General Studies for Civil Services Preliminary Examination 2019 6 Volume Set

Volume I Genral Knowledge and Current Affairs
Cover
Copyright
Brief Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
References and Suggested Readings
About the Examination
Eight-year Analysis of the GeneralStudies (2011−2018)
Contents
Chapter 1 General Knowledge
NATIONAL INSIGNIA AND OTHER FACTS
NATIONAL INSIGNIA
National Flag
Significance of Colours
Flag Code of India
National Emblem
National Anthem (Jana Gana Mana)
National Song (Vande Mataram)
National Calendar (Saka)
National Animal
National Bird
National Flower, National Tree and National Fruit
National Language
National Day
Other Important Days
The People
The Arts
GENERAL ELECTIONS AND POLITICAL PARTIES
Political Parties
Major National Political Organizations
Major Regional Political Organizations
Tamil Manila Congress
Major Alliances
Abbreviations Used for Political Parties
RECORD MAKERS (INDIA)
WORLD RECORDS HELD BY INDIA
Trade and Industry
Agriculture/Natural Resources
Buildings/Roads/Bridges
Miscellaneous
Individual Achievements
INDIA’S SUPERLATIVES
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
HISTORY OF NATIONAL POLICIESIN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ININDIA
Key Milestones
Policy Vision—STI 2013
Key Elements—STI 2013
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (S&T) ACTIVITIES IN INDIA
Central Government S&T Departments
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Professional S&T Bodies in India
Important Autonomous S&T Institutions of India
Science and Engineering Research Board
National Geographical Information System
National Mission on Nano Science and Technology
National Missions on Climate Change
National Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board
Technology Business Incubators
Innovation and Entrepreneurship DevelopmentCentres
i-STED (Innovation, Science and Technology Led Entrepreneurship Development): Programme
STED Programme
DST-Lockheed Martin India Innovation Growth Programme 2013
National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organization
Survey of India
National Map Policy (Rashtriya Manchitran Niti)
National Topographical Data Base
DEPARTMENT OF ATOMIC ENERGY
Atomic Energy Commission
R&D Sector
Public Sector
Allied Institutions
Industrial Sector
Service Organizations
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB)
Safety of Nuclear Plants
Nuclear Waste Management
Nuclear Waste Treatment Methodologies
Has the Toxic Air Pollution Increased Due to Discharge from Nuclear Facilities?
National Security
Status of India-US 123 Bilateral Agreement
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH
DEPARTMENT OF SPACE
The ISRO
ISRO Centres
Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN)
Saga-220
THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
MINISTRY OF EARTH SCIENCES
The Earth System Science Organization
Monsoon Mission Program
National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR)
Antarctic Research Programme
Arctic Research Programme
Southern Ocean Programme
National Polar Data Centre (NPDC)
Circumnavigation
Navika Sagar Parikrama
DEPARTMENT OF BIO-TECHNOLOGY
Centres of Excellence and Innovation in Biotechnology (CEIB)
Bioinformatics
The Biotechnology Information System Network (BTISnet)
The National Bio-resource Development Board (NBDB)
International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)
Autonomous Institutions under the Department of Biotechnology
PSUs under the Department of Biotechnology
THE INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH
List of ICMR Institutes/Centres
India’s First in Medical Research and Technology
First Test Tube Baby
First Kidney Transplant
Open Heart Surgery
First Test Tube Calf
First Thalassemia
THE INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
ICAR Institutions
Four Deemed Universities
47 ICAR Institutions
6 National Bureaux
25 Project Directorates
18 National Research Centres
Eight Zonal Project Directorates, with 633 Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs)
Other Related Institutions
INDIA’S SPACE PROGRAMME
Indian Space Establishments
Launch Vehicle Programme
Satellite Programme
1. Aryabhata
2. Bhaskara-I
3. Rohini
4. APPLE (Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment)
5. Bhaskara-II
6. SLV Mission (Satellite Launch Vehicle)
7. IRS Mission (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite)
8. ASLV Mission (Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle)
9. SROSS (Stretched Rohini Satellite Series)
10. INSAT Mission (Indian National Satellite System)
INSAT–2 Project
IRNSS Project
Space Research Programme
Chandrayan Mission
Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan)
Other Space Science Missions
AEROSTAT
Aditya I
SATNAV Programme
GPS-Aided Geo Augmented Navigation
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS)
Important Feats/Personalities Related to Indian Space Programmes
India’s First Man in Space
Kalpana Chawla (1961–2003)
Sunita L. Williams (1965)
INDIA’S ATOMIC RESEARCH
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
BARC’s Atomic Reactors
BARC’s Research Centres
Advanced Knowledge and Rural Technology Implementation
INDIA’S MISSILE PROGRAMME
Agni System
Variants
Prithvi System
Variants
Akash System
Trishul System
NAG System
Variants
Astra Missile
BrahMos Missile
Other Missiles
OTHER INDIAN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS
DEFENCE AND SECURITY
INDIAN DEFENCE
India’s Defence Set-Up
Organizational Set-up
The Indian Armed Forces
Readiness of Future Wars
Nuclear War Readiness
Integrated Defence Staff
The Chiefs of Staff Committee
Composition of COSC
Functions of the COSC
Republic of India
Battle Tanks
Chiefs of Army Staff
Indian Air force
No. of Commands: Seven Commands
Organizational Structure by Squadrons
Aircraft
Developments in Air Force
Chiefs of Air Staff
Indian Navy
Organizational Hierarchy at Indian Navy
Naval Authorities under Administrative Control of Flag Officers Commanding Chiefs
Aircraft Carriers
A Peek into India’s Naval Fleet
Air Craft Carriers: INS Viraat (UK Hermes)
Destroyers:
Frigates:
Corvettes:
Offshore Patrol Vessels:
Minesweepers:
Landing Ships:
Missile Boats:
Training Ships:
Fleet Auxilliaries:
Survey And Research Ships:
Seaward Defence Forces:
Aircrafts and Helicopters
Chiefs of Naval Staff
Location of Defence Establishments
The Department of Defence Production
Exports of Defence Equipment
Ordnance Factory Board
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
Bharat Electronics Limited
Bharat Earth Movers Limited
Bharat Dynamics Limited
Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL), Mumbai
Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineering Limited, Kolkata
Goa Shipyard Limited
Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited
Hindustan Shipyard Limited
INDIA’S INTERNAL SECURITY
Central Police Organizations
Intelligence Bureau (IB)
Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
Bureau of Police Research & Development (BPRD)
National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)
National Investigation Agency (NIA)
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy (NPA), Hyderabad
North Eastern Police Academy, Shillong
National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science (NICFS)
Assam Rifles (AR)
Central Armed Police Forces
Border Security Force (BSF)
Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
National Security Guard (NSG)
State and UT Police
Other Important Defence and Security Institutions
Coast Guard
National Cadet Corps (NCC)
Territorial Army
Home Guards
Rapid Action Force (RAF)
Rashtriya Rifles
Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)
Role of Women in the Armed Forces
EVERYDAY SCIENCE
BRANCHES OF SCIENCES
SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT
International System (SI)
Non-SI Units Used Along with International System
NUMBER SYSTEM
Arabic Numerals
Invention of the Decimal System
Roman Numerals
Mathematical Symbols
Prefixes of SI Unit
INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES
SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS AND THEORIES
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
THE UNITED NATIONS
Charter of the UN
Foundation Day of the UN
First Regular Session of the UN
The UN Flag and the Emblem
Membership of the UN
Organizations of the UN
General Assembly
Security Council
The Economic and Social Council
International Court of Justice
