporidium
Norovirus
Other infectious diseases
Adaptation Strategies
Summary
Acknowledgment
Online Resources
References
Chapter 5 Degraded Air Quality
Climate Change and Air Quality
Air Pollutants Affected by Climate Change
Ground-Level Ozone
Particulate Matter
Wildfires
Aeroallergens
Drought
Drought Effects on Respiratory Health
Coccidiomycosis and Respiratory Health
Mold and Fungi
Air Pollution—Vulnerable Populations
Double-Whammy for People with Asthma
Future Projections of Climate Change Effects on Air Pollution
Mitigation: Health Benefits of Reducing Carbon Pollution and Associated Co-Pollutant Air Pollution
Achieving Cleaner Air
Triple Wins: Cutting Carbon Pollution and Air Pollution, and Improving Community Health
Cutting Pollution with Walkable, Bikeable, Active Transit in New York City
Adaptation: Climate Health Preparedness and Reducing Air Pollution Vulnerability
Conclusion
Online Resources
References
Chapter 6 Potential Risks from Cyanobacterial and Algal Blooms
Introduction
Toxin Producing Groups of Algae
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Haptophytes
Euglenoids
Cyanobacteria
Effects of Cyanobacterial and Algal Toxins
How Will Climate Change Affect Algal and Cyanobacterial Blooms and Toxins?
Temperature and Nutrients
Polar Marine Environments and Algal Blooms
Dust Storms, Deserts and Winds
Long-Term Solutions and Remediation
Emerging Questions and Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 Climate Change, Carbon Dioxide, and Public Health: The Plant Biology Perspective
Introduction
Direct Consequences
Aeroallergens
Contact Dermatitis
Physical Contact
Toxicology
Indirect Consequences
Food Security
Pharmacology
Air Quality
Pesticide Use
Uncertainties and Research Priorities
Aerobiology and Public Health
Contact Dermatitis
Toxicology
Food Security
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Climate and Its Impacts on Vector-Borne Diseases
Arboviruses
Aedes Mosquito Vector
Ae. aegypti and albopictus Vector Distribution Globally
Climate Impact on Arbovirus Transmission
Climate Change and Arbovirus Risk
Malaria
Etiology/Disease in Humans
Anopheles Vector Distribution
Climate Change and Malaria Risk
Lyme Disease in the United States
Etiology
Linkages to the Climate
Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 9 Food Systems Transformation: Toward Sustainable and Healthy Diets for All
Overview
Impacts of Climate Change and Variability on Food Security and Malnutrition
Impacts on Food Security
Impacts on Malnutrition
CO2 and Nutritional Quality
Vulnerability to Climate Impacts on Food Insecurity and Malnutrition
Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases and Emerging Risks
Integrated Multisectoral Adaptation for Malnutrition
Transformation of the Food System
Access to Health, Nutrition Services, and Healthy Environments
Nutrition-Sensitive Social Protection
Early Warning Systems to Prevent Adverse Effects on Malnutrition
Nutrition-Sensitive Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Cross-Cutting Factors of Successful Climate Resilient Pathways to Address Malnutrition
Women’s Empowerment
Sustainable and Healthy Food Systems and Dietary Patterns
Co-Benefits of Healthy and Sustainable Diets
Food System Transformation
Conclusions
References
Chapter 10 Climate Change and Population Mental Health
Overview
Climate Change Effect on Mental Health: Mechanisms
High Ambient Temperature and Heatwaves
Natural Disasters
Forced Migration
Economics, Geopolitics, and Violent Conflict
Physical Health
A Disproportionate Burden
Common Causes of Climate Change and Mental Health
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Worker Health
Introduction
Hazards
Increased Ambient Temperature
Air Pollution
Ultraviolet Exposure
Extreme Weather and Natural Disasters
Vector-Borne Diseases, Expanded Habitats, and Pests
Industrial Transitions and Emerging Industries
Migrant Workers and Climate Change
Adaptation and Response
Worker, Family, and Societal Burden
Increased Health Care and Workers’ Compensation Costs
Worksite and Public Health Interventions
Lost Work Days and Lower Productivity
Worker Well-Being
Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 Women’s Health and Climate Change: The Impact of Gender
Introduction
Direct Health Impacts of Climate Change on Women
Temperature
Air Quality
Climate-Related Disasters and Forced Migration
Food Insecurity
Water Scarcity
Infectious Diseases and Vector-Borne Illness
The Role of Women and Gender in Climate Change Policy and Planning
Summary
References
Chapter 13 Climate Modeling for Health Impacts
Greenhouse Gases and Radiative Forcing
What Is a Global Climate Model?
