Genetics: Analysis and Principles

Cover
Title
Copyright
Brief Contents
Table of Contents
Preface
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION
1 OVERVIEW OF GENETICS
1.1 The Molecular Expression of Genes
1.2 The Relationship Between Genes and Traits
1.3 Fields of Genetics
1.4 The Science of Genetics
1.5 Gender Identity Versus Sex
1.6 The Meaning of Normal in Genetics
UNIT II: PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE
2 CHROMOSOME TRANSMISSION DURING CELL DIVISION AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
2.1 General Features of Chromosomes
2.2 Cell Division
2.3 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
2.4 Meiosis
2.5 Sexual Reproduction
2.6 Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination
3 MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
3.1 Mendel’s Study of Pea Plants
3.2 Law of Segregation
3.3 Law of Independent Assortment
3.4 The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
3.5 Studying Inheritance Patterns in Humans
3.6 Probability and Statistics
4 EXTENSIONS OF MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
4.1 Overview of Mendelian Inheritance Patterns
4.2 Dominant and Recessive Alleles
4.3 Environmental Effects on Gene Expression
4.4 Incomplete Dominance, Heterozygote Advantage, and Codominance
4.5 Genes on Sex Chromosomes
4.6 Sex-Influenced and Sex-Limited Inheritance
4.7 Lethal Alleles
4.8 Understanding Complex Phenotypes Caused by Mutations in Single Genes
4.9 Gene Interactions
5 NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
5.1 Maternal Effect
5.2 Epigenetics: Dosage Compensation
5.3 Epigenetics: Genomic Imprinting
5.4 Extranuclear Inheritance
6 GENETIC LINKAGE AND MAPPING IN EUKARYOTES
6.1 Overview of Linkage
6.2 Relationship Between Linkage and Crossing Over
6.3 Genetic Mapping in Plants and Animals
6.4 Genetic Mapping in Haploid Eukaryotes
6.5 Mitotic Recombination
7 GENETIC TRANSFER AND MAPPING IN BACTERIA
7.1 Overview of Genetic Transfer in Bacteria
7.2 Bacterial Conjugation
7.3 Conjugation and Mapping via Hfr Strains
7.4 Bacterial Transduction
7.5 Bacterial Transformation
7.6 Medical Relevance of Horizontal Gene Transfer
8 VARIATION IN CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE AND NUMBER
8.1 Microscopic Examination of Eukaryotic Chromosomes
8.2 Changes in Chromosome Structure: An Overview
8.3 Deletions and Duplications
8.4 Inversions and Translocations
8.5 Changes in Chromosome Number: An Overview
8.6 Variation in the Number of Chromosomes Within a Set: Aneuploidy
8.7 Variation in the Number of Sets of Chromosomes
8.8 Natural and Experimental Mechanisms That Produce Variation in Chromosome Number
UNIT III: MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL
9 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF DNA AND RNA
9.1 Identification of DNA as the Genetic Material
9.2 Overview of DNA and RNA Structure
9.3 Nucleotide Structure
9.4 Structure of a DNA Strand
9.5 Discovery of the Double Helix
9.6 Structure of the DNA Double Helix
9.7 RNA Structure
10 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF CHROMOSOMES AND TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS
10.1 Organization of Functional Sites Along Prokaryotic Chromosomes
10.2 Structure of Prokaryotic Chromosomes
10.3 Organization of Functional Sites Along Eukaryotic Chromosomes
10.4 Sizes of Eukaryotic Genomes and Repetitive Sequences
10.5 Transposition
10.6 Structure of Eukaryotic Chromosomes in Nondividing Cells
10.7 Structure of Eukaryotic Chromosomes During Cell Division
11 DNA REPLICATION
11.1 Structural Overview of DNA Replication
11.2 Bacterial DNA Replication: The Formation of Two Replication Forks at the Origin of Replication
11.3 Bacterial DNA Replication: Synthesis of New DNA Strands
11.4 Bacterial DNA Replication: Chemistry and Accuracy
11.5 Eukaryotic DNA Replication
UNIT IV: MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF GENES
12 GENE TRANSCRIPTION AND RNA MODIFICATION
12.1 Overview of Transcription
12.2 Transcription in Bacteria
12.3 Transcription in Eukaryotes
12.4 RNA Modification
12.5 A Comparison of Transcription and RNA Modification in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes
13 TRANSLATION OF mRNA
13.1 The Genetic Basis for Protein Synthesis
13.2 The Relationship Between the Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis
13.3 Experimental Determination of the Genetic Code
13.4 Structure and Function of tRNA
13.5 Ribosome Structure and Assembly
13.6 Stages of Translation
13.7 Regulation of Translation
