Geohazards and Disaster Risk Reduction: Multidisciplinary and Integrated Approaches

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Part I: Geohazards and Disaster Prevention: Approaches and Case Studies
Chapter 1: Social Vulnerability and Geohazards: Review and Implications
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Extreme Geohazards: Mechanism and Characteristics
1.2.1 Flood Due to Extreme Water Events
1.2.2 Earthquake
1.2.3 Landslide
1.2.4 Sinkhole (Natural and Anthropogenic)
1.2.5 Subsidence
1.3 Societal Impacts of Geo-Disasters
1.3.1 Before Disaster
1.3.1.1 Perception of Disaster Risk
1.3.1.2 Disaster Preparedness
1.3.1.3 Responses to Warning Communication
1.3.2 During Disaster
1.3.2.1 Housing and Homelessness
1.3.2.2 Residence in Areas at High Risk of Disaster Effects
1.3.2.3 Financial Effects
1.3.3 After Disaster
1.3.3.1 Difficulty of Obtaining and Receiving Aid
1.3.3.2 Lack of Access to Housing
1.3.3.3 Stress Associated with Lack of Resources
1.3.3.4 Greater Prevalence of Distress and Depression
1.3.3.5 Posttraumatic Stress
1.3.3.6 Physical Health and Health Problems
1.4 Case Studies of the Social and Economic Impact of Geo-Disasters
1.4.1 Hurricane Katrina (Levee System Failure): New Orleans Case Study
1.4.1.1 During Disaster (from Perspectives of Damage, Evacuation)
1.4.1.2 After Disaster (from the Perspective of Posttraumatic Stress)
1.4.2 Socioeconomic Impacts of Haiti Earthquake
1.4.2.1 Shelter
1.4.2.2 Impact on the Economy
1.4.2.3 Impact on Education
1.4.3 The Economic Loss due to Newcastle Earthquake
1.4.4 Sinkholes
1.5 Discussion on Differential Impacts of Geohazards in Social Vulnerability
1.6 Conclusion and Recommendation
References
Chapter 2: Representations of Catastrophe Victims in Journalistic Narration: L´Aquila Earthquake of 2009
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Semantic Evolution of the Word ``Victim´´
2.3 Representation of Victims as Martyrs: The Case of L´Aquila Earthquake
2.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Perception of the Self-Exposure to Geohazards in the Italian Coastal Population of the Adriatic Basin
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methods
3.2.1 Study Areas
3.3 Data Collection
3.4 Data Analysis
3.5 Results and Discussion
3.5.1 Influence of Personal Factors and Climate Risk Awareness on the Perception of Self-Exposure to Geohazards
3.5.1.1 Lignano Sabbiadoro (Friuli-Venezia Giulia Region)
3.5.1.2 Montemarciano (Marche Region)
3.5.1.3 Brindisi (Puglia Region)
3.5.2 Influence of the Proximity to the Coast on the Perception of Self-Exposure to Geohazards
3.5.2.1 Lignano Sabbiadoro (Friuli-Venezia Giulia Region)
3.5.2.2 Montemarciano (Marche Region)
3.5.2.3 Brindisi (Puglia Region)
3.5.3 Overview on Factors Influencing the Perception of Self-Exposure to Geohazards Along the Italian Adriatic Coasts
3.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Urban Transformation, Collective Memory, and Disaster Preparedness: A Case from Turkey
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Urban Transformation and Disaster Management
4.1.2 Disaster Preparedness
4.1.3 Past Experiences and Collective Memory of Disasters
4.1.4 The 1999 Marmara Earthquake
4.1.5 Earthquakes in Balkesir
4.1.6 Research Question and Method
4.1.7 Findings of Household Characteristics
4.1.8 Findings Related to Disaster Preparedness
4.2 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Perceptions and Practices of Disaster Governance in Countries with Long History of Centralized Administration: A Ca...
