Geoheritage. Assessment, Protection, and Management

00......Page 2
Geoheritage......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Twenty-Five Years of Development......Page 5
Assessment......Page 7
Organisation of the Book......Page 8
References......Page 10
1.1 Introduction......Page 12
1.2 Geodiversity as the Backbone of Geoheritage......Page 13
1.3 Geodiversity as the Backbone of Valuing Abiotic Nature......Page 14
1.4.1 International Geoconservation Site Networks......Page 17
1.4.2 National Geoheritage Site Selection......Page 18
1.5.1 Araripe Global Geopark, Brazil......Page 19
1.5.2 The Washington Monument, Washington, DC, USA......Page 20
1.5.4 Geoconservation in Antarctica......Page 21
1.5.5 Geodiversity of Construction Materials......Page 22
References......Page 23
2.1 Introduction......Page 25
2.2.1 Geodiversity Assessment......Page 27
2.2.3 Geodiversity Mapping......Page 28
2.3.2 Qualitative Methods......Page 30
2.3.3.1 Indices......Page 34
2.3.3.2 Map Algebra......Page 36
2.3.4 Qualitative–Quantitative Methods......Page 37
2.3.5 Case Study: Dębnica Catchment......Page 39
Acknowledgements......Page 44
References......Page 45
3.1 Introduction......Page 51
3.3 What Makes a Successful GAP?......Page 52
3.4 Why Produce a GAP?......Page 53
3.5.1 Case Study 1 – Local Geodiversity Action Plan Production and Reflection......Page 54
3.5.3 Case Study 3 – Company Geodiversity Action Plans (cGAPs)......Page 59
3.5.4 Case Study 4 – UK Geodiversity Action Plan (UKGAP)......Page 60
References......Page 62
4.1 What Makes an Element of Geodiversity Exceptional?......Page 64
4.2 How Should the High Value of Geodiversity Elements Be Identified and Characterised?......Page 69
4.3 Why and How Should Geoheritage Be Assessed?......Page 72
4.4 Final Remarks......Page 76
References......Page 77
5.1 Introduction......Page 81
5.2 Geomorphological Heritage and Geomorphosites: Definitions......Page 82
5.3 Geomorphosites: Peculiar Characteristics......Page 88
5.4 Heritage Geomorphology: A New Branch of the Geomorphological Sciences?......Page 94
5.5 Concluding remarks......Page 95
References......Page 96
6.1.1 Fossils in Folklore and Culture......Page 101
6.1.2 Fossils and Science......Page 102
6.1.3 The Rise of the ‘Rock Hound’ – and Fossils Become a Commodity......Page 104
6.1.4 The Rise of the ‘Conservation Manager’......Page 105
6.2 Why Conserve Fossils?......Page 106
6.3.1 The Nature of the Geological Resource......Page 108
6.3.2 The Nature of the Scientific Resource......Page 110
6.3.3 Threats to the Resource and Management Solutions......Page 111
6.4.1 Legal Measures......Page 115
6.4.2 International Initiatives......Page 118
6.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 119
References......Page 120
7.1 Introduction......Page 123
7.2 Geological Collections: What Is Specific About Them?......Page 125
7.3.1 Importance of Collections for Research......Page 126
7.3.3 New Technologies and Old Objects......Page 127
7.4 Which Value for Collections?......Page 129
7.5 Collections and Museums......Page 130
7.6.1 Acquisition......Page 131
7.6.2 Protection of Ex Situ Geoheritage......Page 135
7.6.3 Three Examples: France, South Africa and Turkey......Page 136
References......Page 138
8.2 The Landscape Value of Geoheritage......Page 140
8.2.1 Landscape......Page 141
8.2.2 Landscape and Geoheritage......Page 142
8.2.3 The Question of the Aesthetics......Page 144
8.3 The Cultural Value of Geoheritage......Page 145
8.3.1 Cultural Geology......Page 146
8.3.2.1 Influence of geology on cultural assets......Page 148
8.3.2.2 Influence of culture on the perception of geoheritage......Page 150
8.3.2.3 Geocultural heritage......Page 152
8.4 Concluding Remarks......Page 153
References......Page 154
9.1 Introduction......Page 160
