Geotechnical Characteristics of Soils and Rocks of India

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
About the editor
List of contributors
1 Introduction
1.1 Soil and rock
1.2 India and its states and union territories
1.3 Structure and use of this book
1.3.1 Contents
1.3.2 Introduction
1.3.3 Major types of soils and rocks
1.3.4 Properties of soils and rocks
1.3.5 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
1.3.6 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
1.3.7 Other geomaterials
1.3.8 Natural hazards
1.3.9 Case studies and field tests
1.3.10 Geoenvironmental impact on soils and rocks
1.3.11 Concluding remarks
1.3.12 References
1.4 Concluding remarks
References
2 Andaman and Nicobar Islands
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Major types of soils and rocks
2.3 Properties of soils and rocks
2.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
2.5 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
2.6 Other geomaterials
2.7 Natural hazards
2.8 Case studies and field tests
2.9 Effects of environmental changes on soils and rocks
2.10 Concluding remarks
References
3 Andhra Pradesh
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Major types of soils and rocks
3.3 Properties of soils and rocks
3.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
3.5 Foundations
3.6 Other geomaterials
3.7 Case studies and field tests
3.7.1 Case study #1: inadequate subsoil exploration
3.7.2 Case study #2: improper construction of under-reamed pile foundation
3.7.3 Case study #3: strengthening soft ground using casuarina ballies
3.8 Concluding remarks
References
4 Arunachal Pradesh
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Major types of soils and rocks
4.2.1 Soils
4.2.2 Rocks
4.3 Engineering properties of soils and rocks
4.3.1 Soils
4.3.2 Rocks
4.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
4.5 Natural hazards
4.5.1 Earthquake
4.5.2 Landslides
4.5.3 Flood inundation and soil erosion
4.5.4 Siltation
4.6 Case studies and field tests
4.6.1 Slope stability
4.6.2 Squeezing of rock and cavity formation
4.7 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgements
References
5 Assam
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Major types of soils and rocks
5.3 Properties of soils and rocks
5.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
5.5 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
5.6 Other geomaterials
5.7 Natural hazards
5.8 Case studies and field tests
5.8.1 Building settlement
5.8.2 Slope stabilisation by soil nailing
5.8.3 Prevention of subsidence of structure by cement grouting
5.9 Geoenvironmental impact on soils and rocks
5.10 Concluding remarks
References
6 Bihar
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Major types of soils
6.3 Properties of soils
6.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
6.5 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
6.6 Other geomaterials
6.7 Natural hazards
6.8 Geoenvironmental impact on soils and rocks
6.9 Concluding remarks
References
7 Chandigarh
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Major types of soils and rocks
7.3 Properties of soils and rocks
7.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
7.5 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
7.6 Other geomaterials
7.7 Natural hazards
7.8 Case studies
7.9 Geoenvironmental impacts on soils and rocks
7.10 Concluding remarks
References
8 Chhattisgarh
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Major types of soils and rocks
8.3 Properties of soils and rocks
8.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
8.4.1 Soil moorum
8.4.2 Natural stone aggregates
8.5 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
8.5.1 Foundation
8.5.2 Pavements
8.5.3 Embankment of the flyover approach
8.5.4 Stability of rock mass
8.6 Other geomaterials
8.6.1 Industrial wastes/by-products
8.6.2 Applications of industrial wastes/by-products
8.6.3 Properties of industrial waste/by-products
8.6.4 Problems with industrial waste/by-products
8.7 Natural hazards
8.8 Geo-environmental impact on soils and rocks
8.9 Concluding remarks
References
9 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Major types of soils and rocks
9.3 Properties of soils and rocks
9.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