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Literature Overview
5.2.1 Disaster Management and Preparedness
5.2.2 The Role of Local Governments/Municipalities in Disaster Preparedness
5.3 Research Methods and Techniques
5.3.1 Purpose and Problem of the Research
5.3.2 Research Method and Process
5.4 Findings
5.4.1 Risk Analysis: ``It Has a Cost´´
5.4.2 Database on Disadvantaged Groups: ``I Don´t Think We Have a Healthy Data´´
5.4.3 Information on Disaster Material Requirements: ``We Provide Whatever Assistance Is Requested from Us´´
5.4.4 Awareness-Raising Activities: ``A New Generation Is Coming with Its Consciousness Right Now´´
5.4.5 Disaster Response Plan: ``That Plan Will Come from AFAD and We Will Be Involved in It´´
5.4.6 Disasters and Inter-Institutional Cooperation: ``We Mobilize Very Well When Necessary´´
5.4.7 The Central Role of AFAD: ``We Learned This on August 17th´´
5.4.8 Cooperation with Civil Society: ``Let Me Be Clear, NGOs Are Not Very Active´´
5.5 Discussion and Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Reducing the Risk from Asbestos in the Built Environment During Natural Hazard Events
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types of Asbestos
6.3 Sources of Asbestos
6.4 Uses of Asbestos
6.5 Asbestos as a Hazard
6.6 Reducing the Asbestos Threat from Earthquakes, Cyclones, Floods, and Tsunamis
6.6.1 Elements of Disaster Risk Management
6.6.2 Preparedness and Risk Reduction
6.6.3 Asbestos-Aware Response and Recovery
6.7 Conclusions
References
Part II: Climate Change Perspectives
Chapter 7: Communicating Weather Risk in the Twenty-First Century: Approaches Using Video Games and Virtual Reality
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Data and Methodology
7.3 Results
7.4 Discussion
7.5 Conclusions
Appendix
References
Chapter 8: Assessing Coastal Flood Impact on Buildings: A Climate Change Perspective from the Developing Nation
8.1 Understanding the Impact of Changing Climate on Coastal Flooding
8.2 Assessing Coastal Flood Impact: A Perspective from a Developing Nation
8.2.1 Climate Change and Disaster Mitigation Policy of the Government
8.2.2 Challenge in Estimating Coastal Flood Impact in a Data-Scarce Region
8.3 Multivariate Building Damage Assessment Model for Vernacular Buildings
8.3.1 Research Methodology
8.3.2 Results and Discussion
8.3.3 Analysing Spatial Damage Post-Cyclone Yass
8.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Coping with Disasters: What Place Names Can Tell Us About Anthropocene and Climate Change
9.1 Nomina Sunt Consequentia Rerum: A Name, A Destiny
9.2 An Ethnographic Case: La Saxe
9.3 Recurring Events
9.4 Saints and Holy Places
9.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Climate Change and the Rising Disaster Risk in Africa
10.1 Climate Change
10.1.1 Climate Change Mitigation
10.1.2 Adaptation
10.1.3 Loss and Damage
10.2 Disaster Risk
10.3 Climate Change´s Impacts on Disaster Risk in Africa
10.3.1 100 Years of Climate-Related Disasters in Africa: 1920-2019
10.3.2 The ENSO Events: 1920-2019
10.3.3 ENSO and the Anthropogenic Changing Climate
10.3.4 Neo-normal Disaster Risk Paradigm
10.3.4.1 Being Overtaken by Events
10.3.4.2 Heightened Vulnerability, Exposure and Dwindling Coping Capacities
10.3.4.3 Neo-normal Disaster Risk Paradigm: A Prophecy Comes True
10.3.5 Re-conceptualising Resilience in Neo-normal Disaster Risk Paradigm
10.3.6 Re-politicising CCA and DRR to Counter Neo-normal Disaster Risk Paradigm
10.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Water and Geohazards in Lower Casamance: Risk Perception and Prevention Strategies of the Populations in the Baïla...
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Study Area
11.3 Data and Methods
11.3.1 Choice of Villages for the Survey
11.3.2 Choice of the Population to Be Interviewed and Analysis of the Research
11.4 Results and Discussion
11.4.1 Risks in the Baïla Marigot Basin
11.4.1.1 Perceptions of Variations in the Precipitation Regime
11.4.1.2 Perceptions of Water Storage and Quality Characteristics in the Baïla Marigot
11.4.1.3 Perceptions of Degradation of Other Natural Resources and Other Constraints in the Baïla Marigot Basin
11.4.2 Strategies and Action Plans for Prevention and Preparedness of Local Communities
11.4.2.1 Strategies for Dealing with Climate Risks in the Area
11.4.2.2 Water Resources Management Strategies in the Area
11.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: The Risk of Marine Erosion in Tunisian Beaches: A Retrospective Reading for a Prospective Vision
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Beaches that Apparently Nothing Predisposed to Important Marine Erosion