Trusteeship Council
The Secretariat
UN Observations
UN’s International Days
UN’s International Years
UN’s International Decades
UN’s Anniversaries
The UN’s International Weeks
Agencies Related to the United Nations
Different UN Agencies
Organization of the UN
The UN System: Principal Organs
INDIA’S REPRESENTATION IN IMPORTANT UNITED NATION BODIES
INDIA-UN HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL (HRC)
INDIA-WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO)
United Nations MDGs
YEAR 2013: MDG Acceleration and Beyond 2015
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SGDS)
THE COMMONWEALTH
Membership
Member Countries (Members by Regions)
Countries That Left the Commonwealth
Commonwealth Secretariat
Important meetings of the Commonwealth
The Commonwealth Family
CHOGM 2015
THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT
Founder Members of the ‘NAM’
Basic Principles of the ‘NAM’
NAM Conference
Organizational Structure and Membership
INDIA AS THE FOUNDER MEMBER OF NAM
Democracy Initiatives
SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION (SAARC)
Regional Centres
SAARC Summits
South Asian Free Trade Area
Meeting of SAARC Culture Ministers
Meeting of SAARC Energy Ministers
INDIA AND SAARC
THE EUROPEAN UNION
Five ‘EU’ Institutions
Important Treaties (Establishment)
Member States
Main Institutional Changes Introduced by the Lisbon Treaty
European Community (Formerly Known as EEC)
OTHER WORLD ORGANIZATIONS
Caribbean Community
Members of CARICOM
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Arab League (League of Arab States)
Benelux Economic Union
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
The Group of 77
The Group of Seven (G-7)
Colombo Plan
Organization of American States (OAS)
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Association of South-East Asian Nations
Amnesty International
Red Cross
World Trade Organization
WTO’s Role
Interpol
Organization of the Islamic Co-operation
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Group of Eight (G8)
Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
Council of Europe
The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
Eurasian Economic Union
Turkic Council
African Union
Union for the Mediterranean
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)
Union of South American Nations
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
China–Japan–South Korea Trilateral Summits
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
Australia–New Zealand–United States (ANZUS) Security Treaty
Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)
Colombia–Indonesia–Vietnam–Egypt–Turkey–South Africa
Next Eleven (N-11)
Mexico–Indonesia–Nigeria–Turkey
India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum
E-7 (Emerging-7)
E-9 Nations
G-4
Uniting for Consensus
G-8 (Group of Eight)
G-6 (Group of Six)
G-(8+5)
G-15
G-20 (Group of 20)
G-20 Summits
G-24 (Group of Twenty-Four)
World Bank
International Monetary Fund
Asian Development Bank
Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectorial Technical and Economic Cooperation
IMPORTANT TREATIES
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
Izmir Treaty
Antarctic Treaty
Kyoto Protocol
INTERNATIONAL SOLAR ALLIANCE (ISA)
Libya Accord
International Courts—At a Glance
BASIC GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
LANGUAGES
Language Families: Number of Speakers
BOOKS
Famous Quotations
Abraham Lincoln (1809 to 1865)
Admiral Nelson (1758 to 1805)
Albert Einstein (1879 to 1955)
Albert Gyorgyi (1893 to 1986)
Aldous Huxley (1894 to 1963)
Alexander, the Great (356 to 323 BCE)
Anatole France (1844 to 1924)
Ancient Indian Proverb
Archimedes (287 to 212 BCE)
Aristotle (384 to 322 BCE)
Balgangadhar Tilak (1856 to 1920)
Benjamin D’Israeli (1804 to 1881)
Benjamin Franklin (1706 to 1790)
Bismarck (1815 to 1898)
Carl Schurz (1829 to 1906)
Charles W. Eliot (1834 to 1926)
Christopher Wren (1632 to 1723)
Cicero (106 to 43 BCE)
David Thoreau Henry (1817 to 62)
Democritus, 460 BCE
Dr Beverly Crusher, from Star Trek
Dr John G. Hibben (1916 to 1995)
Edwin Aldrin (b. 1930)
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803 to 1882)
Epictetus
Francis Bacon (1561 to 1626)
Frank Tyger (1929 to 2011)
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 to 1900)
Galileo Galilei (1564 to 1642)
George Arnold (1834 to 1865)
George Bernard Shaw (1856 to 1950)
George Santayana (1863 to 1952)
Goldsmith (1730 to 1774)
Greek Proverb
G. W. Crane
Hobbes (1588 to 1679)
Immanuel Kant (1724 to 1804)
Jackie Robinson (1919 to 1972)
Jacob Neusner (b. 1932)
James Madison (1751 to 1839)
Jawaharlal Nehru (1889 to 1964)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 to 1778)
Jean Riboud (1919 to 1985)
Jesus Christ (at the time of crucifixion)
Jesse Lee Bennett (1885 to 1931)
Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe (1749 to 1834)
John Keats (1795 to 1821)
John Locke (1724 to 1804)
John Stuart Mill (1805 to 1873)
Jonathan Swift (1667 to 1745)
J. W. von Goethe (1749 to 1834)
Kahlil Gibran (1883 to 1931)
Karl Marx (1818 to 1883)
La Bruyere (1645 to 1696)
Lal Bahadur Shastri (1904 to 1966)
Lord Byron (1788 to 1824)
Mahatma Gandhi (1869 to 1948)
Mao Tse Tung (1893 to 1976)
Michael Corleone, in The Godfather
Milton (1608 to 1674)
Mohd Ali Jinnah (1879 to 1948)
Napoleon (1769 to 1821)
Neil Armstrong (1930 to 2012)
Niccolo Machiavelli (Florentine Diplomat, died in 1527)
Niles Eldridge (b. 1943)
Norbert Weiner (1894 to 1964)
Orville Wright (1871 to 1948)
Paul Valery (1871 to 1945)
Pope (1688 to 1744)
Rabindranath Tagore (1861 to 1941)
Rudyard Kipling (1865 to 1936)
Sam Houston (1793 to 1863)
Samuel Butler (1835 to 1902)
Sir Winston Churchill (1874 to 1965)
Socrates (469 to 399 BCE)
St. Andrews
Shelley (1792 to 1822)
Sir Isaac Newton (1642 to 1727)
Stephen W. Hawking (b. 1942)
Subhash Chandra Bose (1897 to 1945)
Tennyson (1802 to 1892)
Thomas Carlyle (1795 to 1881)
Thomas Edison (1847 to 1931)
Thomas Hobbes (1588 to 1679)
Voltaire (1694 to 1778)
Walter Lipsman (1859 to 1974)
Wiliam Butler Yeats (1865 to 1939)
William Wordsworth (1770 to 1850)
Noted Works by Indian Authors (English)
Ancient Classical Writers
Ancient Books on Science and Medicine
Some Famous Foreign Books
Some Important Books
Important Shakespeare Plays
Famous Books/Plays
WORLD’S GREAT PERSONALITIES (WHO’S WHO)
Life Sketch of Great Personalities
Abbreviated Titles of Some Well-known Figures
WELL-KNOWN FREEDOM FIGHTERS
International Figures
Prominent Figures of the Indian Freedom Movement
Exploration and Discoveries
Women Achievers
Nobel Peace Prize Winners: Women
Miss Universe
Miss World
Women Rulers (1960 onwards)
‘Firsts’ in the World
PROMINENT ECONOMISTS
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
Ancient Philosophers and Thinkers
INTERNATIONAL AWARDS AND HONOURS
Nobel Prize
Nobel Foundation’s Prize Awarding Bodies
Recipients of the Noble Prize in India
Pulitzer Prize
Ramon Magsaysay Awards
Indians Who Received Ramon Magsaysay Awards
Booker Prize (Man Bookers Prize)
Recent Winners of the Man Booker Prize
Right Livelihood Award
Oscar Award (or Academy Award of Merit)
Indians Films at the Oscars
Important International Awards
RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD
SPORTS
Sports Festivals
Asian Games Record
Olympic Mascots and Venues
Olympics: Where and When
Winter Olympics—Venues
Presidents of International Olympic Committee (IOC)
INTRODUCTION OF EVENTS IN THE OLYMPICS
Medal Specs
Olympics and India
Medals Won by India (Sport wise from 1928 to 2016)
Medals Won by India (Sport Wise from 1928 to 2016)
Commonwealth Games
India’s Performance Record at Commonwealth Games
World Cup Cricket
T-20 World Cup Cricket
Indian Premier League
World Cup Hockey
Important Trophies and Associated Games
International Trophies
National Trophies
Places Associated with Sports
Special Names of Playgrounds
Important National Sports
Sports Stadiums of India
Sports Authority of India
Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education
Important Government Schemes Relating to Sports
National Youth Policy 2014
National Scheme Relating to Talent Search and Training
National Sports Development Fund
ABBREVIATIONS
IMPORTANT POLITICAL PARTIES
INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES OF THE WORLD
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
Important Newspapers
Important News Agencies
Days to Remember
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Important Symbols
World’s Great Structures
