Global Agricultural Production: Resilience to Climate Change

Contents
Chapter 1: Climate Change: An Overview
1.1 What Is Climate Change?
1.2 Climate Change and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP)
1.2.1 Application of CMIP
1.3 Radiative Forcing (RF) and Climate Change
1.4 Drivers of Climate Change
1.4.1 Anthropogenic Drivers
1.4.1.1 Greenhouse Gases
1.4.1.2 Water Vapours
1.4.1.3 Ozone
1.4.1.4 Aerosols
1.4.1.5 Land Use Change (LUC)
1.4.1.6 Contrails
1.4.2 Natural Drivers
1.4.2.1 Solar Irradiance
1.4.2.2 Volcanoes
1.5 Scenario Analysis (RCP, SSP and SPA)
1.6 Indicators of Climate Change
1.7 Humidity as a Driver of Climate Change
1.8 Solar Dimming
1.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Climate Change, Agricultural Productivity, and Food Security
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Agricultural Productivity
2.3 Food Security
2.3.1 Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security
2.3.2 Global Food Security
2.3.3 Food Security in Pakistan
2.4 Climate Change and Food Security: Impacts
2.4.1 Climate Factors Affecting Food Security
2.4.2 Climate Change Extreme Events
2.4.3 Understanding Climate Change Extreme Events to Ensure Food Security
2.4.4 Climate Change and Rainfed Wheat Production: Simulation Study
2.4.5 Changing Planting Window: Adaptation Option for Enhancing Food Security
2.5 Potential Options to Manage Food Security and Climate Change
2.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Climate Change and Process-Based Soil Modeling
3.1 Soils and Climate Change
3.2 Understanding Soil
3.3 Soil Modules in Different Models
3.3.1 AquaCrop
3.3.2 Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM)_Soil Module
3.3.3 Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT)_Soil Module
3.3.4 CropSyst_Soil
3.3.4.1 CropSyst Carbon/Nitrogen Model
3.3.5 STTCS (Simulateur mulTIdisciplinaire Pour les Cultures Standard)
3.3.6 Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC)
3.3.7 WOrld FOod Studies Crop Simulation Model (WOFOST)
3.3.8 DNDC (DeNitrification DeComposition)
3.4 Monitoring Soil Through Remote Sensing
3.5 Models Applications
3.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Soil Microbes and Climate-Smart Agriculture
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Soil Microbes and Sustainable Agriculture
4.3 Soil Microbes and Carbon Sequestration
4.4 Agricultural Practices and Carbon Sequestration
4.5 Climate Change and Soil Health Indicators
4.6 Soil Microbe Mitigating Climate Variability
4.7 Climate-Smart Agriculture
4.8 Soil Microbes and Global Agriculture
4.9 Microbial Contribution in Climate-Smart Agriculture
References
Chapter 5: Climate Change Impacts on Legume Crop Production and Adaptation Strategies
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Nutritional Benefits of Legumes
5.3 Area, Production and Yield of Grain Legumes
5.4 Legumes and Ecosystem Services
5.5 Pulses: The Dry Edible Legumes
5.6 Pulse Benefits to Climate
5.7 Pulses as Food Security Boosters
5.8 Impact of Climate Change on Pulse Production
5.9 Institutes Working on Pulse Improvement
5.10 Quantification of Climate Variability Impacts on Legume Crops
5.10.1 Impact of Elevated CO2 Concentration eCO2 on Legume Crops
5.10.2 Impact of High Temperature on Legume Crops
5.10.3 Impact of Water Stress on Legume Crops
5.11 Modelling and Simulation
5.12 Adaptation Options for Legumes to Climate Variability
5.13 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Cereal Crop Modeling for Food and Nutrition Security
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Global Challenges and Solutions to Ensure Food Security
6.3 Food Security and Nutrition
6.4 Keeping Away from Diversity Loss and Changing Land Use
6.5 Adaptation and Mitigation to Climate Change
6.6 The Role of Cereal Crop Models
6.7 Principle Disciplines and Integrating Innovations
6.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Changing Climate Scenario: Perspectives of Camelina sativa as Low-Input Biofuel and Oilseed Crop
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Oilseed and Biofuel Crops Under Changing Climate
7.3 History
7.3.1 Native Range
7.3.2 Range
7.4 Classification
7.4.1 Taxonomy and Genetics
7.5 Plant Growth
7.5.1 Morphology
7.5.2 Phenology
