Geriatric Diseases: Evaluation and Management

Preface
Acknowledgements
Disclaimer
Contents
About the Authors
Part I: Cardiovascular Diseases in the Elderly
1 Heart Failure
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Prevention Measures
Treatment
Systolic Heart Failure
Drugs Used in Heart Failure
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
Beta-Blockers
Aldosterone Antagonists
Ivabradine
Ionotropic Agents
Vasodilators
Fluid and Electrolyte Abnormalities in Heart Failure
Non-pharmacological Therapies
Impact of Heart Failure
MCQ Answers
References
2 Cardiac Arrhythmias
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Bradyarrhythmias
Sick Sinus Syndrome
Atrioventricular Block
Tachyarrhythmias
Treatment and Management of Cardiac Arrhythmias
Pharmacological
Non-pharmacological
Atrial Fibrillation
Risk Factors and Causes
Management
Impact of Arrhythmias on Quality of Life
MCQ Answers
References
3 Infective Endocarditis
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnosis
Management and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis
Impact
MCQ Answers
SAQ Answers
References
4 Coronary Artery Disease
Introduction
Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Prevention
Impact
MCQ Answers
SAQ Answers
References
5 Valvular Heart Disease in the Elderly
Introduction
Aortic Stenosis
Symptoms and Signs
Aortic Regurgitation
Symptoms and Signs
Mitral Regurgitation
Symptoms and Signs and Management
Mitral Stenosis
Symptoms and Signs
Impact
MCQ Answers
EMQ Answers
References
6 Hypertension in the Elderly
Introduction
Clinical Evaluation
Management of Hypertension
Lifestyle Changes
Drug Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
7 Peripheral Arterial Disease
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Physical Examination
Management
Prognosis
Acute Leg Ischaemia
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
Part II: Respiratory Diseases in the Elderly
8 Pneumonia in Geriatric Patients
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Radiological Findings
Management
Preventive Measures
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
9 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Introduction
Physical Signs
Diagnosis
Management of Stable COPD
Cessation of Smoking
Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT)
Pharmacological Interventions
Bronchodilators
Non-pharmacological Interventions
Oxygen Therapy
Long-Term Oxygen Therapy
Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Management of Acute Exacerbations
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
10 Asthma in the Elderly
Introduction
Symptomatology
Diagnosis
Management
Beta-Agonists
Antimuscarinics
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
11 Lung Cancer in the Elderly
Introduction
Symptomatology
Diagnosis
Management
Impact
MCQ Answers
SAQ Answers
References
12 Pulmonary Embolism
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Evaluation
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
13 Sleep Disorders
Introduction
Evaluation and Management
Hypersomnias-Narcolepsy
Diagnosis
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
Part III: Disorders of the Digestive Tract in the Elderly
14 The Oesophagus and Oesophageal Disorders
Introduction
Oesophageal Disorders
Oropharyngeal Dysphagia
Neuromuscular Disorders
Insidious Onset
Obstructive Oropharyngeal Dysphagia
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux(LPR)
Symptomatology
Oesophageal Dysphagia
Primary Motility Disorders
Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD)
Symptomatology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Secondary Motility Disorders
Obstructive (Mechanical)
Diverticula of the Oesophagus
Differential Diagnosis of Dysphagia
Evaluation of Dysphagia
Impact
MCQ Answers
SAQ Answers
References
15 Peptic Ulcer Disease in the Elderly
Introduction
Investigations
Treatment Plan
H. pylori Positive
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
16 Colorectal Cancer
Introduction
Symptoms and Signs
Risk Factors and Risk Stratification
Differential Diagnosis and Diagnosis
Faecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)
Impact
MCQ Answers
SAQ Answers
References
17 Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the Elderly
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis and Diagnosis
Management and Prognosis
Surgery
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
18 Gastrointestinal Bleeding in the Elderly
Introduction
Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB)
Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding (LGIB)
Evaluation of a Patient with Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
19 Acute Abdominal Pain in the Elderly
Introduction
Causes
Appendicitis
Cholecystitis
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Diverticulitis
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)
Acute Mesenteric Ischaemia
Bowel Obstruction
Acute Pancreatitis
Clinical Considerations
Evaluation of a Patient with Acute Abdominal Pain
Impact
MCQ Answers