Terminology
Chapter 2 Current Affairs
NATIONAL CURRENT AFFAIRS
ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS 2018
Tripura
Meghalaya
Nagaland
Karnataka
State Assembly By-Polls in 2018 Results (10 Assembly Seats across 9 States)
By-Elections to the Lok Sabha in 2018 Results
Elections to the Rajya Sabha
OTHER NATIONAL NEWS
Taj Mahal Declaration
Confining Illegal Rohingyas to Designated Camps
Zojila Project in Leh
Swachh Rating (Indore Cleanest City)
No Permanent Accommodation for Ex-CMs
New Draft National Forest Policy 2018
SATH-E Project Roadmaps
Key Highlights of the Project
TB-Free India Campaign
Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2018
Telephone Subscribers Base in India (May 2018 Report)
Airport-like Railway Stations
NEWS FROM STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES
Andhra Pradesh
TDP exits NDA at Centre
Arunachal Pradesh
State on the Aviation Map
AFSPA Removed in Some Parts of the State
Assam
Protests against the Citizen (Amendment) Bill, 2016
Bihar
Back in Ranji Trophy Fold
Special Category Status Denied
Goa
No Selfie Zone
State-owned App-Based Taxi Service
Gujarat
Naroda Patiya Case Verdict
Narrow-Gauge Lines to be Preserved
Haryana
Sports Award Controversy
Himachal Pradesh
Shimla Water Crisis
Jammu & Kashmir
Governor Rule in the State
Karnataka
GPS Fitted Cars on Poll Duty
Fraud Reporting at Karnataka Bank
Madhya Pradesh
Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA) Launched
Maharashtra
Statue of Shivaji
Law to Encourage Inter-caste, Inter-religion Marriages
Meghalaya
AFSPA Removed
Odisha
Mahanadi Water Sharing Dispute
Punjab
Bharat Bandh Call by Dalit Organizations
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Sterlite Plant Controversy
Telangana
Demands for Growth of Telangana
Highest Growth Rate among Indian States
West Bengal
West Bengal Panchayat Polls
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Milan’—16 Nation Naval War Games
Delhi
Dust Cloud over Delhi—NCR
INTERNATIONAL CURRENT AFFARIS
THE TRUMP—KIM SUMMIT
Salient Features of this 400-worded Joint Statement included the following points
MORE POWER FOR XI JINPING IN CHINA
DISPLACED POPULATION WORLD OVER
CHINA’s “DEBT-TRAP DIPLOMACY”
CHANGE OF GUARD
South Korea—President
Nepal—Prime Minister
Germany—Chancellor
Russia—President
Spain—PM
Malaysia
Turkey—President
Mexico—President
Columbia—President
Italy—Key Ministers
INDIAN PRIME MINISTER’s FOREIGN VISITS AND AGREEMENTS SIGNED IN 2018
Indonesia
Singapore
NATIONS OF THE WORLD
Russia
Floating Nuclear Power Plant
Pakistan
On Grey List of Terror Funding
Chinese Investment
USA
Central American Migration
‘Cal 3’ Initiative
CAATSA Sanctions
Macedonia
Name Dispute
China
Combating Air Pollution
UK
Eases Visa Rules
Maldives
Declaration of Emergency
Switzerland
Financial Secrecy Index
Saudi Arabia
Anti-Corruption Drive
Iran
Invites China and Pakistan to join Chabahar Port
Set to Boost Enrichment Capacity
Turkey
Waterway to Bypass Bosphorus Strait
TANAP Gas Pipeline
Iran
Moqtada Al-Sadr Wins
Israel
US Opens Embassy in Jerusalem
Ireland
Abortion Legalized
Yemen
Hodeida Port Captured
Guatemala
Volcan de Fuego
BILATERAL/MULTILATERALAGREEMENTS
USA—Pakistan
Reduction in Aid
USA—Iran
USA Quits Iran Nuclear Deal
Bangladesh—Myanmar
Rohingya Refugees Crisis
China—Nepal
India’s Monopoly on Internet Ends
TAPI Pipeline
Breaks Ground on Afghan Section
Pakistan—China
Pakistan’s Borrowing from China
North Korea—China
Kim’s Secret Visit to China
India—Japan
Strategic Dialogue
China—Bangladesh
To Build Economic Hub
India—Pakistan
Gilgit-Baltistan Order
India—Nepal
Janakpur-Ayodhya Bus Link
Ethopia—Eritrea
Chance to End Border Dispute
North Korea—South Korea
Historical Summit
Economic Upturn for Koreas
SUMMITS AND ORGANIATIONS
European Union
Defence Force Plan
NATO Summit
CPEC
Afghanistan’s Entry
UNICEF
Illiteracy in Conflict-Ridden Countries
United Nations
New Funding for Ethiopian Crisis
SPORTS & TOURNAMENT
FIFA WORLD CUP 2018 (14th June—15th JulY, 2018)
Group Stage
Knockout Stage
Round of 16
COMMONWEALTH GAMES 2018 (4TH—15TH APRIL, 2018)
Medal Tally
India at CWG-2018
CHAMPIONS TROPHY 2018
UEFA CHAMPIONS LEAGUE FOOTBALL 2018
IPL 2018 EDITION
TENNIS GRAND SLAMS 2018
Australian Open 2018
French Open 2018
Wimbledon Open 2018
US Open 2018
ASIAD 2018
TOURNAMENT RESULTS
TENNIS
Cricket
Indian Domestic Tournaments
International Series & Tournaments
Tests
One-Day Internationals
Twenty-20 Internationals
Badminton
Golf
Swimming
Archery
Athletics
Hockey
AWARD AND HONOURS
Civilian Awards 2018
Military Awards
Literature Awards
National
International
Beauty Pageant Awards
National
International
Science and Technology & Other Category Awards
National
International
Film/Music/Art/Culture
Industry/Business/Corporate/Service
National
International
Sports Awards
National
International
INDIAN ECONOMY
OVERVIEW OF INDIAN ECONOMY
Economic Survey 2017–18
Highlights of Economic Survey 2017–18
Union Budget 2018–19
Budget 2018–19 Highlights
Railways Budget
Few Initiatives in Detail
Allocations and Updates Of Existing Schemes
MISCELLANEOUS ECONOMIC SECTOR NEWS
GeM 3.0 Version Launched
Action Plan for Champion Sectors in Services
NEIDS, 2017
Additional World Bank Financing for PMGSY
XV Finance Commission: High Level Group on Health Sector
Atal Pension Yojna (APY) subscribers Bases crosses 1 Crore mark
Innovate in India for Inclusiveness Project
Volume II Indian Polity and Governance
Cover
Copyright
Contents
Chapter 1 Indian Constitution
THE CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
HISTORICAL BACK GROUND
The Historical Review of ConstitutionalDevelopment
The East India Company Rule 1773–1858
Regulating Act of 1773
Act of Settlement, 1781
Pitts India Act, 1784
Act of 1786
Charter Act of 1793
Charter Act of 1813
Charter Act of 1833
Charter Act of 1853
The Crown Rule (1858–1947)
Indian Councils Act of 1861
Indian Councils Act of 1892
Government of India Act, 1919
Government of India Act, 1935
Provincial Autonomy
Indian Independence Act, 1947
Making of the Constitution (1946–1949)
The Constituent Assembly
Interim Government of 1946
Changes in Constituent Assembly after IndianIndependence Act, 1947
First Cabinet of Independent India, 1947
Working of the Constituent Assembly
Other functions performed by Constituent Assembly
Committees for Procedural Matters Included
Committees for Substantive Matters included:
The Objectives Resolution
Shortcomings of the Constituent Assembly
The Foundation of the Indian Constitution
AN ANALYSIS OF THE INDIANCONSTITUTION
Salient Features of Constitution of India
Strength of the Indian Constitution
INDIAN CONSTITUTION–A LIVING LAW
Doctrine of Liberal Interpretation
Principle of Harmonious Construction
Doctrine of Severability
Doctrine of Prospective Overruling
THE STRUCTURE OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
THE PREAMBLE KESHAVANADA BHARTI CASE
The Original Preamble of the Indian Constitution
The Preamble as Amended by the 42nd Amendment
An Analysis of the Preamble
Interpretation of the Preamble
PARTS I–XXII COVERINGARTICLES 1–395
Parts and Articles of the Constitution
Article 368
Secular India
Parts and Articles of the Constitution
Ninth Schedule of the Indian Constitution
THE SCHEDULES
UNION OF INDIA—ITS STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES
THE UNION OF INDIA
THE RE-ORGANISATION OF THE STATES
Structure of the Union Before 1956
Dhar Commission (1948)
JVP Committee (1948)
Formation of a New State
The State Reorganization Commission (1953)
Process for Formation of a New State
The Structure of the Union after the Seventh Amendment
THE PRESENT STRUCTURE OF THE UNION
The States and the UTs
The Relation between the Indian Unionand its States
INDIAN FEDERALISM
India—The Union of States
India—A Federal State
Non-Federal Nature of the Indian Union
India—A Quasi-Federal State
Security of the State
Detailed Discussion on Federal Character of India
INDIAN CITIZENSHIP
NATURE OF CITIZENSHIP
Single Citizenship
Rights of Citizens Underthe Constitution
CITIZENSHIP ACT AND ITSAMENDMENTS
The Citizenship Act (1955)
Amendment of Citizenship Act (1955)
Citizenship (Amendment) Bill (1992)
The Citizenship Act (2003)
Eligibility Criteria for Dual Citizenship
Deprivation of Indian Citizenship Under 2003 Act
Citizenship (Amendment) Bill (2015)
IDENTITY DOCUMENTS OF INDIA
National Identity Card
OVERSEAS CITIZENSHIP OF INDIA (OCI)
Renunciation and Cancellation of Overseas Citizenship
Benefits to be Allowed to an OCI
Who is Eligible for the OCI Status?
