Global Climate Change and Environmental Refugees: Nature, Framework and Legality

Contents
1 Aftermath of Calamities on Migration
1 Introduction
1.1 Who Are the Climate-Induced Migrants?
1.2 Emergence of Asian Mega Cities
2 Examples of Climate-Induced Migration from Across the Globe
2.1 Central America
2.2 Bangladesh
2.3 Indonesia
2.4 Africa
3 Climate Change and Migration in India
4 Ground Story of Tripura
4.1 History of Climatic Disasters in Tripura
4.2 Issues and Challenges Faced by the Indigenous Communities
4.3 Experiences of People at the Grass-Root Level
5 Conclusion
References
2 Historical Evolution of Climate Refugee Concepts
1 Introduction
2 Understanding the Term—Climate Refugees?
3 Conventions, Protocols and International Law Instruments Related to Climate Refugees
3.1 Status of Refugees as Per the 1951 United Nation Convention
3.2 The Inadequacy of 1951 Convention in Addressing Issues of Environmental Migration
3.3 OAU Convention for Specific Problems in Africa
3.4 Cartagena Declaration
4 Developments in 21st Century
5 An Indian and South Asian Perspective
6 Conclusion
References
3 Major Impact of Global Climate Change in Atmospheric, Hydrospheric and Lithospheric Context
1 Introduction
1.1 Lithosphere
1.2 Hydrosphere
1.3 Atmosphere
2 Climate Change Effects
2.1 Effect on Biodiversity
2.2 Effect on Plants
2.3 Effect on Soil Microorganism
2.4 Effect on Agriculture
2.5 Effect on Animal
2.6 Effect on Migratory Species
2.7 Effect on Waterbodies
2.8 Effects on Atmosphere
3 Conclusions
References
4 Drivers of Climate Migration
1 Introduction
1.1 Understanding the Extent of Climate Migration and Adaptation Options
2 Drivers of the Climatic Migration
2.1 Direct Drivers
2.2 Indirect Drivers
3 Conclusion
References
5 Climate Change, Gender and Traditional Livelihoods: Some Reflections from India
1 Introduction
2 Gendered Perspective on Climate Change
3 Climate Change: Impacts on Traditional Livelihoods and Women
4 Sustainable Pathways Towards Adaptation and Mitigation
5 Gendering Policy Discourse on Climate Change
6 Conclusion
References
6 Forced Migration of Farmers in Eco-City: The Investigation of Environmental Justice in New Chandigarh
1 Introduction
2 Understanding Eco-Cities
3 Multi-Dimensions of Environmental Justice
4 New Chandigarh as an Eco-City: Understanding the Context
5 Finding and Discussion
5.1 Eco-City of New Chandigarh: Exploitation of Nature
5.2 Eco-City of New Chandigarh: Affordability and Denied Access to Locals Resulted in Livelihood Issues
5.3 Eco-City of New Chandigarh: Problems of Subalterns and Challenges of Development
5.4 Devastation of Ecological Sensitivity of New Chandigarh Lead to ‘Necrospace’ in Future
6 Conclusion
References
7 Climate Change Induced Migration with Special Emphasis on the Coastal Zones in India
1 Introduction
2 Climatic Factors
3 Drivers of Migration
3.1 Types of Natural Disasters
3.2 Understanding Migration
3.3 Voluntary to Forced Migration
3.4 Temporary to Permanent Migration
3.5 Internal to International Migration
3.6 Vulnerability to Resilience Migration
4 Variables
5 Coastal Vulnerability
5.1 Indian Coast and Its Vulnerability
5.2 Statistics
5.3 Sundarbans, West Bengal
5.4 Mumbai, Maharashtra
5.5 Chennai, Tamil Nadu
6 Conclusion
References
8 Climate Change and Farmers-Pastoralists Conflict in Nigeria: A Development-Centered Analysis
1 Introduction
2 How Climate Change Defines Farmers—Pastoralists Conflict
2.1 The Impact on Livelihood and Food Security
2.2 Climate Change Induced North–South Migration of Herders
2.3 Climate Change and Nigeria’s Farmers—Pastoralists Conflicts
3 Livelihood Protection and Food Security: The Role of Technology
3.1 Technology and Sedentary Pastoralism: Comparative Assessment
3.2 Development-Centered Analysis
4 Conclusion
References
9 Analysing Climate Migration Dynamics in the Caribbean Through the Iota Hurricane: Shock Doctrine, Capitalism of Disasters and Development
1 Introduction
1.1 The Context of Hurricane Iota and Capitalism of Disasters
1.2 The Three Neoliberal Waves
1.3 Key Elements of Capitalism of Disaster’s Compared
1.4 The Academic Debate Around Migration and Climate Migrants
2 Background
2.1 Exclusion in the Caribbean
2.2 Alliances in the Caribbean
3 Methods—Approach
4 Analysis and Results
4.1 The Before and After
4.2 Right to Health
4.3 Food Sovereignty
4.4 Resource Exploitation
4.5 Development Projects
4.6 Discussion of the Neoliberal Waves
5 Conclusion
References
10 Climate Refugees: Arriving at a Possible Framework
1 Introduction
2 What’s in a Name?—Refugees, Asylum Seekers, and Migrants
3 Migration from a Historical Perspective
3.1 Who Qualifies as a Climate Refugee?
4 The North–South Divide
5 A Tale of Two States: Bangladesh and The Netherlands
5.1 Bangladesh
5.2 The Netherlands
6 Conclusion
References
11 Parameters for the Study of Climate Refugees
1 Introduction
2 Looking at the Parameters for Climate Refugees in 2030 SDGs Perspective
3 Methodology: Alternative Parameters for Determining Climate Refugees Through 2030 Sustainable Development Goals
4 Conclusion
References
12 Exploring Legal Avenues for the Protection of Environmental Migrants Through a Rights Lens
1 Introduction
2 Impact of the Terminology
3 International Refugee Law
3.1 Applicability of International Conventions
4 Protecting Climate Migrants Under the Human Rights Framework
4.1 Applicability of Various Rights in the Context of Climate Migration
4.2 Enforcement of Human Rights: State’s Obligation to Preserve and Protect
5 Regional Conventions and Principles Specific to Climate Migrants
6 Conclusion: The Way Forward
References
13 Internally Displaced Persons and the Right-Based Approach: An Inquiry into the Legal Platforms of the African Union
1 Introduction
2 Environment-Related Displacement: A Snapshot
3 Kampala Convention: A Guideline for IDPs
3.1 Kampala Convention
4 Right-Based Approach
4.1 1998 Guiding Principle
4.2 Pinheiro Principles
4.3 IASC Framework
5 Conclusion and Discussion
References
14 Climate-Induced Migration in the WIO Countries and Its Regional Implication
1 Introduction
2 The Theoretical Background of Climate Migration
3 Climate Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa
4 Brief of WIO Region
4.1 Climate Vulnerabilities of the Region
4.2 Regional Realities of the WIO Region
4.3 Different Regional Arrangements in the WIO Region
5 Regional Environment Governance and Climate Refugees
6 Conclusion
References