The need to regulate access to genetic resources and ensure a fair and equitable sharing of any resulting benefits was at the core of the development of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).The CBD established a series of principles and requirements around access and benefit sharing (ABS) in order to increase transparency and equity in the international flow of genetic resources, yet few countries have been able to effectively implement them and ABS negotiations are often paralysed by complex challenges.This book not only examines these complex challenges, but offers workable, policy-oriented solutions. International contributors cover theoretical approaches, new significant national legislation, the concept of traditional knowledge, provider and user country measures and common solutions.Exploring specific, salient examples from across the globe, the authors provide lessons for national regulation and the ongoing negotiations for an international ABS regime. Uniquely, this book also looks at the potential for horizontal development of ABS law and policy, applying lessons from bilateral approaches to other national contexts.
Author(s): Evanson C. Kamau, Gerd Winter
Year: 2009
Language: English
Pages: 528
Contents......Page 6
List of Figures,Tables and Boxes......Page 10
About the Authors......Page 12
Preface......Page 18
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations......Page 20
Introduction......Page 24
Part One Theorizing on ABS......Page 25
Part Two TK From New Perspectives......Page 26
Part Three Recent Developments in Exemplary Countries......Page 28
Part Four Core Problems of Provider Country Measures......Page 30
Part Five User Countries’ Measures......Page 33
Part One: Theorizing on ABS......Page 36
Introduction......Page 38
The ABS system as an environmental instrumentality?......Page 39
The CBD as a blueprint for transactions in the utilization of GRs......Page 44
Benefit sharing......Page 45
Making ABS work......Page 47
Conclusion......Page 49
Notes......Page 50
References......Page 52
Introduction......Page 54
Sovereign rights over GRs......Page 55
Benefit sharing......Page 59
Common pools: More efficient, but also more just......Page 60
Looking for blueprints......Page 62
Towards regional common pools of GR endemic to a region......Page 65
Notes......Page 68
References......Page 69
Methodology......Page 72
Basic motivations, mechanisms and outcomes......Page 73
Reflection......Page 85
Notes......Page 89
References......Page 90
Factual background......Page 92
Marine GRs under the Convention on Biological Diversity and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea......Page 94
Conclusion......Page 103
Notes......Page 105
References......Page 106
Part Two: Traditional Knowledge from New Perspectives......Page 110
Introduction......Page 112
Definitions......Page 113
Generation of TK......Page 117
The prospects of establishing protocols for an indigenous-directed process of integration of TK and conventional medicine......Page 119
Examples of historical logical contribution of indigenous TK to conventional medicine: African and Egyptian traditional medical practice......Page 131
Examples of limitations......Page 132
Note......Page 134
References......Page 135
Introduction......Page 136
Indigenous peoples’ human rights......Page 137
Protection of TK and human rights......Page 139
Customary law and protection of TK......Page 145
The use of positive and customary law for TK protection in Peru......Page 147
Conclusions......Page 149
Notes......Page 150
References......Page 153
Introduction......Page 154
Shamans and ethnopharmacology – Demarcating who owns the rights over TK in the case of the Federal University of São Paulo and Krahô......Page 155
The fragrance of Protium pallidum – Disputes between free public and protected common rights......Page 158
Which knowledge – legally protected or free disseminated – was accessed?......Page 160
Should traders become legitimate TK holders?......Page 164
The disseminated forms of TK......Page 167
Notes......Page 172
References......Page 176
Introduction......Page 178
Asserting the right of benefits for TK......Page 179
Classifying DTK......Page 185
Should indigenous communities share benefits from DTK?......Page 187
New tasks for ABS regimes and possible antidotes......Page 189
Conclusion......Page 198
Notes......Page 200
References......Page 203
Part Three: Recent Developments in Exemplary Countries......Page 206
Introduction......Page 208
General legislation and policies with relevance to access to GRs in Kenya......Page 209
Policy and legislation specific to access to GRs......Page 211
The making of Kenya’s ABS regulations......Page 214
Recommendations and conclusion......Page 216
Notes......Page 220
References......Page 221
Introduction......Page 222
ABS legislation today: The main instruments......Page 223
Access to and collecting of biological material......Page 224
Indigenous peoples, Quilombolas and traditional communities in Brazil......Page 225
Benefit-sharing mechanisms......Page 226
Establishment of different legal regimes for scientific research and for bioprospecting......Page 228
Plant GRs for food and agriculture and the new International Treaty: options for implementation at the national level......Page 229
Conclusion......Page 234
Notes......Page 235
Reference......Page 236
Introduction......Page 238
From ad hoc-ism to regulation......Page 239
The Biodiversity Act......Page 240
ABS regulations......Page 243
Challenges raised by the Biodiversity Act and the regulations......Page 245
Towards implementation......Page 255
Notes......Page 256
References......Page 257
Introduction......Page 260
Background......Page 261
The existing legislation and institutions related to ABS in China......Page 262
Main process of drafting legislation on ABS in China......Page 265
Major controversial issues during the drafting process......Page 270
Conclusion......Page 274
Notes......Page 275
Reference......Page 276
Introduction......Page 278
ABS: The legal regime in Costa Rica......Page 279
The INBio experience......Page 289
Lessons learned......Page 300
Notes......Page 302
References......Page 303
Background......Page 306
National ABS law by regulation......Page 308
Beyond the Bonn Guidelines: Influences for current debates about the international regime......Page 337
Notes......Page 341
Part Four: Core Problems of Provider Country Measures......Page 344
Prior informed consent......Page 346
The legal capacity of traditional communities in Brazil......Page 348
Dissemination of TK......Page 350
Ownership regime over TK......Page 352
The legal nature of PIC......Page 355
Conclusion......Page 358
References......Page 359
Introduction......Page 362
Databases: Functions and forms......Page 363
Notes......Page 371
References......Page 373
Working group on biopiracy prevention......Page 376
Legal methodology: Some tips......Page 380
Some learned lessons from the Ecuadorian experience......Page 381
References......Page 382
Introduction......Page 384
Different approaches to fending off unwarranted use of GRs......Page 385
How to make sure that an ABS deal is fair and equitable......Page 390
Conclusion......Page 395
Notes......Page 396
References......Page 397
Introduction......Page 400
Sovereignty over GR: A right with obligations......Page 401
Conclusion......Page 412
Notes......Page 413
References......Page 414
Introduction......Page 416
National sovereignty and the ‘commons’......Page 417
The third objective of the CBD......Page 418
The ABS capacity development initiative for Africa......Page 420
Perspectives for the future......Page 428
Notes......Page 429
References......Page 430
Part Five: User Countries' Measures......Page 432
Introduction......Page 434
Implementation of the ABS provisions through Directive 98/44/EC......Page 435
Implementation of CBD ABS provisions in EU Member States......Page 436
Value of disclosure requirement......Page 442
Which way out? Searching for alternatives......Page 446
Conclusion......Page 447
Notes......Page 448
References......Page 453
Introduction......Page 454
Bioprospecting – A transnational activity......Page 455
International and local jurisdiction......Page 456
Finding the applicable law......Page 457
General tort requirements......Page 466
Notes......Page 467
References......Page 471
Sovereign right and domestic law enforcement......Page 474
Compliance with MTAs......Page 476
Recognition and enforcement of foreign judgements in Japan......Page 478
Avoidance of dispute and alternative dispute resolution......Page 479
Non-commercial activities and the change of intent......Page 484
Conclusion......Page 485
Notes......Page 487
References......Page 489
Annex 1......Page 490
Index......Page 522