Global Climate Models and Global Change Science
Summary and Closing Remarks
References
Chapter 14 Climate and Health Vulnerability Assessments: New Approaches and Tools for Adaptation Planning
Introduction
The Role of Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments in Preparing for Climate Change Impacts on Health
What Are the Benefits of Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments?
Methods for Undertaking a Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment
The Path Forward: Lessons Learned and Opportunities for Undertaking Future Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments
Assessing New Risks to Health
The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Climate Change and Health Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments
What Can Indigenous Knowledge Bring to Health Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments?
How Can Indigenous Knowledge Be Included in Health Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments?
What Constitutes Meaningful Inclusion of IK?
Summary
References
Chapter 15 Climate Change Health Impact Projections:Looking into the Future
A Conceptual Overview of Climate Change Health Impact Projections
Modeling
The Role of GCM Projections
The Role of Scenarios
Characterization of Projected Exposures
Choosing and Quantifying Exposure–Outcome Associations
Projecting Health Impacts of Extreme Weather Events
Comparisons and the Counterfactual
Merging Data Streams in the Climate Change Health Impact Model
Climate Change Health Impact Projections in the Health Literature
Characterization of Risk
Frontiers in Climate Change Health Impact Projection
Summary
References
Chapter 16 Protecting Environmental Justice Communities from the Detrimental Impacts of Climate Change
Introduction
Climate Resiliency and Environmental Justice
Cumulative Impacts, Environmental Justice, and Climate Change
Air Quality, Environmental Justice, and Climate Change
Heat Waves, Environmental Justice, and Climate Change
Extreme Weather Events and Environmental Justice
Evacuation
Impacts
Recovery
Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico
Indigenous Rights and Climate Change
Next Steps
Summary
References and Further Reading
Chapter 17 Climate Change Communication
Introduction
Public Understanding of Climate Change and Principles of Climate Change Communication
Communicating the Impacts of Climate Change
Communicating Climate Change through a Focus on Public Health
Summary
References and Further Reading
Chapter 18 International Perspective on ClimateChange Adaptation
Introduction
Historical Perspective
International Framework for Adaptation
Assessing Adaptation Needs and Options
NAPAs and NAPs
Adaptation Options
Incremental Adaptation: Improving Public Health Functions
Transitional Adaptation
Costs of Adaptation and/or of Inaction
Co-benefits of Health Adaptation Strategies
Summary
References
Chapter 19 Health Co-Benefits of Climate Mitigation Strategies
Introduction
Climate Mitigation
Estimating the Health Co-Benefits of Climate Mitigation
Modeling the Health Effects of Mitigation
Estimation Challenges
Climate Mitigation Health Co-Benefits by Sector
Electricity and Energy Generation
Transportation
Food and Agriculture
Reproductive Health and Other Areas
Challenges and Considerations
Summary
References
Chapter 20 International Institutions and GlobalGovernance on Climate Change
Introduction
Challenges to Creating Effective Health-Climate Policies
International Governance Structures Addressing Climate Mitigation
Mitigation: Carbon-Related Strategies
Mitigation: Non-Carbon-Related Strategies and Short-Lived Climate Pollutants
An Introduction to Legal Instruments Relevant to the Health-Climate Nexus
Mitigation: Both Carbon and Non-Carbon-Related Strategies
The Kyoto Protocol and Post-Kyoto Negotiations
The Paris Agreement
Mitigation: Non-Carbon-Related Strategies
Climate Negotiations: What Is It Like to Be in the Room?