7.5.3 Growth of Camelina: Overall Depiction
7.5.4 BBCH Scale for C. sativa
7.6 Reproduction
7.6.1 Floral Biology
7.7 Seed Production and Dispersal
7.7.1 Planting Time
7.7.2 Seed Rate
7.7.3 Seed Banks, Viability, and Germination
7.8 Camelina: Agronomy, Prospects, and Challenges
7.8.1 Sowing Date
7.8.2 Tillage
7.8.3 Seed Rate
7.8.4 Herbicide Control
7.8.5 Fertilizer Applications
7.8.6 Harvesting
7.8.7 Seed Yield
7.9 Potential of C. sativa Over Nonirrigated Areas Compared to Other Oilseeds
7.10 Constraints
7.11 Camelina Agronomic Performance, Oil Quality, Properties, and Potential
7.12 Camelina Response to Insects, Disease, Herbivory, and Higher Plant Parasites
7.12.1 Insects
7.13 Diseases
7.13.1 Fungal Diseases
7.13.2 Viral Diseases
7.13.3 Bacterial Diseases
7.13.4 Phytoplasmas
7.13.5 Invertebrates
7.14 Nutritional Values of Camelina Seed
7.15 Agro-industrial Uses
7.16 Camelina and Animal Feed
7.17 Biofuel
7.18 Alternative Uses
7.19 Camelina in the Fallow Season
7.20 Prospects for Future Research
7.20.1 Agronomic Research
7.20.2 Plant Breeding Efforts
7.21 Climate Change
7.22 Role of Camelina to Mitigate Climate Change Issues
7.23 Conclusion and Suggestions
References
Chapter 8: Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Mitigation Strategies in Rice Production Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Rice Ecosystems
8.3 Paddy Soil Characteristics
8.4 Methane (CH4) Production and Emissions from Paddy Soils
8.4.1 Methanogenesis and Methanogens
8.4.1.1 Hydrolysis
8.4.1.2 Acidogenesis
8.4.1.3 Acetogenesis
8.4.1.4 Methanogenesis
8.4.2 Methane Emission Pathways
8.4.2.1 Diffusion
8.4.2.2 Ebullition
8.4.2.3 Plant-Mediated Transport
8.4.3 Methane Oxidation
8.4.3.1 Aerobic Methane Oxidation
8.4.3.2 Anaerobic Methane Oxidation
8.4.4 Factors Affecting Methane Production from Paddy Soils
8.5 Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Production and Emission from Rice Fields
8.5.1 Nitrogen Transformation in Flooded Soils (Volatilization, Leaching)
8.5.2 Processes Enabling Nitrous Oxide Emission from Rice Fields
8.5.2.1 Nitrification
8.5.2.2 Denitrification
8.6 Factors Influencing N2O Emission from Rice Fields
8.7 Strategies to Mitigate CH4 and N2O Emissions from Rice Fields
8.7.1 Water Management
8.7.2 Rice Varietal Selection
8.7.3 Planting Methods
8.7.4 Fertilizer Management
8.7.5 Nitrification Inhibitors and Slow-Release Fertilizers
8.7.6 Tillage Practices
8.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Fiber Crops in Changing Climate
9.1 Global Fiber Production
9.2 Fiber Crops Contribution in Climate Change
9.3 Impact of Climate Change on Fiber Crop Production
9.3.1 Cotton
9.3.2 Jute
9.3.3 Hemp
9.3.4 Flax
9.4 Impact of Climate Change on Fiber Quality
9.5 Fiber Crop Production Opportunities in Climate Change Scenarios
9.6 Climate Change Impacts on Pests
9.6.1 Cotton Bollworm
9.6.2 Natural Enemies
9.6.3 Fall Armyworm
9.6.4 Cotton Mealybug
9.6.5 Minor Pests
9.7 Fiber Crop Diseases
9.8 Future Recommendations and Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Estimation of Crop Genetic Coefficients to Simulate Growth and Yield Under Changing Climate
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Crop Simulation Models and Genetic Coefficients
10.3 Common Methods of Estimating Genetic Coefficients
10.3.1 Field Experimentation
10.3.2 Trial and Error (TE)
10.3.3 GENotype Coefficient Calculator (GENCALC)
10.3.4 Downhill Simplex Method
10.3.5 Simulated Annealing Method
10.3.6 Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE)
10.3.7 Parameter ESTimation (PEST)
10.3.8 Evolutionary Algorithm: Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithm
10.3.9 Noisy Monte Carlo Genetic Algorithm (NMCGA)
10.3.10 Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)
10.4 Other New Promising Parameter Estimation Methods
10.4.1 Differential Evolution (DE) Algorithm
10.4.2 Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES)
10.4.3 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
10.4.4 Artificial Bee Colony (ABC)
10.4.5 Ensembling Approach
10.5 Statistical Evaluation of Performance of Genetic Coefficients
10.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Climate Change Impacts on Animal Production
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Global and Country Scenario of Climate Change
