Geographies of Mediterranean Europe

Contents
Chapter 1: The Current Legacy of Geographies in Mediterranean Europe
References
Part I: The Great Contributions of Mediterranean Geographical Thought
Chapter 2: Geography as a Social Science in Portugal
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Evolution: The Institutional Establishment of the Discipline
2.3 Education: If Geography Is a Central Discipline in School, Student Education Is Also Essential for Geography
2.4 Research: Expansion, Internationalization and Interest Widening
2.5 Politics, Policies, Planning and Organizations: Geography Out of School
2.6 Links, Paths and Challenges
2.7 Towards a Southern Europe or a Mediterranean Geography?
References
Chapter 3: Spanish Geographical Thought in the Present: Its Influence and Original Proposals in a Context Dominated by Tradition
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Spanish Geography in the First Two Decades of the Twenty-First Century: General Characteristics
3.2.1 The Academic and Professional Consolidation of Geography in Regional and Democratic Spain (1975–2009)
3.2.2 The Challenges of the Current Situation: The Impact of the Crisis (2009–2019)
3.3 The Internal Weaknesses of Spanish Geography
3.3.1 The Persistence of Academic Conservatism
3.3.2 The Predominant Themes in the Work of Spanish Geographers
3.4 Original Proposals of the Geographical Thought of the Present
3.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Geography and Territorial Planning in Italy
4.1 The Reasons Behind a Missed Opportunity
4.2 Geography and Urban Planning: The Origins of a Debate
4.3 A Renewed Regional Geography Does Not Match the Planning
4.4 The New Planning Directions and the ‘Vast Area’ Problem
4.5 The Illusion of Administrative Reorganisation
4.6 The Geographers Have Worked on Planning Nonetheless
4.7 Potential Convergences for the Future
References
Part II: Relevant Topics of Study in Mediterranean Geography
Chapter 5: (Physical) Geography and Environmental Issues in Portugal
5.1 Geographical Knowledge of Portugal
5.2 Climate, the Underpinning of a Frankly Mediterranean Environment
5.3 The Land of Portugal
5.4 Semi-torrential Rivers and River Systems
5.5 Vegetation in Constant Change
5.6 Azores and Madeira
5.7 Environment, Resources and Natural Hazards
5.8 The Example of the Forest Fires in 2017
5.9 Climate Change and Territorial Planning in Portugal
5.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Climate and Water on the Spanish Mediterranean Coast: Challenges for the Future
6.1 The Study of Climate and Water in the Last Two Decades: Thematic Changes and Changes of Focus
6.2 Climate: Resource and Risk – The Uncertainties of Climate Change
6.3 Water: From Supply Paradigm to Demand Management
6.4 Challenges for the Future in the Planning of Climate and Water Resources
6.4.1 Agriculture
6.4.2 Tourism
6.4.3 Water
6.4.4 Sustainable Spatial Planning
References
Chapter 7: Geographies of the South. The Study of the Rural Landscape in Portugal: Southern Unicity in Patterns and Changing Functions
7.1 Introduction: The Landscape
7.2 The Hybridity of South European Landscapes
7.2.1 Production Systems
7.2.2 Decision-Making Processes
7.2.3 Urban-Rural Relations
7.2.4 Local-Global Linkages
7.3 Understanding Change: A Perspective from the South
7.4 Ongoing Changes
7.5 Concluding: Management Challenges
References
Chapter 8: Turkey: Clımate Variability, Extreme Temperature, and Precipitation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Extreme Temperature Events
8.2.1 Summer Days
8.2.2 Tropical Nights
8.2.3 Frosty Days
8.2.4 Icy Days
8.2.5 Daily Temperature Range
8.3 Extreme Rain Events
8.3.1 Extreme Humid Days
8.3.2 Very Wet Days
8.3.3 Simple Precipitation Intensity Index
8.3.4 Consecutive Dry Days
8.3.5 Consecutive Humid Days
8.4 Results
References
Chapter 9: Utopian and Developmental Mediterranean Spaces: The Example of the Inland Sea of Martins, Lavigne, Roudaire et al. (1869–1892)
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Context of the Inland Sea Project: The Saint-Simonian Influence
9.3 “Imitating Nature While Hastening Its Work”: Captain Roudaire’s Project
9.4 Behind Roudaire’s Inland Sea Project, the Scientific Work of Charles Martins as well as the Shameful Plagiarism of Georges Lavigne’s Writings
9.5 The Future of Roudaire’s Ill-Fated Project
9.6 In Conclusion: Utopias Never Die
References
Chapter 10: The “Soft City” of EU Power Elites: Athens from Neoclassical Capital to “Oriental” Margin
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Nineteenth Century Neoclassical Artificial Capital City Beyond Utopia
10.3 Crisis and Emergent Orientalism in the Twenty-First Century EU
10.4 Hardening the “Soft City”: Urban Dystopia in the Twenty-First Century
10.5 Some Thoughts on Eutopia/Dystopia
References
Chapter 11: The Geography of Retailing in France: More than 40 Years of Researches
11.1 The Emergence of the Geography of Retailing
11.1.1 Retail in French Geographers Before the 1970s: Departing from Vidalian Paradigm