Conclusion
References and Further Reading
Chapter 21 Climate Change and the Right to Health
Introduction
What Are Human Rights?
What Is the Right to Health?
Climate Crisis Impacts on the Right to Health
Unjust Disparities
Human Rights-Based Approaches to the Climate Crisis
Identification of Relevant Laws, Norms, and Standards
Ensuring People’s Fundamental Entitlements to Dignity, Equality, and Nondiscrimination
Participation
Accountability
International Assistance and Cooperation
Respect, Protect, and Fulfill All Human Rights
Progressive Realization
Obligations of Immediate Effect
Available, Accessible, Acceptable, and Good Quality (AAAQ) Health Services, Goods, and Facilities
Strengthening Health Systems
Summary
References
Chapter 22 Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction
Overview
Climate-Related Disasters and Their Impacts
The 2015 United Nations Landmark Agreements
Description of 2015 UN Landmark Agreements
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
Global Targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030
WHO’s Role in the Implementation of the Sendai Framework
Roles and Responsibilities of Health Care Professionals in Implementing the Sendai Framework for Climate Change Adaptation
Summary
References
Chapter 23 Climate Change and Forced Migration
Introduction
The Decision to Migrate
Climate Change and Migration: A Geographic Perspective
International Frameworks and Conventions Governing Forced Migrant Protection
Climate Change Risks and Forced Migration
Food Security
Water Availability
Land Availability: Sea Level Rise and Desertification
Extreme Climate Events
Infectious Disease
Summary
Online Resources
References
Chapter 24 Valuing Climate Change Impacts on Human Health
Introduction: Why Do We Value the Climate Change Impacts on Human Health?
Economic Valuation: How Do We Value the Climate Change Impacts on Human Health?
Health Impact Functions
Benefit-Cost vs. Cost-Effectiveness Analyses
Benefit Estimates
Monetizing Mortality and Morbidity
Discounting
Economic Models: Projecting Future Climate Damages
Challenges
Modeling Approaches
Examples of Health Damage Estimates from Climate Change
Extreme Temperatures
Air Quality
Food, Water, and Vector-Borne Health Risks
Summary and Regional Variations
Summary
References
Chapter 25 Health Care System Resilience
Introduction
Definitions
Impacts of Extreme Weather Events on Health Care Systems
Tropical Cyclones
Wildfires
Flooding
Extreme Heat
Natural Systems and Resources
Sea Level Rise
Water Scarcity
International Frameworks for Health Care System Resilience
WHO Operational Framework for Building Climate-Resilient Health Systems
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR)
The UNFCCC Nairobi Work Programme and National Adaptation Plans
Green and Resilient Health Care
Case Studies
Economics and Equity: Closing the Gaps in Health System Resilience in Low-Income Countries
Research Needs
Summary
References
Chapter 26 Health Professional Climate Engagement
Introduction
Social Movements
The Special Challenge of Climate Change
Stories of Success: Historical Social Movements
Why Health Professionals Should Advocate for Climate Solutions
Advocacy within the Health Care Sector
Why Start with the Health Care Sector?
Health Care’s Responsibility
Why Is the Health Care Sector Influential?