11.1.2 Animal Production Under Climate Variability
11.1.3 Demand for Animal Products
11.1.3.1 Population Growth
11.1.3.2 Growth in per Capita Income
11.1.3.3 Urbanization
11.1.4 Institutes Working on Animal Production Under Changing Climate
11.1.4.1 Livestock Census
11.2 Quantification of Climate Change
11.2.1 Overview of Responses to Temperature, Drought, and Carbon Dioxide
11.2.1.1 Temperature
11.2.1.2 Drought
11.2.1.3 Carbon Dioxide
11.2.2 Overview of Responses to Biotic Stress Such as Parasites
11.3 Impact of Climate Change on Livestock Production Systems
11.3.1 Quality of Feed
11.3.2 Health of Animals
11.3.3 Reproduction in Animals
11.3.4 Diseases in Animals
11.4 Impact of Climate Change on Animal Productivity
11.4.1 Milk Production
11.4.2 Wool Production
11.4.3 Poultry Production
11.4.4 Meat Production
11.5 Climate Change and Mortality
11.6 Modeling and Simulation
11.7 Adaptation Options
11.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Climate Change and Global Insect Dynamics
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Insect Production Under Climatic Variability
12.3 Institutes Working on Insect Production Under Changing Climate
12.4 Quantification of Climate Change
12.4.1 High Temperature
12.4.2 Carbon Dioxide
12.4.3 Drought
12.4.4 Biotic Stress
12.5 Modeling and Simulation
12.6 Adaptation Options
12.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Sustainable Solutions to Food Insecurity in Nigeria: Perspectives on Irrigation, Crop-Water Productivity, and Ante...
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Conceptual Framework for Effective Irrigation System
13.2 Methodology
13.3 Food Insecurity and Poverty in Nigeria
13.3.1 Irrigation, Poverty, and Food Insecurity Nexus
13.3.2 Irrigation Development as the Cornerstone of Food Security in Nigeria
13.3.3 Irrigation Potential in Nigeria
13.3.4 Role of Irrigation in Agricultural Production, Poverty Alleviation, Food Security, and Economy
13.4 Priorities for Sustainable Irrigation
13.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Functions of Soil Microbes Under Stress Environment
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Effect of Different Stress Environments on Microbes and Functions of Microbes in Mitigating That Stress
14.1.2 Functions of Microbes in Mitigating Stress for Plants
14.1.3 Functions of Microbes Under Nutrient Deficiency Stress
14.1.3.1 Bacteria
High Concentration of Na+ and Functioning of PGPR in Minimizing Its Negative Impact
Water-Deficit Stress Condition and Functioning of PGPR in Minimizing Its Negative Impact
Functions of PGPR in Minimizing Stress Caused by Pathogens
14.1.3.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
Functions of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Different Stress Environments
14.2 Techniques to Study Microbial Functions
14.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Modeling Impacts of Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies for Cereal Crops in Ethiopia
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Methods
15.2.1 Study Sites, Data Sources, and Scenarios
15.2.2 Maize
15.2.3 Wheat
15.2.4 Barley
15.2.5 Sorghum
15.2.6 Teff
15.3 Results and Discussion
15.3.1 Maize
15.3.2 Wheat
15.3.3 Barley
15.3.4 Sorghum
15.3.5 Teff
15.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16: Strategies for Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Ecosystems
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Mitigation Opportunities: Increased Sinks and Reduced Emissions
16.2.1 Increasing Carbon Sequestration
16.2.1.1 Tillage Methods and Residue Management
16.2.1.2 Crop Selection and Rotation
16.2.2 Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions
16.2.2.1 4R of Fertilizer Management
16.2.2.2 Grazing and Manure Management
16.2.3 Reducing Methane Emissions
16.2.3.1 Improving Rumen Fermentation Efficiency and Productivity of Animals
16.2.3.2 Manure Management
16.2.3.3 Reducing CH4 Emissions from Flooded Rice Cultivation
16.2.4 Quantifying and Modeling GHG Fluxes
16.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 17: Environmental and Economic Benefits of Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative and Production Constraints in Pakistan: A ...
