This book highlights the fundamental and applied aspects of geoscience that an engineer and geologist would need to be effective in the upstream petroleum industry. Geoscience is integral to exploration and production of petroleum, and a good understanding of the subject enables petroleum engineers to execute their tasks effectively in an interdisciplinary and collaborative environment. Most petroleum engineers lack a geological perspective, owing to their increased focus on core engineering disciplines, and evaluate rocks from a mechanical object. At the same time, books in geoscience which are currently available for undergraduate education are written for educating geologists only. This book aims to provide geoscience fundamentals as required by engineers and geologists to prepare for a career in the upstream petroleum industry.
Author(s): Sandeep Narayan Kundu
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 205
City: Singapore
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Author
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Planet Earth
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Origin of Earth
1.2.1 Nebular Hypothesis
1.2.2 Planetesimal Hypothesis
1.2.3 Tidal or Gaseous Hypothesis
1.2.4 Protoplanet Hypothesis
1.2.5 Big-Bang Theory and the Space–Time Singularity
1.3 Age of Earth
1.3.1 Early Methods
1.3.2 Radioactive Dating
1.3.3 Geological Time Scale
1.4 Earth’s Structure
1.4.1 The Crust
1.4.2 The Mantle
1.4.3 The Core
1.5 Earth System & Interactive Processes
1.5.1 The Earth System
1.5.2 Interactive Processes
1.6 Summary
Further Readings
2 Crustal Processes and Materials
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Crustal Processes
2.1.2 Isostasy
2.2 Crustal Materials
2.2.1 Minerals
2.2.2 Rocks
2.2.3 The Rock Cycle
2.3 Summary
Further Readings
3 Sedimentary Basins
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Basin Controls
3.2.1 Geodynamics
3.2.2 Climatic Factors
3.3 Basin Classification
3.3.1 Continental Rift Basins
3.3.2 Flexure Basins
3.3.3 Strike-Slip and Wrench Basins
3.3.4 Intra-Cratonic Basins
3.4 Basin Analysis
3.4.1 Sedimentological Analysis
3.4.2 Stratigraphic Analysis
3.4.3 Structural Analysis
3.4.4 Geohistory
3.5 Summary
Further Readings
4 Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Weathering
4.2.1 Physical Weathering
4.2.2 Chemical Weathering
4.2.3 Biological Weathering
4.2.4 Climatic Factors
4.3 Erosion, Transportation and Deposition
4.3.1 Gravity Erosion
4.3.2 Fluvial Erosion
4.3.3 Aeolian Erosion
4.3.4 Glacial Erosion
4.4 Lithification
4.4.1 Compaction
4.4.2 Cementation
4.4.3 Diagenesis
4.5 Sedimentary Rock and Types
4.5.1 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
4.5.2 Non-clastic Sedimentary Rocks
4.6 Summary
Further Readings
5 Stratigraphy and Sedimentary Structures
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Stratigraphy
5.2.1 Lithostratigraphy
5.2.2 Biostratigraphy
5.2.3 Chrono-Stratigraphy
5.3 Relative Geologic Dating
5.3.1 Uniformitarianism and Catastrophism
5.3.2 Principles of Stratigraphy
5.4 Sedimentary Structures and Contacts
5.4.1 Sedimentary Structures
5.4.2 Contacts
5.5 Stratigraphic Correlation
5.6 Summary
Further Readings
6 Depositional Environments and Facies
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Depositional Environments
6.3 Identifying Depositional Environments
6.3.1 Lithology
6.3.2 Sedimentary Structures
6.4 Sedimentary Facies
6.5 Typical Sediments Tied to Depositional Environments
6.5.1 Turbidites
6.5.2 Varves
6.5.3 Marine Limestone
6.5.4 Tsunami Deposits
6.5.5 Deltas
6.5.6 Fluvial Deposits