9.5 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
9.6 Natural hazards
9.7 Case study and field tests
9.8 Geoenvironmental impact on soils and rocks
9.9 Concluding remarks
References
10 Delhi
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Major types of soils and rocks
10.3 Properties of soils and rocks
10.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
10.5 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
10.6 Other geomaterials
10.7 Natural hazards
10.8 Case studies
10.9 Geoenvironmental concerns on soils and rocks
10.10 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgements
References
11 Goa
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Major types of soils and rocks
11.3 Properties of soils and rocks
11.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
11.4.1 Lateritic soil
11.4.2 Sand
11.4.3 Laterite stones
11.4.4 Basalt
11.5 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
11.5.1 Tunnels
11.5.2 Dams
11.5.2.1 Salaulim dam
11.5.2.2 Anjunem dam
11.6 Other geomaterials
11.7 Natural hazards
11.7.1 Seismic events
11.7.2 Landslides
11.7.2.1 Landslide at Ambaji, Fatorda
11.7.2.2 Landslide at Porvorim Goa
11.7.2.3 Landslide at Chorla Ghat
11.8 Case studies and field tests
11.8.1 Geotechnical properties of different coloured lateritic soils
11.8.2 Typical lateritic soft clay site in Goa
11.9 Geoenvironmental impact on soils and rocks
11.10 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgements
References
12 Gujarat
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Major types of soils and rocks
12.2.1 South Gujarat region
12.2.2 Central Gujarat region
12.2.3 Saurashtra and Kutch region
12.2.4 North Gujarat region
12.3 Properties of soils and rocks
12.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
12.5 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
12.6 Natural hazards
12.6.1 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake
12.6.2 1956 Anjar earthquake
12.6.3 2001 Bhuj earthquake
12.7 Geoenvironmental impact on soils and rocks
12.8 Case studies and field tests
12.9 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgements
References
13 Haryana
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Geology of the state
13.3 Local soil
13.3.1 Development of geotechnical database
13.3.2 Local subsoil conditions
13.3.3 Properties of Yamuna sands
13.4 Materials/waste materials for geotechnical reuse
13.5 Earthquake hazard
13.5.1 Earthquake damage report of Haryana
13.5.2 Earthquake hazard assessment
13.5.2.1 Peak ground acceleration (PGA)
13.5.2.2 Response spectrum
13.6 Cyclic behaviour of Yamuna sands
13.6.1 Shear modulus degradation (G/G[sub(max-γ)]) and damping ratio (D-γ) curves
13.6.1.1 Shear modulus degradation curves
13.6.1.2 Damping ratio curves
13.6.2 Liquefaction potential based on cyclic triaxial tests
13.7 Case studies
13.7.1 Deformation behaviour of limestone under triaxial compression
13.7.1.1 Test procedure
13.7.1.2 Test results
13.7.2 Development of geotechnical correlations
13.7.3 Geotechnical failure – A case study of the forensic geotechnical investigation of building distress
13.7.3.1 Building inspection
13.7.3.2 Distress analysis
13.7.3.3 Preliminary investigation
13.7.3.4 Crack analysis
13.7.3.5 Field and laboratory tests
13.8 Concluding remarks
References
14 Himachal Pradesh
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Major types of soils, rocks and their properties
14.3 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
14.4 Natural hazards
14.5 Concluding remarks
References
15 Jammu and Kashmir
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Major types of soils and rocks
15.2.1 Rocks
15.2.2 Soils
15.3 Properties of soils and rocks
15.3.1 Kashmir Valley
15.3.2 Pir Panjal
15.3.3 Tawi Valley (Jammu hills and plains)
15.3.4 Chenab Valley
15.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
15.5 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
15.6 Other geomaterials
15.7 Natural hazards
15.8 Case studies and field tests
15.9 Geoenvironmental impact on soils and rocks
15.10 Concluding remarks
References
16 Jharkhand
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Major types of soils and rocks
16.3 Properties of soils and rocks
16.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
16.5 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