9.2 Rehabilitated Mines as a New Resource: Sustainability, Education and Geotourism......Page 161
9.4 Conclusion......Page 166
References......Page 167
10.1 Introduction......Page 171
10.2 ICS and the International Chronostratigraphic Chart......Page 172
10.3 Preservation and Maintenance of GSSPs......Page 174
10.4.1 Geological Context and Description......Page 176
10.4.2 Protected GSSPs in the Basque Coast UNESCO Global Geopark: Supporting Scientific Research and Promoting Geoconservat.........Page 177
References......Page 180
11.1 Introduction......Page 182
11.2 Why Conserve Geosites?......Page 183
11.3 Principles of Geosite Conservation......Page 184
11.4.1.2 Conservation needs analysis......Page 185
11.4.2 Application of Conservation Frameworks......Page 188
11.4.2.1 The Site Type conservation framework applied in Great Britain......Page 189
11.4.2.2 Risk of Degradation conservation framework applied in La Rioja, northern Spain......Page 192
11.5.1 Conservation of a Geosite on the Coast: Lyme Regis to Charmouth Coastline, Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site, Dorse.........Page 193
11.5.3 Conservation of Inland Geosites Containing Sensitive and Fragile Fossils: La Rioja, Northern Spain......Page 195
11.5.4 Conservation of an Inland Integrity Geosite: La Risca Gorge, Segovia, Central Spain......Page 196
11.6 Conclusions and Future Challenges......Page 198
Acknowledgements......Page 199
References......Page 200
12.2 Trends in the Development of Geoconservation......Page 202
12.2.1 Geoconservation Origins and Early Steps......Page 203
12.2.2 Establishing Statutory Protection: Landscapes......Page 204
12.2.3 Establishing Statutory Protection: Sites......Page 205
12.2.4 Moving Towards Integration: Linking Nature and People......Page 206
12.3 Geoconservation: Assessment of Progress......Page 208
12.4.1 Mainstreaming Geoconservation Into Civil Society......Page 210
12.4.2 Improving the Scientific Basis for Geoheritage Conservation......Page 213
12.4.3 Mainstreaming Geoheritage Conservation Into Nature Conservation, the Ecosystem Approach and Sustainable Development......Page 215
12.4.4 Integrating Geoheritage Conservation in Protected Area Planning and Management......Page 216
12.5 Conclusions......Page 217
References......Page 218
13.2 World Heritage – Concept and Implementation......Page 225
13.3.1 Criteria of Inscription – Scope for Protection of Geoheritage......Page 227
13.3.2 Representation......Page 228
13.3.3 Earth Science Themes......Page 231
13.4.1 Palaeontological Site – Messel Pit......Page 233
13.4.4 Geomorphological Site – South China Karst......Page 234
13.4.5 Evidence of Climate Change – Kvarken and High Coast......Page 235
References......Page 236
14.1 Geoheritage as a Resource and Support of Services and Activities......Page 238
14.2 An Analysis of the Main Impacts on Geoheritage......Page 240
14.3 Environmental Impact Assessment......Page 243
14.4 The Integration of Geoheritage in the EIA Procedures......Page 246
References......Page 249
Who Are We Trying to Communicate With?......Page 252
What Do ‘Normal’ People Know? What Do They Want to Know? What Do We Want to Tell Them?......Page 253
What Is Interpretation?......Page 254
‘Words, Words, Words…’......Page 256
Getting the Geoconservation Message Across – Keeping the Geoheritage Safe......Page 258
Keeping Normal People Safe......Page 259
Keeping the Interpretation Safe......Page 260
Just Add Humans…......Page 262
Have You Been Wasting Your Time? EXTERMINATE, EXTERMINATE, EXTERMINATE......Page 263
Pick Me Up! Pick ME Up!......Page 265
Guided Walks? They Are so Expensive!......Page 266
Visitor Centres and Museums......Page 267
Time Lines, Geological Gardens, Rocky Maps and Walls and Stratigraphic Sections......Page 268
Land Art – and Ecovandalism?......Page 269