Interesting Facts on ‘OCI’
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AS DEFINED IN THE CONSTITUTION
THE SCOPE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
Availability of Rights
Definition of ‘State’ in Context of Fundamental Rights
Provisions to Protect Rights
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
Right to Property: Fundamental Right or Not
Right to Equality (Articles 14–18)
Right to Freedom (Articles 19–22)
Limitations upon Freedom of Speech and Expression
Limitations upon Freedom of Assembly
Protection in Respect of Conviction for Offences (Article 20)
Freedom of Person (Article 21) and Preventive Detention (Article 22)
DISCUSSION POINTS: IMPORTANT RELATED TOPICS
RELAXATION FOR PROFESSIONALQUALIFICATION AS LAID DOWN BYNCTE
RIGHT TO BE FORGOTTEN
Right Against Exploitation (Article 23–24)
Prohibition of Traffic in Human Beingsand Forced Labour (Article 23)
Protection Against the Evil of Child Labour (Article 24)
Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25–28)
Right of Conscience and Free Profession, Practice and Propagation of Religion (Article 25)
Freedom to Manage Religious Affairs (Article 26)
Freedom Not to Pay Taxes for Religious Promotion of Any Particular Religion (Article 27)
Freedom as to Attendance at Religious Instruction or Religious Worship in Certain Educational Institutions (Article 28)
Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29–30)
Protection of Interest of Minorities (Article 29)
Remedies for Enforcement of Rights Conferred on Indian Citizens
Right of Minorities to Establish and Administer Educational Institutions (Article 30)
Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)
Writs Mentioned in the Indian Constitution
Habeas Corpus
Mandamus
Prohibition
Quo Warranto
DISCUSSION POINTS: CONNECTEDTO FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
Natural Rights or Ordinary Rights
Positive Rights and Negative Rights
Fundamental Rights and Human Rights
Human Rights and the Indian Constitution
Group Rights Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes
Reservations for Government Appointments
Extension of the Group Rights
Contempt of Court
The Mandal Commission Report
Reservations Not Available in Certain Areas
Article 13(2) and Fundamental Rights
Fundamental Rights as Under PILs
Application of Fundamental Rightto Armed Forces
Right to Property and the 44th Amendment
Suspension of Fundamental Rights
The 62nd Amendment and Mandal Commission Report
Fundamental Right to Property
EMERGENCY
Emergency Provisions and Authoritarian Powers Emergency Rule
Proclamation of Emergency
History of Emergency in India
President’s Rule
Constituent Power vs Ordinary Legislative Power
Authoritarian Powers
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES
INTRODUCTION
THE SCOPE OF DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES
CLASSIFICATION OF DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY (DPSP)
Classification of the Directive Principles
Some other Important Directive Principles
Significance of the Directive Principles
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES: IMPORTANTAMENDMENT ACTS
The 42nd Amendment
The 43rd and 44th Amendment
Differentiation: Fundamental Rightsand Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)
Interrelationships
Criticism of Directive Principles
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES OF A CITIZEN OF INDIA
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
Sardar Swaran Singh Committee and the 42nd Amendment
Constitutional Mechanism for Achieving Socio-Economic Goals
SUPREME COURT’S NOTICE ON FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
DISCUSSION POINTS: CONNECTEDTO FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
Three Aspects of Relations between Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties
Gandhiji’s View of Fundamental Duties
Implications of Fundamental Duties
LIST OF IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS
THE PROCEDURE OF AMENDMENT (ARTICLE 368)
List of Imporatant Constitutional Amendments
APPENDIX : LIST OF ARTICLES IN THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART I: THE UNION AND ITSTERRITORY
Articles
PART II: CITIZENSHIP
PART III: FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
General
Right to Equality
Right to Freedom
Right Against Exploitation
Right to Freedom of Religion
Cultural and Educational Rights
Saving of Certain Laws
Right to Constitutional Remedies
PART IV: DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
PART IVA: FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
PART V: THE UNION
Chapter I — The Executive
The President and Vice-President
Council of Ministers
The Attorney General for India
Conduct of Government Business
Chapter II—Parliament
General
Officers of Parliament
Conduct of Business
Disqualifications of Members
Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members
Legislative Procedure
Procedure in Financial Matters
Procedure Generally
Chapter III—Legislative Powers of the President
Chapter IV— The Union Judiciary
Chapter V—Comptroller and Auditor General of India
PART VI: THE STATES
Chapter I—General
Chapter II—The Executive
The Governor
Council of Ministers
The Advocate General for the State
Conduct of Government Business
Chapter III—The State Legislature
General
Officers of the State Legislature
Conduct of Business
Disqualifications of Members
Powers, privileges and immunities of State Legislatures and their Members
Legislative Procedure
Procedure in Financial Matters
Procedure Generally
Chapter IV—Legislative Power of the Governor
Chapter V—The High Courts in the States
Chapter VI—Subordinate Courts
PART VII: THE STATES IN PART B OF THE FIRST SCHEDULE
PART VIII: THE UNION TERRITORIES
PART IX: THE PANCHAYATS
PART IXA: THE MUNICiPALITIES
PART X: THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS
PART XI: RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES
Chapter I—Legislative Relations
Distribution of Legislative Powers
Chapter II—Administrative Relations
General
Disputes relating to Waters
Co-ordination between States
PART XII: FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS
Chapter I—Finance
General
Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States
Miscellaneous financial provisions
Chapter II—Borrowing
Chapter III—Property, Contracts, Rights, Liabilities, Obligations and Suits
Chapter IV—Right to Property
PART XIII: TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITH IN THE TERRITORY OF INDIA
PART XIV: SERVICES UNDERTHE UNION AND THE STATES
Chapter I—Services
Chapter II—Public Service Commissions
PART XIVA: TRIBUNALS
PART XV: ELECTIONS
PART XVI: SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES
PART XVII: OFFICIAL LANGUAGE
Chapter I—Language of the Union
Chapter II—Regional Languages
Chapter III—Language of the Supreme Court, High Courts, Etc.
Chapter IV—Special Directives
PART XVIII: EMERGENCY PROVISIONS
PART XIX: MISCELLANEOUS
PART XX: AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION
PART XXI: TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL PROVISIONS
PART XXII: SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUTHORITATIVE TEXT IN HINDI AND REPEALS
Chapter 2 Indian Government and Administration
THE UNION GOVERNMENT
MACHINERY OF THE UNION GOVERNMENT
Government Structure: Salient Features
Basic Structure of the Indian Government
THE PRESIDENT AND THE VICE-PRESIDENT
THE PRESIDENT
The Presidential Influence
The Presidential Election
Procedure for Impeachment of the President (Article 61)
Presidential Immunity
Position of the President
Pardoning Powers of the President
Presidential Oath
Presidents’ Emoluments
Power of the President
Right of President of India to Send Messages to Houses and Address
Special Address by the President of India
Emergency Powers
Important Terms
THE VICE-PRESIDENT
The Election
Term of Office
Qualifications
Functions
Emoluments
Residence
THE PRIME MINISTER AND COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
THE PRIME MINISTER
Functions of the Indian Prime Minister
Specific Duties of the Prime Minister with Respect to Furnishing Information to the President
Appointment
Term of Office
Resignation of Indian Prime Minister
Emoluments of Indian Prime Minister
THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Composition
Appointment
Tenure
Powers and Functions of Ministers of Council
Relation between President and Council of Ministers
THE PARLIAMENT
COMPOSITION
Membership to Parliament
Duration of the Houses of Indian Parliament
Emoluments
The President and the Parliament
THE RAJYA SABHA
Composition
Tenure
The Council of States (Rajya Sabha)
Qualification of Members
Officers of the Rajya Sabha
Functions
The Election of Members of the Rajya Sabha
THE LOK SABHA
Composition
The House of People (Lok Sabha)
The Election of Members of the Lok Sabha
Constitution
Strength
Powers and Authority
Tenure
Functions
Sessions of Parliament
How Population Figures are Importantin Indian Politics
GOVERNMENT BUSINESS
Chairman (Presiding Officer)
Deputy Speaker
Powers of the Lok Sabha Speakers
LEGISLATIVE PROCESS
Introduction and Passing of Bills
Difference between Money Billand Financial Bill
Special Procedure with Respect to Money Bills
The Union List, State Listand Concurrent List
Article 368: Power of Parliamentto Amend the Constitution
PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTES
Types of Committees
Consultative Committees
Estimates Committee
Public Accounts Committee
Committee on Public Undertakings
IMPORTANT TERMS IN CONDUCT OF BUSINESS IN THE PARLIAMENT
Roll of Members
The Quorum
Question Hour
Zero Hour
Point of Order
Ordinary Bills
Money Bills
Resolution
Guillotine
Whip
Closure
Adjournment (Done by Leader of the House)
Adjournment Sine Die