11.1.2 Geography of Retailing: A Shared Interest
11.2 The Geography of Retailing and the Cultural Turn: From Retail to Consumption
11.2.1 Emergence of the Geography of Consumption
11.2.2 The Geography of Consumption: Between Commerce and Culture
11.2.2.1 The Bonsecours Market: A Real-Fictional Place and a Theatrical Stage for Consumption
11.2.2.2 Commercial Discourses, as Social and Cultural Construction
11.2.3 After the Cultural Turn: New Subjects and New Trends
11.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Retail Geography in Italy: Historical Evolution and Future Challenges
12.1 Retail and Geography
12.2 The Fifties-Sixties. The Birth of the Geography of Commerce in Italy
12.3 The Seventies-Nineties: The Coming of Commercial Modernity
12.4 The Nineties-Noughties: Commerce Between Shopping Centres and Town Centres
12.5 The Last Decade: The Effects of the Crisis, Phenomena of Resilience
12.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13: Mediterranean Borders and Diaspora
13.1 A Dystopia of the Present
13.2 The Invention of Terrorism in the Twentieth Century, Wars and Global Crises
13.3 Cosmopolitan Look and Listening Geographies
13.4 The Ethics of the Research in the Face of Singular Events and Subjects
13.5 The Massacre of the Mediterranean as a Horizon of the Events
13.6 And so Europe Dehumanized Itself: Art Performance and International Convention
13.7 The “Arab Spring” and the Regional Wars as a Backdrop to the Mediterranean Diaspora
13.8 The European Agreements with Turkey and Libya
13.9 The Affirmation of Nationalist Forces in Europe
13.10 New Research Perspective: The Cultural Turn in the Studies on Mediterranean Migration
13.11 Concluding Remarks
Annex: Manifesto
And so Europe Dehumanized Itself
Introduction
Positionings
Languages
For a Situated Knowledge
References
References for Annex
Chapter 14: Does the Future Belong to Mediterranean Cities?
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Some Definitions of Post-modernity
14.3 Approaching the Mediterranean Cities: Some Peculiarities
14.3.1 Mediterranean Cities Between Informality and Spontaneity
14.3.2 The Mediterranean Post-modern Economy
14.4 Deconstructing Mediterranean Everyday Life: Experimenting a Qualitative Urban Interpretive Framework
14.4.1 The Metaphor of Transitivity (or Porosity)
14.4.2 Rhythms and Analysis of the Rhythms
14.4.3 Urban Footprints and Identification
14.5 Conclusions
References
Part III: Applied Geographic Thinking: Education and Spatial Planning
Chapter 15: A Model of Development of Transport Between Spain and France: Between Recovery, Imitation, Improvement and Divergence
15.1 Introduction
15.2 HSLs at the Heart of Multiple Issues
15.3 HSLs: Spain’s Late Catch-Up and the End of France’s Supremacy
15.4 Overtaking and Divergences Between Spain and France
15.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Regions, Nationalities, Nations? Contemporary Geographic Images of Spain’s Regional Diversity
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Representations of Regional Diversity in Modern ‘Environmentalistic’ Geography (1876–1936)
16.3 Geographical Images of Spanish Regions During Franco’s Dictatorship (1939–1975)
16.4 Spanish Transition to Democracy and the Shaping of the Autonomous Communities’ Map (1978–1983)
16.5 Regional Geography in the Face of the Recent and Current Politico-Territorial Crisis in Spain: Reflections for a Critical Geopolitics of the State of the Autonomies
References
Chapter 17: Geographical Presences and Absences: The Role of Spanish Academic Geography in Geopolitical Debates
17.1 Introduction
17.2 European Integration and the Geographical ‘Vocation’ of the Iberian Countries: The Mediterranean, Europe, Latin America, and North Africa
17.2.1 The Role of Political Geography: From Stigma to Vindication
17.2.2 Globalization: The Undercurrent
17.2.3 Europe: Integration and European Politics, Neighbours to the East
17.2.4 Morocco and the Mediterranean: The Overlooked Connection
17.2.5 Latin America: A Fertile Exchange
17.2.6 Other Areas: The Need to Broaden the Scope
17.3 The Iberian Frontiers and Cross-Border Cooperation. The Rescaling of Politics via Reconsideration of the Meaning of State Borders
17.3.1 Analysis of Borders: Definition, Evolution and Policies
17.3.2 The Borders of the Spanish State: Specific Studies
17.4 Territorial Ordering of the Spanish State. The Long Silence of Spanish Academic Geography
17.4.1 The Debate on the Configuration and Development of the Autonomic State
17.4.2 The Crisis of the Autonomic State and the Growing Involvement of Academic Geography
17.5 The Mapping of Local Powers: Municipalities, Counties, Provinces and Metropolitan Areas
17.5.1 The Municipal Map: Studies and Proposals for an Urgent Reform
17.5.2 The Comarcas: A Tradition of Studies and Thwarted Expectations
17.5.3 The Provincial Question: Inheritance and Boundary
17.5.4 The Metropolitan Areas: Administrative Fragmentation and the Need for Governance
17.6 By Way of Conclusion
References
Index