The book describes the history of Brassica oilseed crops, introduces the Brassica genome, its evolution, diversity, classical genetic studies, and breeding. It also delves into molecular genetic linkage and physical maps, progress with genome sequencing initiatives, mutagenesis approaches for trait improvement, proteomics, metabolomics, and bioinformatics. The concluding portion provides detailed methods for whole genome marker assisted breeding and the genetics and genomics of important traits including disease resistance, herbivory, insect and abiotic stress resistance, and discusses the future prospects for Brassica improvement through genomics. This volume provides a state-of-the-moment view of current Brassica genetics, genomics, and breeding research, which is the foundation for the continued understanding of oilseed Brassica species, their genomes, evolution, and further potential as important food and biofuel crops.
Author(s): Dave Edwards, Jacqueline Batley, Isobel Parkin, Chittaranjan Kole
Series: Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Crop Plants
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2012
Language: English
Pages: xxiv+414
Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Oilseed Brassicas......Page 4
Preface to the Series......Page 6
Preface to the Volume......Page 12
Contents......Page 14
List of Contributors......Page 16
Abbreviations......Page 22
1.1 Overview......Page 26
1.2 Brassica Species Origins and Growing Regions......Page 27
1.2.1 Brassica rapa L.......Page 28
1.2.3 Brassica napus L.......Page 29
1.2.5 Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss......Page 30
1.3 Growth and Development of Oilseed Brassica Plants......Page 31
1.4 Economic Importance of Brassica Crops......Page 33
1.5 Future Prospects......Page 35
References......Page 36
Abstract......Page 39
2.1.1 Origin of Brassica Species......Page 40
2.2 Chromosome Number......Page 41
2.3 Heterochromatin......Page 45
2.4 Transposable Elements......Page 46
2.5 Chromosomal Segments......Page 48
2.6 Gene Duplication......Page 51
2.7.1 Whole- Genome Duplication Events......Page 52
2.7.2 Diploidization......Page 56
2.7.3 Chromosomal Rearrangements......Page 57
2.7.4 Gene Repertoire and Order......Page 60
References......Page 64
3.1 Introduction......Page 72
3.2.1 Origin of B. napus......Page 73
3.2.2 Brassica napus Genome Organization......Page 76
3.3.1 Swede or rutabage: B. napus L. ssp. napobrassica (L.)......Page 78
3.4 Genetic Diversity of Brassica napus......Page 79
3.5 Brassica napus Germplasm Collections and Development of Core Collections......Page 87
3.6 Use of Genetic Diversity Assessments for Germplasm Conservation and for Practical Breeding......Page 88
References......Page 92
4.1.1 The Tribe Brassiceae......Page 98
4.1.1.1 Brassica Oilseed Species......Page 99
4.3 Breeding Goals and Achievements for Brassica Oilseeds......Page 101
4.3.1 Seed Yield and Yield Stability......Page 102
4.3.3 Oil Profiles......Page 103
4.3.5 Brassica Breeding Strategies......Page 104
References......Page 107
Abstract......Page 110
5.1 Introduction......Page 111
5.2 Developed Genetic Mapping Populations for Brassica spp.......Page 113
5.3.1.2 RFLP Markers......Page 114
5.3.2 Random PCR Amplifi ed Genetic Marker Technologies......Page 125
5.3.2.2 AFLP Markers......Page 126
5.3.2.3 SRAP Markers......Page 127
5.3.3 Sequence Targeted PCR Amplifi ed Marker Technologies......Page 128
5.3.3.1 SSR Markers......Page 129
5.3.3.2 SNP Markers......Page 132
5.4.1 Foundational Transcriptome Resources......Page 134
5.4.2 Sequenced Brassica Genomes: Mining Transcriptomes and Genomes for New Diversity......Page 135
5.4.3 The Future of Linkage Analysis in Brassica......Page 138
5.5 Conclusion......Page 142
References......Page 143
6.1 Introduction to Brassica Evolution as It Relates to Physical Genome Structure......Page 155
6.2.1 BAC Fingerprinting......Page 158
6.2.2 Optical Mapping......Page 161
6.2.3.1 Anchoring the Physical Map to the Genetic Map......Page 163
6.2.3.3 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)......Page 164
6.3.2.1 Arabidopsis thaliana......Page 165
6.3.2.2 Brassica Species......Page 168
6.4.2 Genomic Sequencing......Page 169
6.4.3 Map Based Gene Cloning......Page 170
6.4.3.3 Rfo Gene in Radish......Page 171
6.4.3.5 Beta Carotene Gene Or of Brassica oleracea......Page 172
References......Page 173
7.1 Introduction......Page 177
7.2 Sequencing Approaches......Page 178
7.3.2 Brassica......Page 179
7.4 Applications of Whole Genome Sequence Information......Page 181
References......Page 182
8.1 Introduction......Page 183
8.2 The Approach of Induced Mutagenesis in Brassica Crops......Page 184
8.2.2 Chemical Induced Mutagenesis......Page 185
8.3 Screening and Identification of Mutants— TILLING, A New Technology Applied for Brassica Mutagenesis......Page 186
8.5.1 Increasing Seed Oil Content with Mutants......Page 192
8.5.3 Screening Mutants with Disease Resistance......Page 194
8.6 Prospects of Induced Mutagenesis for Genetic Research and Breeding in Brassica......Page 195
Reference......Page 196
9.1 Introduction......Page 199