Calling Attention
Yielding the Floor
Crossing the Floor
Prorogation
Indian Budget
The Pre-Budget Economic Survey
Process of Budget Approval
Grants-in-Aid
Vote-on-Account
Interim Budget
Demands for Grants with Regard to the Budget
Special Provision with Respect to Delhi
Important Amendments
Important Motions in the Parliament
Joint Sitting of Parliament
ADMINISTRATIVE SET-UP OF INDIANGOVERNMENT
Monthly Salaries of Government Officials (Central, State and others) in India
Ministries/Departments of the Government
Ministries
THE JUDICIARY
THE STRUCTURE OF THE SUPREME COURT
The Composition of the Supreme Court
Seat
Functions
Removal of a Judge
Parliament and the Supreme Court (Major Controversies)
Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
Character of Supreme Court Jurisdiction
Hierarchy of Criminal Justice System
Hierarchy of Civil Judicial System
National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) (5 Dec 1995)
Appointment
Qualifications
National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC)
Tenure and Remuneration
Retirement
THE STATE JUDICIARY (THE HCS)
HC’s Power of Superintendence
Status of HCs
Composition
Functions
THE JUDGES OF THE HIGH COURT
Appointment of Judges
Qualifications
Oath
Term
Salary
Removal
Restriction on Legal Practice
Provision of Legal Aid
SUBORDINATE COURTS
Structure
Powers of High Court
The National Judiciary Academy
Districts and Session Courts
Other Subordinate Courts
The Designation System
FAMILY COURTS
LOK ADALATS AND NYAYA PANCHAYATS
Lok Adalats
Nyaya Panchayats
Quasi-Judicial Bodies
Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT)
IMPORT ANT PROCESSES IN INDIAN JUDICIARY SYSTEM
Public Interest Litigation (PIL)
Amicus Curiae
THE STATE GOVERNMENT
THE MACHINERY OF STATE GOVERNMENT
Necessity of the State Legislature
Basic Structure
Union Control Over the States
The Union Territories
The State Executive
The Governor
Classification of Governor’s Orders (Article 163)
Governor and the Cabinet
President Vs Governor
Powers of the Governor
The Chief Minister
The Council of Ministers
Existing Ministry to Continue until its Successor Assumes Charge
THE STATE LEGISLATURE
THE STRUCTURE AND NATURE OF THE STATE LEGISLATURE
The Nature of the Legislatures
LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL (VIDHAN PARISHAD)
Strength
Tenure
Qualifications for Membership
Election of Members
Officers of State Legislative Council
LEGISLATIVE ASEMBLY (VIDHAN SABHA)
Strength
Constitution
Tenure
Elections
Officers of State Legislative Assembly
Functions
LOCA L GOVERNMENTS
PANCHAYATS —AS RURAL SELF-GOVERNING INSTITUTIONS
Prior to the Gandhian Era
During the Gandhian Era
Status of Panchayat before 1989
Role of Panchayats after 1989
Signifi cance of the 73rd Amendment
ROLE OF STATE GOVERNMENT
Panchayat and the Environment
Constitution and the Tribals
The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Amendment Rules, 2012
URBAN SELF-GOVERNING INSTITUTIONS
First Municipal Corporation in India
Significance of Municipal Corporations
The 74th Amendment
12th Schedule of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of India
Role of Central Government
Recruitment Rules
IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL STATUTORY AUTHORITIES
UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION (UPSC)
The Historical Background
The Structure of UPSC
Constitutional Provisions
Independent and Neutral UPSC
Power of UPSC
The Classification of Civil Services
ELECTION COMMISSION
Historical Background
New Initiatives
Appointment and Tenure of Commissioners
Article 324 of the Constitution and Role of Election Commission
Election Commission
Functions
Present Perspective of the Election Commission
FINANCE COMMISSION
Composition
Functions of Finance Commission
CENTRAL VIGILANCE COMMISSION (CVC)
Jurisdiction
KEY FUNCTIONARIES
THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF INDIA
ADVOCATE GENERAL
Appointment
Role of Advocate General
THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF INDIA (CAG)
Composition of Department
Role of the CAG
The Appointment
Tenure and Emoluments
THE LOKPAL AND THE LOKAY UKTAS
The Lokpal
A Look at the Lokpal and Lokayukta Bill, 2013
The Lokayuktas
THE POLITICA L PROCESS
GENERAL ELECTIONS
POLITICAL PARTIES
Criteria for Recognition of a Political Party
INDIAN ELECTIONS—SCALE OF OPERATION
DISCUSSION POINTS : RELATED TO INDIAN ELECTION PROCESSES
Constituency Boundaries
Delimitation Commission
Single-member and Multi-member Constituencies
Reservation of Seats
Eligibility to Vote
POLITICAL PARTIES AND ELECTIONS
Registration with the Election Commission
Recognition and Reservation of Symbols
Limit on Poll Expenses
Splits and Mergers and Anti-Defection Law
Supervising Elections, Election Observers
Counting of Votes
Media Coverage
International Co-operation
Reforms in Collection and Spending of Funds by the Political Parties
Electoral Bonds
OFFICIAL LANGUAGE
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE ACT, 1963
OTHER LANGUAGES
Languages and Dialects
Demands Received for Inclusion of 38 More Languages in Eighth Schedule
PROVISIONS RELATING TO SPECIAL CLASSES
WELFARE OF SCHEDULED CASTES
STs DEVELOPMENT
Legislative Framework for Improvementof SCs and STs
Schemes and Programmes for SCs/STs by Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
Scholarships
Hostels
Free Coaching
Schemes for Economic Development
Schemes for Social Empowerment
NGOs Scheme
WELFARE OF BACKWARD CLASSES
WELFARE OF MINORITIES
SPECIAL POSITION OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR IN THE INDIAN UNION
DISCRETION OF CONFERRINGSPECIAL STATUS TO J&K STATE
SIGNIFICANCE OF ARTICLE 370
CENTRE–STATE RELATIONSHIPS
DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS—CENTRE AND STATES
Legislative Relations
Treaty Making
Financial Relations
Share of States in Taxes, Cesses, and Surcharges
Status of Central Bank
Tax on Services
INTER-STATE COUNCILS
Settlement of Inter-State Disputes
Sarkaria Commission
North-Eastern Council (NEC)
ZONAL COUNCILS (ZCs)
Main Objectives
Classification and Functions of Zonal Councils
INTERSTATE WATER DISPUTES
Constitutional Provisions
Resolution of Interstate Water Disputes Through Negotiations
Important Water Dispute Tribunals
ORDER OF PRECEDENCE
CONSTITUTIONAL/NONCONSTITUTIONAL/STATUTORYBODIES IN INDIA
Constitutional Body
Non-Constitutional Body
Statutory Body
Constitutional and Statutory Bodies
Autonomous Bodies
PSUs and Joint Ventures
SOCIAL LEGISLATION IN INDIA
What is Social Legislation?
Social Legislation Generally Refers to
Social Legislation Before Independence
Indian Constitution and Social Legislation
Directive Principles of State Policy
Social Legislation Since Independence
Important Social Security Legislations
The Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948
The Employees Provident Fund (and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1952
The Employees’ Provident Fund Scheme
The Employees’ Deposit Linked Insurance Scheme
The Employees’ Pension Scheme
Maternity Benefit Act, 1961
The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972
Labour Welfare Funds
ADDITIONAL READINGS
Alternative Methods of Dispute Resolution Outside the Established Court System
A. Conciliation and Arbitration
Volume III Indian Economy: Economy and Social Development
Cover
Copyright
Contents
Chapter 1 Public Finance
INTRODUCTION
CHARACTER, SIZE, AND STRUCTURE OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY
Character of the Indian Economy
Size of the Indian Economy
Sectoral Structure of Indian Economy
NATIONAL INCOME AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES
DEFINITION
IMPORTANT ACRONYMS AND FORMULAE
Remarks on the Formulae
CONCEPTS OF NATIONAL INCOME
CALCULATION OF NATIONAL INCOME
INDIA’S NATIONAL INCOME ESTIMATES FOR 2017–18 (AT 2011–12 PRICES)
Gross National Income (GNI
Price Indices Used as Defl ators
Estimates at per capita level
Estimates at Current Prices
NEW SERIES OF NATIONAL STATISTICS (BASE YEAR 2011–12)
Historical Background
Why Change in the Base Year is Needed?
Guiding Principles for New Series
ANNUAL ESTIMATES OF EXPENDITURES ON GDP
Concepts of Annual Estimates of Expenditures
POPULATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
THEORY OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
CORRELATION BETWEEN POPULATION GROWTH AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Indian Perspective
NATIONAL CAPITAL FORMATION
POPULATION AND CAPITAL FORMATION
GROSS CAPITAL FORMATION
CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE
Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE)
Government Final Consumption Expenditure (GFCE)
GROSS FUND CAPITAL FORMATION (GFCF)
INDIA’S PUBLIC FINANCE
SOURCES OF REVENUE
ANNUAL FINANCIAL BUDGET
PUBLIC DEBT
Problems of Public Debt
Some Salient Features of Public Debt in India
Debt Management Strategy (DMS)
PUBLIC SECTOR PLAN: RESOURCE POSITION—CENTRE AND STATES
Centre
States
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT BUDGET DOCUMENTS
The Budget Documents
Tax Revenue and Non-Tax Revenue
THE BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE MAIN BUDGET DOCUMENTS
Annual Financial Statement (AFS)
Demands for Grants
Appropriation Bill
Finance Bill
Memorandum Explaining the Provisions in the Finance Bill
Macro-economic Framework Statement
Fiscal Policy Strategy Statement
Medium-term Fiscal Policy Statement
THE BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE OTHER EXPLANATORY DOCUMENTS OF THE BUDGET
Expenditure Budget Volume-1
Expenditure Budget Volume-2
Receipts Budget
Budget at a Glance
Highlights of Budget
Detailed Demands for Grants
Outcome Budget
Annual Reports
Economic Survey
PLANNING IN INDIA
DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
Important Dates
The NITI Aayog
Organisational Structure of NITI