SAQ Answers
References
20 Infectious Diarrhoeas in the Elderly
Introduction
Clinical Characteristics
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
Part IV: Liver Diseases in the Elderly
21 Viral Hepatitis in the Elderly
Introduction
Hepatitis A (HAV)
Symptomatology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Hepatitis B (HBV)
Symptomatology
Acute Hepatitis B
Chronic Hepatitis B
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Tests
Management and Treatment
Hepatitis C (HCV)
Symptomatology
Diagnosis
Management
Hepatitis D (HDV)
Symptomatology
Diagnosis
Management
Prevention
Hepatitis E (HEV)
Symptomatology
Diagnosis
Management
Hepatitis G (HGV)
Symptomatology
Prognosis
Management
Prevention
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
22 Chronic Liver Disease
Introduction
Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD)
Symptomatology
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Symptomatology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH)
Symptomatology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI)
Symptomatology
Diagnosis
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC)
Symptomatology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hereditary Haemochromatosis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Screening
Prognosis
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
23 Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Introduction
Clinical Expression
Diagnosis
Management
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
24 Ascites in the Elderly
Introduction
Symptomatology
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Impact
References
Part V: Blood Disorders in the Elderly
25 The Anaemias
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Iron Deficiency Anaemia
Treatment
Anaemia of Chronic Disease (ACD)
Treatment
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Diagnosis
Screening
Treatment
Folic Acid Deficiency
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
26 Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
27 Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Introduction
Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Polycythaemia Vera
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis and Diagnosis
Treatment
Symptomatic Treatment
Prognosis
Essential Thrombocythaemia
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Myelofibrosis and Myeloid Metaplasia
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
MCQ Answers
References
28 Immunoproliferative Disorders
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
SAQ Answers
References
29 Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Chronic Lymphatic Leukaemia
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Non-Hodgkin´s Lymphoma
Symptomatology
Management
Hodgkin´s Lymphoma (HL)
Symptomatology
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Management
Impact of Haematological Malignancies
MCQ Answers
References
Part VI: Renal and Lower Urinary Tract Disorders in the Elderly
30 Glomerular Disease in the Elderly
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Nephritic Syndrome
Nephrotic Syndrome
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
31 Renovascular Disease in the Elderly
Introduction
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Medical
Surgical
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
32 Acute Kidney Injury
Introduction
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Clinical Course and Prognosis
Management
Impact
MCQ Answers
EMQ Answers
References
33 Chronic Kidney Disease in the Elderly
Introduction
Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease
Clinical Manifestations and Complications
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
34 Prostate Gland and Related Disorders
Introduction
Benign Prostate Hypertrophy (BPH)
Symptomatology
Diagnosis
Management
Watchful Waiting
Medical Management
Surgical Management
Acute and Chronic Prostatitis
Introduction
Symptomatology
Treatment
Prostatic Abscess
Introduction
Symptomatology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Carcinoma of the Prostate
Introduction
Clinical Expression
Diagnosis
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
35 Male Sexual Dysfunction: Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
Introduction
Evaluation
Management
Medications
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
Part VII: Neurological Disorders in the Elderly
36 Parkinson´s Disease
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Management of Parkinson´s Disease
Impact
MCQ Answers
EMQ Answers
References
37 Multisystem Atrophy (MSA)
Introduction
Symptomatology
Management
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
38 Motor Neurone Disease
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
39 Multiple Sclerosis
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Impact
MCQs Answers
References
40 Peripheral Neuropathy
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) or Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculopathy (AIDP)