12.3 A Risk Not Limited to Managed Coasts and Perceived for More than a Century
12.3.1 Various Evidences and Indicators
12.3.2 What Conclusions?
12.4 An Inexorable Growing Risk, Especially Since the 1980s
12.4.1 A Growing Human Responsibility
12.4.2 An Erosion at Rapid Pace
12.5 The Documents Do Not Reveal Everything and Can Sometimes Mislead
12.5.1 The Corniche Beach of Bizerte
12.5.2 The Case of the Skanès Coast
12.6 A Negative Assessment at Different Levels: Beaches Often Unarmed to Face the Challenges of the Future
12.6.1 With Regard to the General State of the Beaches
12.6.2 With Regard to the Evolution of the Occupation of the Coast and the Attitude of Officials and Decision-Makers
12.6.2.1 About Coast Occupation´s Evolution and Decision-Makers´ Attitude
12.6.2.2 Delay in Soft Protection Methods´ Adoption and Prospective Approaches
12.7 Conclusion: Tunisia´s Sandy Beaches Leave Weak in the Fight Against the Predicted Sea-Level Rise
References
Chapter 13: African Indigenous Understanding of Climate Change and Disaster Risk Nexus
13.1 Indignity and the Science
13.2 Indignity and Climate Change Discourses: Global Perspectives
13.2.1 Indigenous Observations of Changing Climate
13.2.2 Indigenous Resilience Practices
13.2.3 Credibility of Indigenous Knowledge
13.2.4 Integrating Indigenous Knowledge Systems and the Science
13.2.5 Challenges in Integrating Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge
13.3 African Indigenous Narrative on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Nexus
13.3.1 The Weather Is out of Mezzan (Balance or Equilibrium)
13.3.2 ``We Are So Tired´´
13.3.3 More Months of Droughts than Rainfalls
13.3.4 Extreme Rain or Dryness
13.3.5 Superficial Rains
13.3.6 Humankind Disturbs God and Ancestors
13.4 Indigenous Management of Risk of Climate Change and Variability
13.4.1 Predicting Climate Hazards
13.4.2 African Indigenous Resilience Wisdom for Managing Climate Crisis
13.4.2.1 Kulang´s Resilience Model
13.4.2.2 El majel: A Coping Mechanism to Extreme Weather Events in Tunisia
13.4.2.3 Diversifying Livelihood Options
13.4.2.4 Collective Resilience
13.4.2.5 Resilient Infrastructure
13.5 Conclusion
References
Part III: Resilience and Disaster Preparedness
Chapter 14: Building Resilience in Times of New Global Challenges: A Focus on Six Main Attributes
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Analysis of Resilience Attributes
14.2.1 Safety
14.2.2 Robustness
14.2.3 Adaptive Capacity
14.2.4 Sustainability
14.2.5 Governance
14.2.6 Anamnesis
14.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Community Resilience Through Recovery: Capacity Building and Sustainability
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Relationship Between Community-Based Recovery and Resilience
15.3 Influential Factors in Community Recovery and Subsequent Trends
15.4 Communities´ Recovery Experiences in GEJET
15.4.1 Influential Factors in GEJET Recovery
15.5 Recovery Operations and Activities
15.5.1 Damage Reduction Measures
15.5.1.1 Miyagi Prefecture
15.5.1.2 Iwate Prefecture
15.5.2 Community Activities in Affected Areas
15.5.2.1 Miyagi Prefecture
15.5.2.2 Iwate Prefecture
15.6 Recovery Trends
15.7 Opportunities and Challenges of GEJET
15.8 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Chapter 16: Community Resilience Through Local Action: AKAH´s Winter Preparedness and Avalanche Readiness Programme
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The Aga Khan Agency for Habitat (AKAH)
16.3 Snow Avalanche: Dominant Winter Hazard
16.4 AKAH´s Winter Preparedness and Avalanche Readiness Programme
16.5 Programme Framework
16.5.1 Pre-Avalanche Season
16.5.1.1 Identifying and Prioritising Avalanche-Prone Settlements
16.5.1.2 Village Disaster Management Plan (VDMP)
16.5.1.3 Community Emergency Response Team (CERT)/Volunteers
16.5.1.4 Community Awareness and Education
16.5.1.5 Emergency Communication
16.5.1.6 Weather Monitoring Posts (WMPs)
16.5.1.7 Capacity Building and Drills
16.5.1.8 Stockpiles
16.5.1.9 Mitigation Projects
16.5.1.10 Self-Evaluation Exercise