16.6 Other geomaterials
16.7 Natural hazards
16.8 Case studies and field tests
16.9 Geoenvironmental impact on soils and rocks
16.10 Concluding remarks
References
17 Karnataka
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Major types of soils and rocks
17.3 Properties of soils and rocks
17.3.1 Properties of residual deposits – overburden (south interior region, e.g., Bangalore)
17.3.2 Properties of residual deposits – weathered rock/refusal stratum (south interior region, e.g., Bangalore)
17.3.3 Properties of residual deposits – bedrock (south interior region, e.g., Bangalore)
17.3.4 Properties of black cotton soil (expansive clay)
17.3.5 Properties of lithomargic clay/shedi
17.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
17.5 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
17.6 Other geomaterials
17.7 Natural hazards
17.8 Case studies and field tests
17.9 Geo-environmental impacts on soils and rocks
17.10 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgements
References
18 Kerala
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Major types of soils and rocks and their properties
18.2.1 Soils
18.2.2 Rocks
18.3 Geotechnical properties of soils and rocks
18.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
18.5 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
18.6 Natural hazards
18.6.1 Floods
18.6.2 Landslides
18.6.3 Coastal erosion
18.6.4 Earthquakes
18.6.5 Reasons and remedies for hazards
18.7 Case study
18.8 Geoenvironmental impact on soils and rocks
18.9 Concluding remarks
References
19 Ladakh
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Physiography
19.3 Geology
19.4 Land cover land use
19.5 Major types of soils and rocks
19.6 Construction materials
19.6.1 Building materials and construction techniques
19.6.2 Other geomaterials
19.7 Natural hazards
19.7.1 Potential glacial outburst
19.7.2 Leh cloud burst (2010)
19.8 Conclusions
References
20 Lakshadweep
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Major types of soils and rocks
20.3 Properties of soils and rocks
20.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
20.5 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
20.6 Other geomaterials
20.7 Natural hazards
20.7.1 Earthquakes
20.7.2 Cyclones and storms
20.7.3 Inundation of seawater
20.7.4 Sea-level rise
20.7.5 Coastal erosion
20.8 Case study
20.8.1 Field exploration and methodology
20.8.2 General geological information
20.8.3 Evaluation of stratum
20.8.4 Design consideration for the foundation system
20.9 Geoenvironmental concerns on soils and rocks
20.10 Concluding remarks
References
21 Madhya Pradesh
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Major types of soils and rocks
21.3 Properties of soils and rocks
21.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
21.5 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
21.6 Natural hazards
21.7 Case studies and field tests
21.8 Effects of environmental changes on soils and rocks
21.9 Concluding remarks
References
22 Maharashtra
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Major types of soils and rocks
22.2.1 Soils in Konkan
22.2.1.1 Soils in the Western Ghats
22.2.1.2 Soils in Upper Maharashtra
22.2.1.3 Deccan Trap
22.2.1.4 Alluvial soil
22.2.1.5 Red and yellowish soil
22.2.1.6 Lateritic soils
22.2.1.7 Black soil
22.2.1.8 Marine clay
22.2.1.9 Rock formation
22.2.2 Mineral resources
22.3 Properties of soils and rocks
22.4 Construction materials
22.5 Foundations and geotechnical structures
22.6 Other geomaterials
22.7 Natural hazards
22.8 Case studies and field tests
22.9 Effects of environmental changes on soils
22.10 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgements
References
23 Manipur
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Major types of soils and rocks
23.3 Properties of soils and rocks
23.4 Construction materials
23.5 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
23.6 Other geomaterials
23.7 Natural hazards
23.7.1 Earthquakes
23.7.2 Landslides
23.8 Case studies
23.9 Effects of environmental changes on soils and rocks
23.10 Concluding remarks
References
24 Meghalaya
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Major types of soils and rocks
24.3 Properties of soils and rocks
24.4 Construction materials
24.5 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