6.6 Summary
Further Readings
7 The Petroleum System
7.1 The Carbon Cycle
7.1.1 Slow and Fast Carbon Cycle
7.2 The Petroleum System
7.3 Source Rock
7.3.1 Kerogen
7.4 Reservoir Rock
7.4.1 Porosity
7.4.2 Permeability
7.5 Seal Rock
7.6 Overburden
7.7 Petroleum System Processes
7.7.1 Trap Creation
7.7.2 Maturation
7.7.3 Migration and Accumulation
7.8 Extents of a Petroleum System
7.9 Petroleum System Event Chart
7.10 Summary
Further Readings
8 Exploration Methods
8.1 Seeps
8.2 Geological Mapping
8.2.1 Mapping from Air and Space
8.2.2 Drainage Pattern and Subsurface Geology
8.3 Geophysical Methods
8.3.1 Gravity Method
8.3.2 Magnetic Method
8.4 Sedimentology and Geochemical Methods
8.4.1 Micro-seeps and Soil Analysis
8.4.2 Result Visualization
8.4.3 Other Geochemical Methods
8.5 Seismic Exploration
8.5.1 Fundamentals of Seismic Reflection
8.5.2 Seismic Surveys
8.5.3 Seismic Processing
8.5.4 Seismic Resolution
8.5.5 Seismic Interpretation
8.5.6 Modelling Geology from Seismic Data
8.6 Summary
Further Readings
9 Drilling and Logging
9.1 Drilling
9.1.1 Drilling Objectives
9.1.2 Vertical and Directional Wells
9.1.3 The Drilling Rig
9.1.4 Geology Influenced Problems
9.1.5 Well Completions
9.2 Well Logging
9.2.1 The Borehole Environment
9.2.2 Equipment, Types and Tools
9.2.3 Spontaneous Potential (SP) Log
9.2.4 Natural Gamma Ray (GR) Logs
9.2.5 Resistivity Logs
9.2.6 Neutron Porosity Log
9.2.7 Gamma Density Log
9.2.8 Acoustic (Sonic) Porosity Log
9.2.9 Caliper Log
9.3 Summary
Further Readings
10 Hydrocarbon Reserves and Quality
10.1 Resources and Reserves
10.2 Volumetric Estimation
10.2.1 Gross Reservoir Volume (GRV) and Net Pay Volume (NPV)
10.2.2 Porosity (Φ)
10.2.3 Fluid Saturation (Sw, Sg, So)
10.2.4 Formation Volume Factor (FVF)
10.2.5 Recovery Efficiency (RE)
10.2.6 Hydrocarbons Initially in Place (HCIIP)
10.3 Uncertainty and Probabilistic Methods
10.3.1 Probability Density Function (PDF)
10.3.2 Monte Carlo Simulation
10.4 Hydrocarbon Quality
10.4.1 API Gravity
10.4.2 Sulphur Content
10.4.3 Dry Gas and Wet Gas
10.4.4 Processing of Crude
10.5 Summary
Further Readings
11 Production Geology
11.1 Reservoir Fluid and Production
11.2 Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
11.2.1 Solution Gas Drive
11.2.2 Gas Cap Drive
11.2.3 Water Drive
11.3 Production Well Planning
11.3.1 Rate of Production
11.3.2 Drive Mechanisms
11.3.3 Reservoir Geology
11.3.4 Fluid Saturation, Wettability and Relative Permeability
11.4 Decline Curve Analysis (DCA)
11.4.1 Forecasting Using Decline Curves
11.4.2 Decline Curves for Different Drive Mechanisms
11.4.3 Reserve Estimation from Production History
11.5 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
11.5.1 Secondary Recovery
11.5.2 Tertiary Recovery
11.6 Summary
Further Reading
12 Unconventional Hydrocarbons Resources
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Energy Returned on Energy Invested (EROEI)
12.1.2 Types of Unconventional Hydrocarbon Resources
12.2 Shale Gas
12.2.1 Exploration and Production
12.3 Oil Shale
12.3.1 Exploration and Production
12.4 Tight Gas
12.4.1 Exploration and Production
12.5 Coal Seam Gas
12.5.1 Exploration and Production
12.6 Oil (or Tar) Sands
12.6.1 Extraction and Production
12.7 Natural Gas Hydrates
12.7.1 Composition, Structure and Stability
12.7.2 Development and Production
12.8 Global Unconventional Resources and Distribution
12.8.1 Shale Gas Resource Distribution
12.8.2 Tight Gas and Coal Seam Gas Resource Distribution
12.8.3 Oil Shale Resource Distribution
12.8.4 Gas Hydrates Resource Distribution
12.9 Summary
Further Readings