Symptomatology
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculopathy (CIDP)
Evaluation
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
41 Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission
Introduction
Clinical Symptomatology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Eaton-Lambert Syndrome
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
EMQ Answers
References
42 Epilepsy
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Evaluation of an Elderly with Seizures
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
Part VIII: Metabolic Bone Disorders in the Elderly
43 Osteoporosis
Introduction
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Management
Prevention
Treatment
Bisphosphonates
Oestrogen Receptor Modulators
Oestrogens
Others
Strontium Ranelate
Teriparatide (Forteo)
Denosumab
Novel Agents
Osteoporosis in Men
Corticosteroid-Induced Osteoporosis (CIOP)
Impact
MCQ Answers
EMQ Answers
References
44 Osteomalacia
Introduction
Symptoms and Signs
Radiological Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
45 Paget´s Disease
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Drug Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
46 Osteoporotic Fracture and Management
Hip Fractures
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Vertebral Fractures
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Sacral Insufficiency Fractures
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
Part IX: Endocrine Disorders in the Elderly
47 Diabetes Mellitus in the Elderly
Introduction
Clinical Presentation
Management of Diabetes in the Elderly
Nutrition, Physical Activity and Education
Pharmacological Treatment
Mechanism of Action, Use, Contraindications and Adverse Effects
Management and Treatment of Complications of Diabetes
Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Management of Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State
Chronic Complications of Diabetes
Macrovascular
Microvascular
Diabetic Nephropathy
Management of Nephropathy
Diabetic Neuropathy
Clinical Manifestations
Peripheral (Symmetrical Distal Sensori-motor) Neuropathy
Autonomic Neuropathy
Proximal Neuropathy
Focal Neuropathy
Management of Neuropathy
Diabetic Retinopathy
Management and Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
48 Thyroid Disease in the Older Patient
Introduction
Hypothyroidism
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Subclinical Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Subclinical Hyperthyroidism
Cancer of Thyroid
Introduction
Symptomatology
Diagnosis
Thyroid Nodule
Diagnosis
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
49 Hyperparathyroidism
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Diagnosis
Treatment
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hypoparathyroidism
Symptomatology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
EMQ Answers
References
Part X: Electrolyte Disturbances and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism in the Elderly
50 Disorders of Sodium
Hyponatraemia
Introduction
Symptomatology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Hypernatraemia
Introduction
Symptomatology
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
51 Disorders of Potassium
Hypokalaemia
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Hyperkalaemia
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
52 Disorders of Calcium Metabolism
Hypercalcaemia
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Evaluation
Management
Hypocalcaemia
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Evaluation
Management
Acute Hypocalcaemia
Chronic Hypocalcaemia
Impact
MCQ Answers
EMQ Answers
References
Part XI: Disorders of the Musculo-skeletal System in the Elderly
53 The Spine
Introduction
Neck Pain
Cervical Spondylosis
Clinical Manifestations
Imaging Studies
Treatment
Low Back Pain (Lumbosacral)
Clinical Manifestations
The Spine
Diagnosis
History
Examination
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
54 Large Joints
Shoulder
Introduction
Causes
Evaluation
Hip
Introduction
Causes of Hip Pain
Evaluation
Knee
Introduction
Evaluation
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
Part XII: Arthritides in the Elderly
55 Rheumatoid Arthritis
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Management
Pharmacological
Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
Glucocorticoids
Disease-Modifying Anti-rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs)
Biological DMARDs (bDMARDs)
Impact
MCQ Answers
SAQ Answers
References
56: Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
57 Psoriatic Arthropathy
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
SAQ Answers
References
58: Spondyloarthritis
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
59: Osteoarthritis
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Nodal and Generalized Osteoarthritis
Diagnosis
Management
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
60 Crystal-Induced Arthritis