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Sugarcane as an Energy Source
17.3 Overview of Sugarcane Production in Pakistan
17.4 The Current System of Sugarcane Production in Pakistan
17.4.1 Climate
17.4.2 Climate Change and Sugarcane Response
17.4.3 Preparation of Land
17.4.4 Time of Planting and Seed Rates
17.4.5 Methods of Planting
17.4.6 Fertilizers
17.4.7 Irrigation
17.4.8 Harvesting and Transportation
17.5 Sugarcane Crop: The Highest Consumer of Water
17.6 Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative (SSI)
17.6.1 Nursery Planting
17.6.2 Transplanting
17.6.3 Wider Spacing
17.6.4 Water-Efficient Utilization
17.6.5 An Organic Method of Cultivation
17.6.6 Intercropping with Other Crops
17.6.7 Overall Benefits of the SSI Method
17.7 Model Application of Sugarcane Crop
17.8 SSI Method of Cultivation
17.8.1 Selection of Bud
17.8.2 Treatment of Buds
17.8.3 Nursery
17.8.4 Preparation of the Main Field
17.8.5 Removal of Residues
17.8.6 Tillage
17.8.7 Application of Organic Fertilizers
17.8.8 Construction of Furrows, Ridges, and Transplanting
17.8.9 Reduction in Weed Loss and Mulching
17.8.10 Fertilizer Application Doses
17.8.11 Water Management
17.8.12 Earthing Up, De-trashing, and Propping
17.8.13 Protection of Plant
17.8.14 Intercropping and Harvesting
17.9 Benefits of the SSI Method
17.10 Conclusions
References
Chapter 18: Modeling Photoperiod Response of Canola Under Changing Climate Conditions
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Role of Models in Canola Production
18.3 Materials and Methods
18.3.1 Study Locations
18.3.2 Climatic Conditions During the Canola Growing Seasons
18.3.3 Experimental Design and Management Practices
18.3.4 Crop Measurements
18.3.5 Soil Measurements
18.3.6 Modeling Flowering Phase
18.3.6.1 Temperature Function
Segmented Function (S)
18.3.6.2 Photoperiod Function
Negative Exponential Function
18.3.7 Model Description
18.3.8 Model Calibration
18.3.8.1 Upscaling Strategies for Cultivar Parameters in Regional Simulation of Canola Growth
18.3.8.2 Strategy 1: Single-Site Parameter
18.3.8.3 Strategy 2: Virtual Cultivar Parameters Generated from Posterior Parameter Distributions
18.3.9 Model Performance Evaluation
18.3.10 Statistical Analysis
18.4 Results and Discussion
18.4.1 Climatic Parameters
18.4.1.1 Metrological Characteristics of NARC-Islamabad
18.4.1.2 Metrological Characteristics of URF-Koont
18.4.2 Agronomic Parameters
18.4.2.1 Days to Emergence
18.4.2.2 Days to Anthesis
18.4.2.3 Days to End of Flowering
18.4.2.4 Days to Maturity
18.4.2.5 Leaf Area Index
18.4.2.6 Biological Yield
18.4.2.7 Grain Yield
18.4.2.8 Harvest Index
18.4.3 Simulation Outcomes
18.4.3.1 Phenology
18.4.3.2 Leaf Area Index, Biomass and Grain Yield
18.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 19: Modelling and Field-Based Evaluation of Vernalisation Requirement of Canola for Higher Yield Potential
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Crop Modelling and Canola Production Under Changing Climate
19.3 Materials and Methods
19.3.1 Phenological Modelling
19.3.2 Model Description
19.3.3 Model Calibration
19.3.3.1 Genetic Parameter Estimations with the DSSAT-GLUE Package
19.3.3.2 Upscaling Strategies for Cultivar Parameters in Regional Simulation of Canola Growth
19.3.3.3 Strategy 1: Single-Site Parameters (SSPs)
19.3.3.4 Strategy 2: Virtual Cultivar Parameters (VCPs) Generated from the Posterior Parameter Distributions