16.5.2 During an Avalanche Season
16.5.2.1 Weather and Avalanche Advisory Service
16.5.2.2 Monitoring of WMP Performance
16.5.3 Post-Avalanche Season
16.5.3.1 Reflection and Learning
16.6 Recommendation and Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Civic Resilience: Botanical Gardens in North America, Birth, Development, and Environmental Awareness
17.1 Introduction: Origins of the `Columbian Exchange´
17.2 Botanical Gardens
17.3 The Network
17.4 Botanical Gardens in New York
17.5 Botanical Gardens and the City
17.6 The Botanical Garden: An Urban Artwork
17.7 Actions in the Garden
17.8 Some Experiences, in Europe and America
17.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Measuring Willingness to Pay for Community-Based Resilience Training in the Southeast USA
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Review of Economic Analyses of Community-Based Resilience Programs
18.3 Why Use Contingent Valuation for Valuing Community-Based Resilience Programs
18.4 Contingent Valuation Estimation and Design
18.5 Estimation Strategy for WTP
18.6 Parameter Estimates for Explanations of Being WTP
18.7 WTP Estimates and Aggregation
18.8 Discussion
18.9 Conclusion
Appendix
References
Chapter 19: Where There Is Smoke: Normalizing Community Preparedness and Geohazard Resilience: A Wildfire Perspective
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 The Big Picture: The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
19.2 Some Theory of Motivation
19.2.1 Importance of the Social Microclimate
19.2.2 Dependent Others
19.2.3 The Awareness-Preparedness Gap
19.3 Giving People Time: Workplace Leave
19.4 Giving People Money: Financial Incentives and Awards
19.4.1 Rewarding Best Practice
19.4.2 Fire-Safe Seminars
19.4.3 Value Adding
19.4.4 Insurance Premiums
19.4.5 Civic Awards: From Individuals to Whole Towns
19.4.6 Farmers
19.5 The Social Microclimate
19.6 Decision-Making, Adaptive Rewards, and Dynamic Risk Assessment (DRA)
19.6.1 In Summary
References
Chapter 20: Istanbul Resilience Approach Against Earthquake
20.1 The Authenticity of Modern-Day Is the Urban Life
20.2 Urban Resilience Characteristics
20.3 What Is Urban Resilience?
20.4 When Does Earthquake as a Natural Event Turn into Disaster?
20.5 lstanbul and Earthquake
20.6 Some Projects and Implementations for Istanbul Against Earthquake
20.7 Istanbul Must Foster Its Resilient Ability, Capability, or Capacity
20.7.1 Check the Earthquake Realities of Istanbul
20.7.2 Check the Potential Secondary Hazards and Disaster Risk Dynamics Related to Earthquake
20.7.3 Check the Urban Resilience Characteristics of Istanbul for Earthquake Threat
20.8 Istanbul Resilience Approach Against Earthquake
20.9 Istanbul Sustainable Resilience Strategy Against Earthquake
References
Part IV: Pandemic, Vulnerabilities and Ethics
Chapter 21: The Covid-19 Protection Index (CPI) as a Way to Identify Vulnerabilities and Disparities Across Brazilian Territor...
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Methodology
21.3 CPI Applications
21.3.1 Mapping the Vulnerable Regions
21.3.2 Simulating the Pandemic in Unequal Territories
21.3.3 Territorial Vulnerabilities and Covid-19 Vaccination
21.4 Final Considerations
Supplementary Material
References
Chapter 22: The Social Vulnerability Index: A Literature Review
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Case Studies on the Construction of a Social Vulnerability Index on National and Local Scales
22.3 Case Studies on Social Vulnerability to Climate Change and Natural Hazards
22.4 Case Studies on the Social Vulnerability Index to COVID-19
22.5 Brief Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 23: Geoethics, Environmental Law and the Necessary Dialogue Between Knowledges
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Towards a Definition of Geoethics
23.3 Geoethics, Morality and Environmental Law
23.4 Anthropocene and Ecological Humanism
23.5 The Contribution of Geoethics
23.6 The Necessary Interaction Between Disciplines
23.7 Geoethics and Law
23.8 Conclusions
References