Gout
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Impact
Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate (CPPD) Crystal Deposition Disease: ``Pseudo-gout´´
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
MCQ Answers
SAQ Answers
References
Part XIII: Vasculitis in the Elderly
61 Vasculitis in Geriatric Patients
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Subclinical Entities
Diagnosis and Evaluation of Vasculitis in the Elderly
Treatment
Management of Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA)in Older Patients
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
Part XIV: Connective Tissue Disorders in the Elderly
62 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
63 Systemic Sclerosis (SSc)
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
64 Sjogren´s Syndrome
Introduction
Clinical Profile
Diagnosis
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
65 Overlap Syndromes and Inflammatory Myopathies
Introduction
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
Part XV: Organic Disorders of the Brain
66 Acute Delirium in the Elderly: Diagnosis and Management
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Evaluation of Acute Delirium
Management
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
67 The Dementias
Introduction
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
68 Neurodegenerative Disorders
Introduction
Alzheimer´s Disease (Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Alzheimer´s Disease)
Clinical Manifestations
Hippocampal Sclerosis of Aging
Fronto-temporal Dementia and Other Focal Atrophies
Frontotemporal Dementia (Major or Mild Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder)
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Corticobasal Syndrome (CBD)
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Posterior Cortical Atrophy
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Dementia with Lewy Bodies (LBD)
Introduction
Diagnosis
Treatment
Parkinsonism and Dementia
Vascular Cognitive Impairment (Major or Mild Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder)
Introduction
Mixed VaD and AD
Diagnosis
Treatment
Symptomatic Dementias
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
AIDS Dementia Complex
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH)
Spirochaetal Infection
Traumatic Brain Injury
Impact
MCQ Answers
EMQ Answers
References
Neurodegenerative Dementias
Alzheimer´s Disease
Hippocampal Sclerosis with Aging
Fronto-temporal Dementia
Cortico-basal Degeneration
Posterior Cortical Atrophy
Lewy Body Dementia
Parkinson´s Disease and Dementia
Vacular Cognitive Impairment
CJD
AIDs Dementia Complex
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Traumatic Brain Injury
69 Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BSPD) and Management
Introduction
Classification
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Non-pharmacological
Pharmacological
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Anticonvulsants
Antipsychotics
Antidepressants
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
70 Drug Management of the Dementias
Introduction
Drug Category
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
NMDA Antagonist
MCQ Answers
References
71 Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
Part XVI: Psychiatry of Older Adults
72 Mood Disorders (Major Depression, Bipolar Disorder)
Introduction
Clinical Presentations
Screening
Diagnosis
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Antidepressants
Dysthymic Disorder in Older Adults
Mania in Old Age
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
73 Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders in Later Life
Introduction
Clinical Presentations
Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Panic Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Phobias
Diagnosis
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
74 Late-Life Psychosis
Introduction
Late-Life Delusional (Paranoid) Disorders
Overview of Clinical Presentations
Late-Onset Schizophrenia
Treatment
Paranoid Symptoms Secondary to Other Disorders
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
75 Suicide in the Elderly
Introduction
Assessment of Suicidal Risk and Management After Suicidal Attempt
Strategies for Suicide Prevention in the Elderly
Impact
MCQ Answers
SAQ Answers
References
76 Substance Abuse in the Elderly
Introduction
Alcohol Withdrawal Syndromes
Treatment of Withdrawal Syndrome and Delirium Tremens
Long-Term Treatment
Complications
Problem of Detection and Identification
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
Part XVII: Cerebrovascular Diseases in the Elderly
77 Stroke in the Elderly
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Cerebral Infarction
Lacunar Infarction
Territorial Infarction
Anterior Circulation
Infarction in the Territory of the Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA)
Territorial Infarction: Cortical
Clinical Features
Territorial Infarction: Subcortical
Infarction in the Territory of the Middle Cerebral Artery