13.8 A Comparison of Translation in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes
14 GENE REGULATION IN BACTERIA
14.1 Overview of Transcriptional Regulation
14.2 Regulation of the lac Operon
14.3 Regulation of the trp Operon
14.4 Translational and Posttranslational Regulation
14.5 Riboswitches
15 GENE REGULATION IN EUKARYOTES I: GENERAL FEATURES OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION
15.1 Regulatory Transcription Factors and Enhancers
15.2 Chromatin Remodeling, Histone Variants, and Histone Modifications
15.3 DNA Methylation
15.4 Gene Activation and Gene Repression
15.5 A Comparison of Transcriptional Regulation in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes
16 GENE REGULATION IN EUKARYOTES II: EPIGENETICS
16.1 Overview of Epigenetics
16.2 Heterochromatin: Function, Structure, Formation, and Maintenance
16.3 Epigenetics and Development
16.4 Paramutation
16.5 Epigenetics and Environmental Agents
17 NON-CODING RNAs
17.1 Overview of Non-coding RNAs
17.2 Non-coding RNAs: Effects on Chromatin Structure and Transcription
17.3 Non-coding RNAs: Effects on Translation and mRNA Degradation
17.4 Non-coding RNAs: Effects on RNA Modifications
17.5 Non-coding RNAs and Protein Targeting
17.6 Non-coding RNAs and Genome Defense
17.7 Role of Non-coding RNAs in Human Diseases and Plant Health
18 GENETICS OF VIRUSES
18.1 Virus Structure and Genetic Composition
18.2 Overview of Viral Reproductive Cycles
18.3 Bacteriophage λ Reproductive Cycles
18.4 HIV Reproductive Cycle
19 GENE MUTATION, DNA REPAIR, AND RECOMBINATION
19.1 Effects of Mutations on Gene Structure and Function
19.2 Random Nature of Mutations
19.3 Spontaneous Mutations
19.4 Induced Mutations
19.5 DNA Repair
19.6 Homologous Recombination
UNIT V: GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES
20 MOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIES
20.1 Gene Cloning Using Vectors
20.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction
20.3 DNA Sequencing
20.4 Gene Editing via CRISPR-Cas Technology
20.5 Blotting Methods to Detect Gene Products
20.6 Methods for Analyzing DNA- and RNA-Binding Proteins
21 BIOTECHNOLOGY
21.1 Uses of Microorganisms in Biotechnology
21.2 Vaccines
21.3 Genetically Modified Animals
21.4 Reproductive Cloning and Stem Cells
21.5 Genetically Modified Plants
22 GENOMICS I: ANALYSIS OF DNA
22.1 Overview of Chromosome Mapping
22.2 Cytogenetic Mapping via Microscopy
22.3 Linkage Mapping via Crosses
22.4 Chromosome Walking and Primer Walking
22.5 Overview of Genome Sequencing
22.6 Genome-Sequencing Projects
22.7 Metagenomics
23 GENOMICS II: FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS, AND BIOINFORMATICS
23.1 Functional Genomics
23.2 Proteomics
23.3 Bioinformatics I: Overview of Computer Analyses and Gene Prediction
23.4 Bioinformatics II: Databases
23.5 Bioinformatics III: Homology
UNIT VI: GENETIC ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUALS AND POPULATIONS
24 MEDICAL GENETICS
24.1 Inheritance Patterns of Genetic Diseases
24.2 Detection of Disease-Causing Alleles via Haplotypes and via Genome-Wide Association Studies
24.3 Genetic Testing and Screening
24.4 Prions
24.5 Human Gene Therapy
24.6 Personalized Medicine
25 GENETIC BASIS OF CANCER
25.1 Overview of Cancer
25.2 Oncogenes
25.3 Tumor-Suppressor Genes
25.4 Role of Epigenetics in Cancer
25.5 Cancer Therapeutics
26 DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS
26.1 Overview of Animal Development
26.2 Invertebrate Development
26.3 Vertebrate Development
26.4 Plant Development
26.5 Sex Determination in Animals
27 POPULATION GENETICS
27.1 Genes in Populations and the Hardy- Weinberg Equation
27.2 An Introduction to Microevolution
27.3 Overview of Natural Selection
27.4 Patterns of Natural Selection
27.5 Genetic Drift
27.6 Migration
27.7 Nonrandom Mating
27.8 Sources of New Genetic Variation
28 COMPLEX AND QUANTITATIVE TRAITS
28.1 Overview of Complex and Quantitative Traits
28.2 Statistical Methods for Evaluating Quantitative Traits
28.3 Polygenic Inheritance
28.4 Identification of Genes That Control Quantitative Traits
28.5 Heritability
28.6 Selective Breeding
29 EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS
29.1 Overview of Evolution
29.2 Identification of Species and Mechanisms of Reproductive Isolation
29.3 Speciation
29.4 Phylogenetic Trees
29.5 Molecular Evolution
Appendix A: Experimental Techniques
Appendix B: Solutions to Even-Numbered Problems and All Comprehension and Concept Check Questions
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