9.2.1 Proteomics: Basics and Applications......Page 200
9.2.2 Current Proteomics Technologies......Page 201
9.2.3 Proteomics in Brassica Species......Page 203
9.3.1 Metabolomics: Basics and Applications......Page 206
9.3.2 Current Metabolomics Technologies......Page 208
9.3.2.1 MS-based Metabolomics......Page 209
9.3.2.2 NMR......Page 210
9.3.3 Metabolomics in Brassica Crops......Page 213
References......Page 215
10.1 Introduction......Page 219
10.2 Genetic Resources......Page 220
10.2.1.1 autoSNPdb......Page 221
10.2.1.2 SSRPrimer......Page 222
10.2.2 Genetic Mapping......Page 223
10.2.2.2 Comparative Mapping......Page 224
10.3.2 BAC and Gene Annotator......Page 226
10.3.3 Gene Expression Information......Page 227
References......Page 228
Abstract......Page 231
11.2 Phylogenomic Framework......Page 232
11.3 Glucosinolates......Page 234
11.4 Herbivore Diversification in Relation to Brassicales Diversification......Page 236
11.5 Future Research Needed......Page 238
References......Page 240
Abstract......Page 244
12.2 Genomic Selection in Animals and Plants......Page 245
12.3 Towards Genomic Selection in Canola......Page 247
12.5 Experiences with Linkage Disequilibrium Analysis in Canola......Page 249
12.6 Challenges to Development of Genomic Selection in Canola and other Crops......Page 250
12.7 Conclusions......Page 252
References......Page 253
Abstract......Page 255
13.1 Introduction......Page 256
13.1.1 The Impact of Stress on Crop Yields......Page 258
13.1.2 Adverse Environments......Page 260
13.1.2.1 Exposure to Freezing Temperatures......Page 261
13.1.2.3 Unfavourable Osmotic Environments......Page 264
13.2 Plant Breeding, Genetic Mapping and Marker- Assisted Selection......Page 265
13.3.1 Metabolic Adjustments to a Stressful Life......Page 267
13.3.2 Stress Responsive Genes and Their Regulatory Pathways......Page 269
13.3.3 Hormonal Responses to Abiotic Stress......Page 272
13.4 Application of Genomics Technologies to Elucidate Brassica Stress Tolerance......Page 273
13.5.1 Improvement of Salt Tolerance......Page 275
13.5.2 Improvement of Freeing Tolerance......Page 276
13.5.3 Improvement of Drought Tolerance......Page 278
13.5.4 Overproduction of Compatible Osmolytes for Enhanced Stress Tolerance......Page 281
13.5.5 Oxidative Stress Tolerance......Page 282
13.5.6 Chlorophyll Clearing— Reducing the Impact of Green Seed......Page 283
13.6 Alternative Sources of Stress Tolerant Germplasm......Page 284
13.7 Conclusions......Page 285
References......Page 286
Abstract......Page 301
14.2 Black Spot (Alternaria brassicae)......Page 302
14.3 Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae)......Page 303
14.4 Downy Mildew (Hyaloperonospora parasitica)......Page 306
14.5 Light Leaf Spot (Pyrenopeziza brassicae)......Page 309
14.6 Phoma Stem Canker (Leptosphaeria maculans)......Page 310
14.7 Sclerotinia (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)......Page 316
14.8 Verticillium Wilt (Verticillium longisporum)......Page 321
14.9 White Rust (Albugo candida)......Page 324
Acknowledgements......Page 328
References......Page 329
Abstract......Page 344
15.2 Pest Complexes on Brassicaceae Crops......Page 345
15.3.1 Flea Beetles (Psylliodes chrysocephala and Phyllotreta spp.)......Page 349
15.3.2 Diamondback moth (P. xylostella) and other lepidopterans......Page 350
15.3.3 Root Maggot (Delia spp.)......Page 351
15.3.4 Seedpod Weevil (C. obstricus)......Page 352
15.4.1 Glucosinolates......Page 353
15.4.1.1 Glucosinolates and Host Plant Palatability......Page 354
15.4.1.2 Adaptation to Glucosinolates......Page 357
15.4.1.3 Tailored Glucosinolate Profiles......Page 358
15.4.2.1 Terpenoids......Page 360
15.4.2.2 Phytosterols......Page 361
15.4.2.4 Phenolics......Page 362
15.5 Volatile Olfactory Cues......Page 363
15.6.1 Epicuticular Wax......Page 364
15.6.2 Trichome Density and Chemistry......Page 366
15.7 Oviposition Determinants......Page 367
15.8 Multi- trophic Considerations......Page 368
15.9.1 Reorganization of Transcription in Response to Herbivory......Page 369
15.9.3 Herbivore Associated Molecular Patterns ( HAMPs)......Page 371
15.9.4 Phytohormones......Page 372
15.9.5 The Impact of Herbivory on Glucosinolate Production......Page 375
15.9.6 Metabolic, Developmental and Phenotypic Changes......Page 376
15.9.7 Arthopod- inducible proteins......Page 377
15.10 Lesson Learned......Page 379
References......Page 380
Abstract......Page 398
16.1 Introduction......Page 399
16.2 Application of Genomic Tools......Page 400
16.3 Application of Systems Biology......Page 401
16.3.1 Yield......Page 402
16.3.2 Plant Architecture......Page 403
16.3.3 Seed Composition......Page 404
16.3.4 Seed Size......Page 405
16.4 Transgenic Approaches to Seed Product Modifi cation......Page 406
16.4.1 Traits......Page 407
16.4.2 Stress Tolerance......Page 408
16.5 Use of Wild Brassica Species for Genetic Improvement......Page 410
16.6 Improving Photosynthetic Efficiency......Page 411
16.7 Brassica Oilseed Crop as a Biofactory......Page 412
16.8 Conclusion......Page 413
References......Page 414
Index......Page 424
Color Plate Section......Page 426