Territorial Infarction: Cortical
Middle Cerebral Artery: Subcortical
Watershed Infarctions
Posterior Circulation
Territorial Infarction: Cortical
Infarction in the Territory of the Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA)
Posterior Cerebral Artery: Subcortical
Basilar and Vertebral Arteries: Brainstem Strokes
Basilar
Vertebral
Cerebral Haemorrhage
Primary Intracerebral Haemorrhage (PICH)
Lobar Intracerebral Haemorrhage
Subarachnoid Haemorrhage (SAH)
Special Types of Intracerebral Haemorrhage
Diagnosis and Management of Stroke in the Elderly
Neuroimaging in Stroke
Early Intervention
Acute Ischaemic Stroke (AIS)
Specific
Thrombolytic Therapy
Malignant Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction
General Measures
Intracerebral Haemorrhage (ICH)
Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
Identification of Complications
Rehabilitation
Spasticity, Spasms and Spastic Dystonia
Post-stroke Depression (PSD), Emotionalism and Anxiety
Post-stroke Fatigue
Prevention of Recurrent Stroke
Impact of Stroke
MCQ Answers
References
78 Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)
Introduction
Symptomatology
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis and Evaluation of a Patient with Suspected TIA
Risk Stratification
Management
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
79 Primary and Secondary Prevention of Stroke
Introduction
Primary Prevention of Stroke
Hypertension
Heart Failure (HF) and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Atrial Fibrillation
Diabetes Mellitus
Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis
Dyslipidaemia
Lifestyle Factors
Secondary Prevention of Stroke
Hypertension
Atrial Fibrillation (AF)
Diabetes
Transient Ischaemic Attack
MCQ Answers
References
80 Carotid Artery Disease in the Elderly
Introduction
Evaluation
Management
Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA)
Percutaneous Transluminal Carotid Angioplasty and Carotid Stents
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
Part XVIII: Hearing Loss and Related Problems in the Elderly
81 Common Ear Problems in the Elderly
Introduction
Presbycusis
Diagnosis
Noise-Induced Sensorineural Hearing Loss (NIHL)
Evaluating Hearing Loss
Management
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
82 Vertigo/Dizziness in the Elderly
Introduction
Causes of Vertigo
Benign Positional Paroxysmal Vertigo (BPPV)
Vestibular Neuronitis
Meniere´s Disease
Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency
Acoustic Neuroma
Multiple Sclerosis
Migraine-Associated Vertigo
Evaluation
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
83 Tinnitus
Introduction
Causes of Tinnitus
Evaluation of Tinnitus
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
Part XIX: Visual Problems in the Elderly
84 Loss/Low Vision
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Investigations
Treatment
Glaucoma
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cataract
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Diabetic Retinopathy
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Impact of Low Vision in the Elderly
MCQ Answers
References
85 Blurred Vision
Introduction
Unilateral sudden and painful
Unilateral sudden without pain
Evaluation of Impaired Vision in the Elderly
Impact
EMQ Answers
References
86 Dry Eye
Introduction
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
Part XX: Skin Disorders in the Elderly
87 Common Skin Disorders in the Elderly
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Benign Conditions
Premalignant Conditions
Malignant Skin Disorders
Diagnosis
Diagnosis Is by Skin Biopsy
Prognosis
Treatment
Autoimmune Skin Disorders
Psoriasis
Viral Infections
Fungal Infections
Parasitic Infestations of the Skin
Scabies
Treatment
Pediculosis
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
88 Pruritus in the Elderly
Introduction
Classification
Causes of Pruritus in the Elderly
Treatment
Impact
References
89 Chronic Leg and Foot Ulcers in the Elderly
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Ischaemic Ulcers
Venous Ulcers
Neuropathic Ulcers
Pressure Ulcers
Evaluation
Management
Preventive Measures
Venous Ulcers
Neuropathic Ulcers
Arterial Ulcers
Pressure Ulcers
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
Part XXI: Oral and Oral-Related Disorders in the Elderly
90 Oral Issues in the Elderly
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Caries
Prevention
Periodontal Disease
Management
Prevention
Treatment
Tooth Wear
Prevention
Oral Cancer
Edentulism
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
91 Oral-Related Disorders
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Bruxism
Management
Temporomandibular Joint
TMJ Dysfunction
Diagnosis
Management
Myofascial Pain
Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ)
Impact
MCQ Answers
References
92 Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Connective Tissue Disorders
Nutritional
Haematological
Gastrointestinal
Endocrine
Drugs
Impact
EMQ Answers
References
Index