24.6 Other geomaterials
24.7 Natural hazards
24.8 Case studies and field tests
24.8.1 Case study #1
24.8.2 Case study #2
24.9 Geo-environmental impact on soils and rocks
24.10 Concluding remarks
References
25 Mizoram
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Major types of soils and rocks
25.3 Properties of soils and rocks
25.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
25.5 Natural hazards
25.6 Concluding remarks
References
26 Nagaland
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Major types of soils and rocks
26.3 Properties of soils and rocks
26.4 Construction materials
26.5 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
26.6 Other geomaterials
26.7 Natural geohazards
26.7.1 Landslides
26.7.2 Seismicity
26.8 Case study and field tests
26.8.1 Geology of Kohima
26.8.2 Geology of Dimapur
26.9 Effect of environmental changes on soils and rocks
26.10 Concluding remarks
References
27 Odisha
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Major types of soils and rocks
27.3 Properties of soils and rocks
27.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
27.5 Other geomaterials
27.6 Natural hazards
27.7 Concluding remarks
References
28 Puducherry
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Major types of soils and rocks with their properties
28.3 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
28.4 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
28.5 Natural hazards
28.6 Concluding remarks
29 Punjab
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Major types of soils and rocks
29.2.1 Bet soils
29.2.2 Loamy soils
29.2.3 Sandy soils
29.2.4 Desert soils
29.2.5 Kandi soils
29.2.6 Forest soils
29.3 Properties of soils and rocks
29.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
29.4.1 Fine sand
29.4.2 Coarse sand
29.4.3 Coarse aggregates
29.4.4 Fine-grained soil
29.4.5 Granular subbase material
29.5 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
29.6 Other Geomaterials
29.6.1 Fly and pond ashes
29.6.2 Rice husk ash
29.7 Natural hazards
29.8 Case studies and field tests
29.8.1 Pavement failure
29.8.2 Cracking and uneven settlements in buildings
29.8.3 Tilting of an overhead service reservoir
29.9 Geoenvironmental impact on soils and rocks
29.10 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgement
References
30 Rajasthan
30.1 Introduction
30.1.1 Western desert region
30.1.2 Aravali hill region
30.1.3 Eastern plain region
30.1.4 Southeast plateau
30.2 Major types of soils and rocks
30.2.1 Desert soils
30.2.2 Dune soils
30.2.3 Brown soils
30.2.4 Black cotton soils
30.2.5 Sierozemics
30.2.6 Red soils
30.2.7 Hill soils
30.2.8 Saline-sodic soils
30.3 Properties of soils and rocks
30.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
30.5 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
30.6 Other geomaterials
30.7 Natural hazards
30.8 Case study
30.9 Geoenvironmental impacts on soils and rocks
30.10 Concluding remarks
References
31 Sikkim
31.1 Introduction
31.1.1 Physiography of Sikkim
31.1.2 Physical features
31.2 Major types of soils and rocks
31.2.1 Types of soils
31.2.2 Types of rocks
31.3 Properties of soils and rocks
31.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
31.5 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
31.5.1 Dams and roads
31.5.2 Vernacular housing systems
31.5.3 Performance of residential, commercial and Government buildings
31.5.4 Geotechnical aspects of damages
31.5.4.1 Failure of retaining walls
31.5.4.2 Ground failure and damage to roads
31.5.4.3 Foundation failures
31.5.5 Structural aspects of damages
31.6 Other geomaterials
31.7 Natural hazards
31.7.1 Seismicity aspects of Sikkim
31.7.2 Landslides
31.8 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgement
References
32 Tamil Nadu
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Major types of soil and rock
32.2.1 Major types of soil
32.2.1.1 Red soils
32.2.1.2 Black cotton soils
32.2.1.3 Laterites and lateritic soils
32.2.1.4 Alluvial soils
32.2.1.5 Peat and marshy soils
32.2.2 Major types of rock
32.2.2.1 The Archaean rocks
32.2.2.2 Paleozoic sediments
32.2.2.3 Mesozoic rocks
32.2.2.4 Cenozoic
32.3 Properties of soils and rocks
32.3.1 Soil properties
32.3.2 Properties of rock
32.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
32.5 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