New, and Not so New, Media......Page 270
Final Remarks......Page 271
References......Page 272
16.2 The Visualisation of Geoheritage: Strengths and Weaknesses......Page 274
16.3.1 High-Resolution Imaging in Yosemite National Park......Page 276
16.3.2 3D Models of the Valley of Geysers in Kamchatka......Page 277
16.4.2 The Collection of Mobile Applications GeoGuide......Page 279
16.5.1 Open Data and Crowdsourcing......Page 281
16.5.3 Digital Technologies and Geovisualisation......Page 282
16.5.4 The ‘Sense of Place’ of Virtual Geoheritage......Page 283
References......Page 284
17.1 Introduction......Page 289
17.2 Relationships Between Geoheritage and Geotourism......Page 291
17.3.1 Geotourism and Geoparks as Illustrated via Hong Kong Geoheritage......Page 293
17.3.2 Tourism Where Soils and Regolith Are Geoheritage......Page 294
17.3.3 Tourism Where Fossils Are Geoheritage......Page 296
17.3.4 Tourism Where Volcanic Rocks and Landforms Are Geoheritage......Page 297
17.3.5 Tourism in Large Areas or Landscapes That Are Considered as Geoheritage......Page 299
17.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 301
References......Page 302
18.1 Geoparks: The Dawn of an Innovative Concept......Page 306
18.2 Geoheritage in UNESCO Global Geoparks......Page 308
18.3.1 Characterisation of Geoheritage in Geoparks......Page 310
18.3.2 Conservation of Geoheritage in Geoparks......Page 311
18.3.3 Education and Interpretation of Geoheritage in Geoparks......Page 314
18.4 Final Remarks......Page 315
References......Page 316
19.1 Introduction......Page 319
19.3 Geoheritage Sites in Ethiopia......Page 321
19.4 Geoheritage Promotion and Conservation Challenges......Page 332
References......Page 333
20.2 Background......Page 334
20.3 Geoconservation on Reserved Land......Page 337
20.4.1 Development of Awareness of Geoconservation......Page 340
20.4.2 Care of Geodiversity in Forests Today......Page 342
20.5 The Tasmanian Geoconservation Database......Page 346
20.6 Conclusions and Outlook......Page 347
References......Page 348
21.1 Introduction......Page 351
21.2 Natural Caves in South Korea......Page 352
21.3 Legal Protection of Natural Caves in Korea......Page 353
21.4 Establishment of the Evaluation Criteria......Page 356
21.5 Evaluation Procedure and Results......Page 359
21.6 Final Considerations......Page 361
Acknowledgements......Page 363
References......Page 364
22.1 Introduction......Page 365
22.2.1 Inventory and Monitoring of Palaeontological Sites......Page 368
22.2.2 Survey of Collections and Publications......Page 369
22.3.1 Conservation of Museum Collections......Page 371
22.3.2 Conservation of In Situ Petrified Tree Stumps......Page 372
22.4 Scientific Research and Management......Page 374
22.5 Interpretation and Education......Page 375
22.6 Practical Functionality of a Palaeontology Programme......Page 377
22.7 Human Impacts......Page 378
22.8 Aspirations and Challenges in Achieving Geopark Designation......Page 379
References......Page 380
23.1.1 Brazilian Geological Context......Page 382
23.2.1 Geological Setting......Page 383
23.2.3 History and Designation of the Geosite......Page 387
23.2.4 Management and Public Use......Page 388
References......Page 390
24.1 Introduction......Page 393
24.2 Geoheritage in the Cabañeros National Park......Page 394
24.2.1 Boquerón del Estena Trace Fossil Geosite......Page 395
24.3 Monitoring Methods......Page 396
24.4 First Monitoring Results......Page 399
24.4.3 Geoindicator 3: Waterfall Discharge......Page 401
24.5.1 Boquerón del Estena Trace Fossil Geosite......Page 402
References......Page 404
International Stage......Page 407
Building the Future......Page 409
National Stage......Page 410
Challenges for the Research......Page 411
References......Page 412
Index......Page 413