19.3.4 Model Performance Evaluation
19.3.5 Statistical Analysis
19.4 Results and Discussion
19.4.1 Climatic Specifications
19.4.2 Agronomic Parameters
19.4.2.1 Phenology
19.4.2.2 Biological and Grain Yield
19.4.2.3 Harvest Index
19.4.3 Phenology Modelling
19.4.4 Simulation Outcomes
19.4.4.1 Phenology
19.4.4.2 Leaf Area Index
19.4.4.3 Biological Yield
19.4.4.4 Grain Yield
19.4.4.5 Harvest Index
19.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: Integrated Crop-Livestock System Case Study: Prospectus for Jordan´s Climate Change Adaptation
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Description and Characterization of Study Site
20.2.1 Animal Products
20.2.2 Types of Animal Farms
20.2.3 Forage Production: Demand and Supply
20.2.4 Plans Undertaken at a National Level
20.2.5 Climatic Change Impact
20.2.6 Site Description
20.2.7 Species Adaptation and Production Potential
20.2.8 Farmers´ Preference
20.2.9 Adaptation Strategies
20.3 Integration of the Farming Community in Seed-Production Technologies
20.3.1 Growth, Advancement and Dissemination of Seed-Production Facilities and Genotype Adoption
20.3.2 Seed Store
20.3.3 Machines
20.4 Landscape Scale Analysis of Crop Diversification and Effects on the Climate Change Scenario in the Crop-Livestock Farming...
20.4.1 Farmers´ Field School
20.5 Developing Seed Production Technology Packages: Guidelines and Application at the NARS and Farmers´ Level (Cultural Pract...
20.5.1 Grain Purity Maintenance
20.5.2 Role of NARS´s Formal Seed System, and Extension, and Dissemination of Conventional and Nonconventional Crops: Continua...
20.5.3 Integrated Crop Management Packages to Improve Livestock Production
20.5.4 Socioeconomic Impact of Improved Production Systems on Farmers´ Livelihoods in Marginal Environments
20.5.5 Improving Knowledge and Skills of Farmers and Agricultural Extension Staff in Marginal Environments
20.6 Summary
References
Chapter 21: Effect of Salinity Intrusion on Sediments in Paddy Fields and Farmers´ Adaptation Initiative: A Case Study
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Effect of Changing Climate on Crop Production
21.3 Climate Change and Agriculture Sectors
21.4 Case Study
21.5 Farmers´ Adaptation Practices for Reducing the Salinization Problem
21.6 Climate-Smart Agriculture in Bangladesh
21.7 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Chapter 22: Climatic Challenge for Global Viticulture and Adaptation Strategies
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Botanical and Anatomical Characteristics
22.3 Factors Influencing Viticulture
22.3.1 Climate
22.3.2 Topographic Features
22.3.3 Soil Requirements
22.4 Climate Change and Viticulture
22.4.1 Elevated CO2 and Impacts on Viticulture
22.4.1.1 Effect of Elevated CO2 on Vine Physiology
22.4.1.2 Vine Growth, Yield and Anatomical Characteristics
22.4.2 Effect of Water Stress on Viticulture
22.4.2.1 Phenology, Growth and Yield Under Water Stress
22.4.2.2 Effects on Vine Physiological Processes
22.4.2.3 Effects on Grape Berry Quality and Composition
22.5 Effect of Elevated Temperature on Viticulture
22.5.1 Phenology, Growth and Yield Under High Temperature
22.5.2 Fruit Quality and Composition
22.5.3 Elevated Temperature and Grapevine Physiology
22.6 Adaptation Strategies for Viticulture in the Wake of Climate Change
22.7 Conclusion
References