Guiding Principles of Niti Aayog
Functions of Niti
Role of Governance
Justification for Replacing Planning Commission with NITI
NITI Aayog—First Meeting
Three-Sub Groups of Chief Ministers
All States to Have Two Task Forces
PLANNING COMMISSION
FIVE-YEAR PLANS
TWELFTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN (2012–17)
End of Five Year Planning in India
Vision Document, Strategy & Action Agenda beyond 12th Five Year Plan
REFORMS INITIATED BY NITI AAYOG
REFORMS IN AGRICULTURE
REFORMING MEDICAL EDUCATION
DIGITAL PAYMENTS MOVEMENT
ATAL INNOVATION MISSION
INDICES MEASURING STATES' PERFORMANCE IN HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT
SUB-GROUP OF CHIEF MINISTERS ON SKILL DEVELOPMENT
TASK FORCE ON ELIMINATION OF POVERTY IN INDIA
TASK FORCE ON AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT
TRANSFORMING INDIA LECTURE SERIES
Chapter 2 Agriculture
OVERVIEW
AGRICULTURE IN INDIA
AGRICULTURE IN INDIAN ECONOMY
GROSS CAPITAL FORMATION IN AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED SECTORS
INVESTMENT IN AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
GROWTH IN FOODGRAIN PRODUCTION
THE INDIAN AGRICULTURAL SCENARIO
FLAGSHIP PROGRAMMES
Green Revolution-Krishonnati Yojana
National Food Security Mission (NFSM)
Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH)
National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm
National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
National Mission on Agricultural Extension and Technology
Integrated Scheme on Agricultural Marketing
National Agriculture Market
Integrated Scheme on Agriculture Cooperation
Integrated Scheme on Agriculture Censusand Statistics
Green Revolution-Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana
Direct Benefit Transfer
Production of Fruits and Vegetables
Horticulture Mission for North-East and Himalayan States (HMNEH)
National Mission on Agricultural Extension and Technology (NMAET)
Rashtriya Gokul Mission
National Oilseeds and Vegetable Oils Development (NOVOD) Board
The Cafeteria Provides Supportfor Various Important Initiatives
National Bamboo Mission (now renamed as National Agro Forestry and Bamboo Mission)
Revised Macro-Management of Agriculture
Seeds
NEW INITIATIVE
Gram Uday Se Bharat Uday Abhiyan—Farmer Centric Initiatives
PM Fasal Bima Yojana
PM Krishi Sinchai Yojana (Drought Proofing Agriculture—PMKSY in Irrigated & Rain fed Areas)
Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana—Organic Agriculture
National Food Security Mission-Pulses
Soil Health Management
National Agriculture Market
Harnessing Modern Technology for Extension
Bringing Green Revolution to Eastern India
Build on India's Success in Dairy Sector
Gram Swaraj Abhiyaan
Neem Coated Urea
Blue Revolution (Neel Kranti) Scheme
Extending Green Revolution to the Eastern States
Pulses and Oilseeds villages
Saffron Mission in Jammu and Kashmir
National Seed Mission
Kisan Suvidha Mobile App
New Mobile Apps
mKisan Portal
E-National Agriculture Market (e-NAM)
AGRISNET (Strengthening/Promoting Agricultural Informatics and Communication)
National Crop Insurance Programme (NCIP)
Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (RWBCIS)
Unified Package Insurance Scheme (UPIS)
National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)
National Project on Organic Farming
NEW SCHEMES
Project for Replanting and Rejuvenation of Coconut Gardens
NATIONAL AGRICULTURE MARKET (NAM)
Integrated Scheme for Agriculture for Agricultural Marketing (ISAM)
The Pesticides Management Bill, 2008
Mini Mission-II of the Technology Mission on Cotton
Mini Mission-II of the Jute Technology Mission
THE GREEN REVOLUTION
THE GENESIS
THE BENEFITS OF GREEN REVOLUTION
Further Growth
Arrival of Technology
AGRICULTURAL MARKETING IN INDIA
NEED FOR REFORMS
Marketing Reforms in Agriculture Sector
TERMINAL MARKET COMPLEX
AGRI-BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT THROUGH THE ADB
Directorate of Marketing and Inspection (DMI)
Major functions of DMI
Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure (AMI)
Agricultural Marketing Reforms (MDRC)
MARKETING EXTENSION
MARKETING RESEARCH AND INFORMATION NETWORK (AGMARKNET)
CONSTRUCTION OF RURAL GODOWNS
SMALL FARMERS’ AGRI-BUSINESS CONSORTIUM (SFAC)
Farmers Producer Organizations (FPOs)
THE CENTRAL SECTOR SCHEME FOR AGRIBUSINESS DEVELOPMENT
AGRICULTURAL COOPERATION, MICRO-MANAGEMENT, WAREHOUSING AND STORAGE
INDIAN COOPERATIVE SECTOR
Cooperative Education and Training
Cooperative Education and Training Activities in the North-Eastern Region
Women Development Activities
Cooperative Development ProgrammesThrough the National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)
National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)
Cooperative Storage and Cold Storage
Cooperatives in Under-developed States
Strengthening of National-Level Cooperative Federations
Revitalisation of Cooperatives
Amendment to the Constitution in Respect of Cooperatives
Helping Farmers in Getting Remunerative Prices for Their Produce Through NAFED
Price Support Scheme (PSS)
Market Intervention Scheme (MIS)
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)
World Food Day
Technical Cooperation Programme
World Food Programme (WFP)
World Bank
Agreements/MoUs/Work Plans
Indo-US Cooperation
Contributions to International Organizations
Developing Countries
Strategic Groups
MACRO-MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Revised Macro-Management of Agriculture Scheme
AGRICULTURAL WAREHOUSING AND STORAGE
National Cooperative Development and Warehousing
Central Warehousing Corporation
State Warehousing Corporations
ENHANCEMENT IN STORAGE
Cold Storage
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
NEED FOR MECHANISATION OF AGRICULTURE
The Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering
National Mission on Agricultura lExtension and Technology (NMAET)
Support to State Extension Programmes for Extension Reforms Scheme (ATMA Scheme)
Support to Community Radio Stations (CRS)
Establishment of the Agri-Clinics and Agri-Business Centres (ACABC)
National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE) at Hyderabad
SUPPORT TO STATE EXTENSION PROGRAMMES FOR EXTENSION REFORMS
The Cafeteria of Activities
THE NATIONAL GENDER RESOURCE CENTRE IN AGRICULTURE (NGRCA)
National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP)
New Crop Varieties
KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA (KRISHI EXTENSION)
Important Highlights
IRRIGATION
ULTIMATE IRRIGATION POTENTIAL
MICRO-IRRIGATION
Need to Accord ‘Infrastructure Lending States’ to New Irrigation Technologies
PMKSY
PROBLEMS FACED IN PROGRESS OF IRRIGATION IN INDIA
SEEDS
AS CRITICAL INPUT FOR AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF SEEDS
NATIONAL SEEDS CORPORATION LTD. (NSC)
SEEDNET
SEED POLICY REFORMS
The Seeds Bill, 2004
Strengthening of Seeds Quality Control Organizations (State Seed Certification Agencies and State Seed Testing Laboratories)
Policy on the Export and Import of Seeds and Planting Materials
National Seeds Corporation
National Seed Research and Training Centre (NSRTC)
Amendment to NPSD
National Seed Reserve (NSR) Programme
SAARC Seed Bank
OECD Seed Scheme
National Mission on Seeds
DPQS Scheme
SEED PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION PROGRAMMES
Development and Strengthening of Infrastructure Facilities for the Production/Distribution of Quality Seeds
Bt. Cotton Seeds
PSUs HANDLING SEEDS
FERTILISERS
CONSUMPTION OF FERTILISERS
The Pattern
Fertilizer Control Order (FCO), 1985
Organic and Biofertilizers
Balanced Use of Fertilisers
Quality Control of Fertilizers
Soil Health Management (SHM)
Soil Health Cards
INM and Organic Farming
Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)
Participatory Guarantee System (PGS)—India
Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North Eastern Region (MOVCDNER)
AVAILABILITY AND PRICES
Availability of Fertilisers
Crop Protection Chemicals
Indian Crop Protection Market Split (Year 2017–18)
Fertiliser Prices
FERTILISER SUBSIDY
Nutrient-Based Fertiliser Subsidy
NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Schemes and Programmes of Natural Resource Management (NRM) Division
Central Sector Schemes
Other NRM Related Interventions
Externally Aided Projects
National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA)
Direct Benefit Transferin Fertiliser Sector
PLANT PROTECTION, AGRICULTURAL CREDIT AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT
PLANT PROTECTION
Plant Quarantine
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Seed Treatment Campaign
Implementation of the Insecticides Act
Locust Control and Research
Capacity Building in Plant Protection
AGRICULTURAL CREDIT
Institutional Arrangements
Agriculture Credit
Interest Subvention to Farmers
Kisan Credit Cards Scheme
Interest Subvention Scheme
Extension of Interest Subvention for Post-harvest Credit
Interest Subvention in Natural Calamities Situation
Joint Liability Group (JLG)
Investment in Debentures of State Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks (SCARDB)/State Cooperative Land Development Banks (SCLDB)
Relief Measures for Natural Calamities
Sarangi Committee
Policy Initiatives for Increasing the Flow of Credit
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
NEW CROP VARIETIES
Institutional Mechanism for In-house Knowledge Management Database on Agricultural Trade
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Policy in Agriculture
Agricultural Trade Liberalisation
EXTERNAL AID
THE PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
UNDERSTANDING THE PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN INDIA
Evolution of PDS
FACILITIES PROVIDED UNDER PDS
Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS)
Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY)
Validity of PDS
OTHER ACTIVITIES UNDER PDS
Welfare Schemes
Open Market Sale Scheme (Domestic) OMSS (D)
How ‘PDS’ Works in India
Food Corporation of India
Central Warehousing Corporation
The Hindustan Vegetable Oils Corporation Limited (HVOC)
Directorate of Sugar
Directorate of Vanaspati, Vegetable Oils and Fats
National Sugar Institute (NSI), Kanpur
Quality Control Cell
Indian Grain Storage Management & Research Institute (IGMRI)
Organisational Structure of Food Corporation of India (FCI)
State/UT Agencies for PDS
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY, DAIRY, AND FISHERY
LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY
Livestock Sector
Meat Production
Wool Production
Milk Production
Poultry
Egg Production
Central Herd Registration Scheme (CHRS)
E-Pashuhaat
The NPBB&DD Scheme
National Mission on Bovine Productivity (NMBP)
Components of the Scheme
National Livestock Mission
Safety Policies and Legislation (in the Background of Avian Infl uenza)
FISHING
Fish Production
Blue Revolution
Central Plan Scheme with Central Sector Components
The restructured Centrally Plan Scheme with Central Sector components on Blue Revolution
National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB)
Integrated National Fisheries Action Plan-2020
Coastal Aquaculture Authority (CAA)
National Surveillance Programme for Aquatic Animal Diseases (NSPAAD)
Research and Development
National Policy on Marine Fisheries, 2016
OTHER SPECIAL POLICY INITIATIVES
REHABILITATION PACKAGE FOR DISTRESSED FARMERS
NATIONAL POLICY FOR FARMERS, 2007 (NPF)
GENDER PERSPECTIVES IN AGRICULTURE
The National Gender Resource Centre for Agriculture (NGRCA
Gender Budgeting Cell (GBC)
The National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)
Current Initiatives
SHORT NOTE ON THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND COOPERATION, MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE—GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
SERVICES/ACTIVITIES
FUNCTIONS AND ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
List of Functional Divisions in the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation
Chapter 3 Industry and Other Important Sectors
INDUSTRY IN INDIA
INDUSTRIAL SCENE AT INDEPENDENCE
GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
The Statement of the Industrial Policy (1945)
The Industrial Policy Resolution (IPR) of 1948 and 1956
Industrial Policy Resolution, 1948 (IPR, 1948)
Industries (Development and Regulation) Act (IDRA), 1951
Industrial Policy Resolution, 1956
Monopolies Inquiry Commission (1964)
The Monopolies and Restrictive Practices Act (1970)
Transport Subsidy Scheme
Quantum of Subsidy
Freight Subsidy Scheme (FSS)
The Industrial Policy Statements of 1973 and 1977
The Industrial Policy Statement of 1980
Period of Liberalization After 80’s
Liberalization of 1990
THE NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY 1991
SMALL SCALE ENTERPRISES (SSEs)
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises under Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006
NATIONAL MANUFACTURING POLICY (NMP), 2011
MAJOR RECENT POLICY INITIATIVE
North East Industrial and Investmentv Promotion Policy (NEIIPP), 2007
Package for Special Category States of J&K, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand
Modified Industrial Infrastructure Upgradation Scheme (MIIUS)
MAKE IN INDIA
STARTUP INDIA
NATIONAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR) POLICY 2016
TYPES OF IPRs IN INDIA
Patent
Design
Trade Mark
Geographical Indications
Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB)
Copyright
Copyright Board (CRB)
Plant Variety Protection
Semi-Conductor Integrated Circuits Layout Design Registry (SCILDR)
Cell for IPR Promotion and Management (CIPAM)
International Agreements
Global Innovation Index (GII)
Scheme for Start-Up Intellectual Property Protection (SIPP)
INDUSTRIAL SLOWDOWN
Domestic
External
INDEX OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION (IIP)
Background
Salient Features of the New IIP Series
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
Recent Policy Initiatives (as per FDI Policy 2016)
Sectors Requiring Central Government Approvals (as per FDI Policy 2016)
Upto 100%
Beyond 74% Upto 100%
Beyond 49% & upto 100%
Beyond 49% & upto 74%
Upto 51%
Upto 49%
Upto 26%
Upto 20%
Sectors under Automatic Routes
Upto 100%
Upto 49%
Entry Structures
IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON INDIAN INDUSTRIES
(A) Major Large-Scale Industries
(B) Public Sector Steel Plants
(C) Principal Manufacturing Regions
(D) Important Resources
(E) Minor Manufacturing Regions
(F) Minor Manufacturing Regions
(G) Public Sector Industrial Undertakings
(H) Cottage Industries in India
(I) Indian Towns Associated with Industries
INDUSTRIAL FINANCE INSTITUTIONS
Industrial Finance Corporation of India
The Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Ltd.
Industrial Development Bank of India
State Financial Corporations
Unit Trust of India (UTI)
Industrial Reconstruction Bank of India (IRBI)
FOREIGN TRADE
INTRODUCTION
FOREIGN TRADE POLICY, 2015–20
Niryat Bandhu Scheme
COMMODITY COMPOSITION OF IMPORTS
INDIA’S SHARE IN WORLD EXPORTS
Effect of 2007–08 Global Financial Crises
Euro Crisis Effects on India’s Trade
Export Diversification
INDIA’S FOREIGN TRADE PARTNERS
India’s Regional and Preferential Trading Arrangements
Bilateral and Regional Cooperation
Recent Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs)
FOREIGN EXCHANGE SYSTEM
Regulatory Environment Foreign Exchange Controls
The Foreign Exchange Market
Foreign Exchange Transactions
Exchange Rate
Tarapore Committee on Capital Account Convertibility
Committee on Fuller Capital Account Convertibility
BALANCE OF PAYMENT (BOP)
Introduction
India’s Balance of Payment
The Crisis of the Early 1990s
Overview of Balance of Payment (BoP)
Current Account Transactions
Capital Account Transactions
Foreign Collaboration Policies
India Specific Challenges
International Comparison Level
GOODS AND SERVICES TAX (GST)
The Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016
GST Replace These Taxes
Commodities Proposed to be Kept Outside the purview of GST
DUAL ‘GST’ – CGST and SGST
System of Taxation under Central GST (CGST) and State GST (SGST)
Integrated GST (IGST)
How will Imports be Taxed under GST
How will Exports be Treated under GST
INFRASTRUCTURE
Defining Infrastructure
Physical and Social Infrastructure
Natural Monopoly Character of Infrastructure
Construction of Infrastructure Indices
POSTAL SERVICES
Mobile Money Transfer Service
Cash on Delivery
Postal Circles
Constitutional and Legal Provisions
Definitive Series of Postage Stamps
RICT Project
Mail System
Modernisation of Mail Transmission and Processing
Satellite Network
Automatic Mail Processing Centres (AMPC)
e-Post, Pin Code and Speed Post Services
Rural Business (RB) Division
Payment of Various Social Security Pension Schemes
Tie-ups by Rural Business Division
Agency Functions
Postal Finance Market
National Pension Scheme (NPS)
Jan Suraksha Schemes
Sukanya Samriddhi Account
Retailing of Mutual Funds
International Money Transfer Service
PLI and RPLI
Core Banking Solution (CBS) Project
Indian Post Payments Bank (IPPB)
TELECOMMUNICATION
Indian Telecom Sector
Wireline vs Wireless
Public vs Private
Other Service Providers (OSPs)
Cellular Mobile Telephone Service
India’s Position in the Telecom Sector
New Frontiers of Growth
3G and Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) Services
Value-Added Services (VAS)
Unified License Regime (Envisaged in NTP-2012 and Issued in August 2013)
Access Services
National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN)
The National Frequency Plan (NFAP)
Wireless Monitoring Organisation (WMO)
Universal Service Obligation Fund (USO)
Projects in the Pipeline for 2018–19
Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF)
Autonomous Bodies in Telecom Sector
Statutory Bodies in Telecom Sector
TCOES
Aadhaar Based e-KYC for New Subscribers
Network for Left Wing Extremism Areas
Virtual Network Operators (VNO)
Active Infrastructure Sharing
Full Mobile Number Portability (MNP)
Panic Button on All Mobiles
Single Number 112
Machine to Machine (M2M) Communications
Cable TV Network for Providing Broadband Services
Resolution of Call Drops
Other Notable Reforms
DigiLocker
PMGSISHA
e-Kranti - Electronic Delivery of Services
IT Platform for Messages
Government Greetings to be e-Greetings
Biometric Attendance
Wi-Fi in all Universities
Secure Email within Government
Standardize Government Email Design
Public Wi-Fi Hotspots
School Books to be eBooks
SMS based Weather Information, Disaster Alerts
National Portal for Lost & Found Children
DigiSewak
S3WaaS for Govt Departments Websites
Tarang Sanchar Portal
The Department of Telecommunications (DoT)
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)
National Telecom Policy-2012 (NTP-2012)
INDIAN RAILWAYS
Important Facts
Other Facts About Indian Railways
Rail Tracks
Administration
Traction
High Speed Trains
Public Undertakings of Railways Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) and Other Organisations
Indian Railways—Research and Development
Security in the Indian Railways—The Railway Protection Force (RPF)
SHIPPING AND PORTS IN INDIA
Shipping Corporation of India (SCI)
National Waterways
Ports of India
Training Institutions
PORTS–SECTOR SNAPSHOT
Highpoints
National Maritime Development Programme
Policy Framework
Areas of Maritime Interest for India
Primary Areas
Secondary Areas
AIR TRANSPORT
Key Fact
Three Levels of Air Transport in India
Policy Framework
Airport Authority of India (AAI)
CIVIL AVIATION
SWOT Anaysis of Indian Aviation Industry
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