Health Care’s Opportunity
How Health Professionals Can Engage within Their Health Care Facility
Clinically Sustainable Health Care
Health Professional Leadership for Broader Social Change
Advocating with Policymakers
Effective Communication with Policymakers
Amplifying the Voice of the Health Professional
Leveraging the Media to Amplify the Message
Traditional Media Outreach
Just Show Up
Social Media
Individual Climate Action
Encouraging Trends
Climate Change in Health Program Curricula
Medical Society and Health Organization Leadership
State Health Professional Climate Advocacy
Civil Disobedience
Fossil Fuel Divestment
Hospital and Health System Leadership
Summary
Online Resources
References
Chapter 27 Specific Impacts upon Human Health
Introduction
Cardiovascular Disease
Coronary Artery Disease, Myocardial Infarction, and Cardiac Arrest
Atrial Fibrillation
Respiratory Disease
Asthma
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Pneumonia
Coccidiomycosis
Pneumonic Plague
Pulmonary Hantavirus
Renal Disease
Acute Kidney Injury
Global Warming Nephropathy, Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Origin (CKDu), and Mesoamerican Nephropathy
Nephrolithiasis
Urinary Tract Infections
Neurologic Disease
Stroke
Dementia
Konzo and Neurolathyrism
Ciguatera
Reproductive Health and Disease
Birth Anomalies, Preterm Delivery, and Fetal Death
Sexual Violence and Domestic Violence
Access to Women’s Health Care
Ocular Disease
Retinal Detachment
Cataracts
Ocular Infectious Disease
Hematology and Oncology
Malignancy
Psychiatric Disease
Suicide
Schizophrenia and Antipsychotic Medication Safety
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Depression
Anxiety
Dermatologic Disease
Cutaneous Infections
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
Skin Cancer
Gastrointestinal Disease
Gastroenteritis
Hepatitis A
Intestinal Schistosomiasis
Endocrine Disease
Diabetes
Multisystem Heat-Related Illness
Heat Exhaustion
Heatstroke
Infectious Disease, Immunology, and Toxicology
Summary
References
Chapter 28 Climate Change and Loss of Biodiversity
Introduction
Causes and Consequences of Biodiversity Loss
Historical Perspective
Biodiversity Loss in the Twenty-First Century
Marine and Coastal Ecosystems
Polar Ocean Ecosystems
Tropical Ocean Ecosystems
Coastal Ecosystems
Rainforest Ecosystems
Desert Ecosystems
Mountain Ecosystems
Summary
References
Chapter 29 Ecosystem Services
What Are Ecosystem Services?
How Does Climate Change Affect Ecosystem Services that Have an Impact on Human Health?
Provisioning Services
Regulating Services
Cultural Services
Ecosystem Solutions that Reduce Climate Change Impacts on Human Health
Summary
References
Chapter 30 Climate Change and Health in Alaska: How Do Things Compare with the “Lower 48”?
Introduction
Environmental Change in Alaska
How Is Alaska Different from the Contiguous United States?
Climate-Related Health Impacts in Alaska
Accidents and Injuries due to Changing Winter Conditions
Air Quality Impacts
Food Safety, Nutrition, and Distribution
Vector-Borne Disease
Emerging Zoonotic Diseases
Mental Health and Well-Being
Temperature-Related Death and Illness
Water-Related Shortages and Illnesses
OneHealth: An Alaskan Framework for Addressing the Health Impacts of Climate Change
Surveillance for Climate-Related Exposures and Health Outcomes in Alaska
Climate Adaptation Planning in Alaska
Next Steps in Addressing Climate and Health in Alaska
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 31 The Global Energy Transition and Public Health in a Changing Climate
Introduction
Current Trends in Global Energy Supply
The Energy Transition and Climate Change
Global Energy Poverty and the SDGs
Clean Energy Transitions and Health
Conclusion
References
Loss of the World’s Coral Reefs and What It Means for Human Health and Well-Being: Threats to Seafood Security, Nutrition, Disease Risk, Physical Hazards, and Livelihoods
Key Concepts
Introduction
Summary
Key Terms
References
The Nurses Climate Challenge: A Model for Health Professional Climate Action
Key Concepts
Climate Affects Health
The Nurses Climate Challenge
Diversity, Breadth, and Depth
Lessons Learned and Growing the Challenge
References
Glossary
Index
EULA