32.6 Other geomaterials
32.6.1 Fly ash
32.6.2 Manufactured sand
32.6.3 Vermiculite
32.7 Natural hazards
32.7.1 Cyclone
32.7.2 Tsunami
32.7.3 Landslides
32.7.4 Urban flooding
32.8 Case studies and field tests
32.9 Geoenvironmental impact on soils and rocks
32.10 Concluding remarks
References
33 Telangana
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Major soils and rock types
33.3 Properties of soils and rocks
33.4 Other construction materials
33.4.1 Stone dust
33.4.2 Construction and demolition waste
33.4.3 Rice husk ash
33.4.4 Pond ash
33.4.5 Limestone slabs
33.5 Foundations of a few important structures
33.5.1 Kaleswaram project
33.5.2 Thousand pillars temple
33.5.3 Ramappa temple (built with floating bricks)
33.6 Natural hazards
33.7 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgements
References
34 Tripura
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Soil types
34.2.1 Reddish yellow brown sandy soil
34.2.2 Red loam and sandy loam
34.2.3 Older alluvial soil
34.2.4 Younger alluvial soil
34.2.5 Lateritic soil
34.3 Optimising land use
34.4 Rock formations
34.5 Properties of soils and rocks
34.6 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
34.6.1 Brick manufacturing
34.6.2 Building materials
34.7 Foundations for houses and geotechnical structures
34.8 Natural hazards
34.8.1 Earthquakes
34.8.1.1 Tectonic movement
34.8.1.2 Neogene movement
34.8.1.3 Quaternary movements
34.8.1.4 Contemporary movements
34.8.2 Floods
34.8.3 Landslides
34.8.4 Cyclones
34.9 Case study on riverbank erosion
34.10 Geoenvironmental impact
34.10.1 Impact of river basin environmental changes
34.10.2 Impact on agricultural lands
34.10.3 Impact due to road construction
34.10.4 Impact due to sand mining
34.10.5 Impact of bridge piers on the Haora river
34.11 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgement
References
35 Uttarakhand
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Major types of soils and rocks
35.2.1 Lesser Himalaya
35.2.2 Outer Himalayan foothill zone
35.3 Properties of soils and rocks
35.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
35.5 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
35.6 Natural hazards
35.6.1 Earthquakes
35.6.2 Landslides
35.6.3 Flooding
35.7 Field tests
35.8 Geoenvironmental impact on soils and rocks
35.9 Concluding remarks
References
36 Uttar Pradesh
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Soil classifications
36.2.1 Siwalik hills and Terai region
36.2.2 Gangetic plains
36.2.3 Vindhyas range and plateau region
36.3 Optimising land use
36.4 Rock formations
36.4.1 Mineral resources
36.4.2 Aquifer systems
36.5 Properties of soils and rocks
36.5.1 Variation of N-value with depth
36.6 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
36.6.1 Fire clays
36.6.2 Sand
36.6.3 Morrum
36.6.4 Limestone, shale and gypsum
36.6.5 SMS grade dolomite
36.6.6 Pyrophyllite
36.7 Other geomaterials
36.7.1 Fly ash
36.7.2 Mine wastes
36.7.3 Clay-rich tailings
36.7.4 Red mud
36.7.5 Waste rock
36.8 Foundations and geotechnical structures
36.9 Natural hazards
36.9.1 Tectonic movement
36.9.2 Floods
36.10 Case study
36.10.1 Field investigations
36.10.2 Laboratory investigations
36.10.3 Design criteria
36.10.4 Allowable soil pressure
36.10.5 Shear failure consideration
36.10.6 Settlement criterion
36.10.7 Liquefaction analysis
36.10.8 Recommendations
36.11 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgement
References
37 West Bengal
37.1 Introduction
37.1.1 Northern mountain region
37.1.2 Western plateau fringe
37.1.3 Northern plains
37.1.4 Terai region
37.1.5 Rarh region
37.1.6 Sundarbans delta
37.1.7 Coastal fringe
37.2 Major types of soils and rocks
37.2.1 Geology of the Darjeeling Himalayas
37.2.2 Bengal basin
37.3 Properties of soils and rocks
37.3.1 Alluvial soils
37.3.2 Organic soils
37.3.3 Laterite and expansive soils
37.3.4 Marine deposits
37.3.5 Boulder deposits
37.4 Use of soils and rocks as construction materials
37.5 Foundations and other geotechnical structures
37.6 Other geomaterials
37.7 Natural hazards
37.7.1 Natural hazards in hilly terrain
37.7.2 Natural hazards within the Bengal basin
37.8 Case studies and field tests
37.9 Geoenvironmental impact on soils and rocks
37.10 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgement
References
Index