Strategy Plan for Indian Aviation Industry
Statistics of Growth
Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS):(UDAN-Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik)
Major Domestic Airlines of India
Privatisation of the Indian Airports
Creation of Heliport
Policy Initiatives
National Civil Aviation Policy, 2016
Regional Connectivity Scheme
Route Dispersal Guidelines (RDG)
5/20 Requirement
Bilateral Traffic Rights
Ground Handling Policy
Airport PPP/AAI
Aviation Security, Immigration and customs
Helicopters and Charters I
Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul
Aviation Education and Skill Building
ROAD NETWORKS
Policy Framework
History
Grand Trunk Road (G. T. Road)
National Highways
Efficacy of the National Highways
National Highway and Infrastructural Development Corporation Ltd. (NHIDCL)
SECTOR SNAPSHOT
Highpoints
Other Facts about Roads in India
Classification of Roads in India and Authority Responsible
Bharatmala Project
Setu Bharatam Programme
Green Highway Policy, 2015
Road Transport
Grand Trunk (GT) Road
National Highways
Road Transport and Road Safety
National Highway Development Project (NHDP)
Road Development
Other National Highways Stretches
Rural Roads
Projects Undertaken by the Ministry Under Public/Private Partnership
Economic Importance and Inter-State Connectivity Scheme
Bharat Nirman Yojana
MONEY SUPPLY AND PRICES
WORKING GROUPS ON MONEY SUPPLY
Price Indices That Quantify Inflation
Rate of Inflation
Chakravarthy Committee (1982–85)
Causes of Inflation
REMEDIAL MEASURES TO CONTROL INFLATION
Short-term Measures
Long-term Measures
Consequences of Inflation
BANKING SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT OF BANKING SYSTEM IN INDIA
Key Fact
Composition of Banking System
RESERVE BANK OF INDIA (RBI)
Creation
The RBI (Amendment) Act, 2006
Organisation of Banks
Legal Framework of the RBI
Umbrella Acts
Specific Functions Acts
Individual Institutions Acts
Banking Operations Acts
Departments in the Bank
Functions
Imperial Bank of India
Scheduled Banks
Micro Units Development Refinance Agency (MUDRA) Bank
Regional Rural Banks
Co-operative Banks
Payment Banks
Anchor Banks
PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS
State Bank of India (SBI)
New Brand Identify of SBI
Merging of Subsidiaries of SBI into the SBI
Nationalisation of Banks
OTHER IMPORTANT BANKS AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs)
G-SIBS and D-SIBs
All-India Financial Institution (FIs) and Development Finance Institutions (DFIs)
NBFC & MFI
Gold Loan NBFCs in India
Micro-finance Institutions (MFIs)
Lead Bank Scheme
Functions
List of Private Sector Banks
Local Area Banks (LABs)
Small Finance Banks (SFBs)
Foreign Banks in India
CASH RESERVE RATIO (CRR)
STATUTORY LIQUIDITY RATIO (SLR)
REPO RATE
REVERSE REPO RATE
CALL RATES
MARGINAL STANDING FACILITY (MSF)
BANK RATE
BANKING SECTOR REFORMS IN INDIA
RBI’s Push to Government on Banking Reforms
Indradhanush
The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC) [Operational by March 2017]
Banks Board Bureau (BBB)
P.J. Nayak Committee Reforms
Government's Share-holding in PSBs
G. Gopalkrishna Committee
Reforms in the Rural and Cooperative Banking Sector
Monetary and Credit Policy
NARASIMHAM COMMITTEE REPORT ON BANKING SECTOR REFORMS
Securitization, Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act 2002
INSURANCE
INTRODUCTION
LIFE INSURANCE CORPORATION (LIC)
GENERAL INSURANCE CORPORATION (GIC)
Merger of General Insurance Companies
Insurance Sector: An Overview
Highpoints
Health Insurance
Government Initiatives
Social Security Group Scheme
Insurance Statistics
INSURANCE REGULATORY AUTHORITY
IRDA Timelines
The Insurance Regulatory Development Authority (IRDA) Bill
INVESTMENT
NATIONAL INVESTMENT FUND (NIF)
UNIT TRUST OF INDIA
GLOBAL DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS/FOREIGN CURRENCY CONVERTIBLE BONDS
Recent Initiative
ADRs/GDRs
PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT FROM FOREIGN INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS
NON-RESIDENT INDIAN INVESTMENTS
MUTUAL FUNDS
UTI
Recent Policy Developments
PENSION REFORMS
Insurance Ombudsmen
Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA)
New Pension System (NPS)
MAIN FEATURES AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE NEW PENSION SYSTEM
Scope of the NPS
Status of Implementation
Social Security Scheme – Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana (AABY)
Swavalamban Scheme
Atal Pension Yojana (Social Sector Scheme Pertaining to Pension Sector) APY
STOCK EXCHANGES
STOCK MARKETS IN INDIA
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA
MINTS AND PRESSES
INDIAN CURRENCY
SYMBOL FOR INDIAN RUPEE
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
ACQUISITION OF SECURITY FEATURES
INDIGENISATION
The Decimal System
Devaluation of Currency
COINS
Small Note of Coins System in India
Coins
The Coinage Act, 2011
The Salient Features of the Bill Are
Call in from Circulation the Coins of Denominations of 25 Paise and Below
New Series of Coins
THE SECURITY PRINTING AND MINTING CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED (SPMCIL)
Chapter 4 Demographics
CENSUS
BIRTH RATE
DEATH RATE
DENSITY OF POPULATION
RELATIVE GROWTH OF RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION
Rural and Urban Population
SEX RATIO
LITERACY RATE
IMPORTANT INFORMATION CONCERNING CENSUS 2011
DEFINITIONS
The Sample Registration System (SRS)
Chapter 5 Sustainable Development
UNDERSTANDING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABILITY
DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC GROWTH
HOLISTIC DEFINITIONS OFSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION: COORDINATING BODIES
Legislation and Regulations
Indian Environmental Legislations and Regulations
Selected Policy Initiatives taken by the Ministry of Environment and Forests Towards Sustainable Development
AGENDA 21 AND INVOLVEMENT OF MAJOR GROUPS IDENTIFIED
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND INDIA
Programmes and Projects
Challenges
FINANCING FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
GOVERNANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
SCOPE FOR LOCAL LEVEL GOVERNANCE
SCOPE FOR NATIONAL LEVEL GOVERNANCE
SCOPE FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
Chapter 6 Short Notes on Poverty and Unemployment
POVERTY
ESTIMATED POVERTY LINES AND POVERTY RATIOS
POVERTY LINE
2011–12 Estimates of Poverty in India
Timeline of Poverty Line Estimation in India
COMPARISION OF NSS AND NAS ESTIMATES OF HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE
METHODOLOGY OF POVERTY ESTIMATION IN OTHER COUNTIRES
POVERTY ESTIMATES BY THE WORLD BANK
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
SUGGESTED METHODOLOGY FOR MEASURMENT OF POVERTY
Choice of Recall Period
ESTIMATION OF POVERTY AND BPL HOUSEHOLDS
EXPERT GROUPS FOR ESTIMATING POVERTY AND BPL FAMILIES
TENDULKAR COMMITTEE REPORT
SAXENA COMMITTEE REPORT
Automatic Exclusion
Automatic Inclusion
S.R. HASHIM COMMITTEE REPORT
RANGARAJAN REPORT ON POVERTY
Comments on Rangarajan Group’s Report
POPULATION UNDER POVERTY LINE
Poverty Ratio for Social Groups
AMONG RELIGIOUS GROUPS
For Occupational Categories
Based on the Education Level of Head of the Household
For Categories by Age and Sex of Head of the Household
EMPLOYMENT
UNEMPLOYMENT
EMPLOYMENT IN THE ORGANISED SECTOR
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAN STATES
Growth Related
Poverty Related
Health Related
Education Related
MGNREGS
NRHM
ANTI-POVERTY PROGRAMMES
Poverty Ratio for Eligibility and Entitlements under Poverty Alleviation Programmes
What is Poverty Line?
Poverty Alleviation and Employment Generation Programmes
Recent Employment Related Schemes and Programmes
Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY)
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)
Objectives of the Act
Significant Features of the Act
Funding the Implementation of MGNREGA
IMPORTANT NUMEBRS ON MGNREGA
Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAANJHI)
Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission [National Rurban Mission (NRuM)]
NATIONAL SOCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (NSAP)
Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana (PMGAY)
Chapter 7 Other Social Sector Initiatives and Inclusions
SOCIO-ECONOMIC SECTORS
HEALTH SECTOR
NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY 2017
Specific Goals and Objectives
Policy Thrust
Health Systems Performance
National Health Mission (NHM)
Institutional Mechanisms
NATIONAL RURAL HEALTH MISSION (NRHM)
NATIONAL URBAN HEALTH MISSION (NUHM)
OTHER PROGRAMMES
Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs)
Major Public Health Programmes
Communicable Diseases
Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDS)
Schemes to Improve the Health Status of Children and Women
Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)
National Nutrition Mission (NNM)
Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)
Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi (RAN)
Eligibility for Assistance under RAN
LITERACY AND EDUCATION
STRUCTURE OF EDUCATION
ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
Samagra Shiksha
Major Features of Samagra Shiksha
Holistic approach to education
Administrative Reform
Enhanced Funding for Education
Focus on Quality of Education
Focus on Digital Education
Strengthening of Schools
Focus on Girl Education
Focus on Inclusion
Focus on Skill Development
Focus on Sports and Physical Education
Focus on Regional Balance
Mid-Day Meal (MDM) Scheme
Scheme for Infrastructure Development in Minority Institutes (IDMI)
Salient features
Scheme to Provide Quality Education in Madrasas (SPQEM)
Salient Features
SECONDARY EDUCATION
Schemes for Secondary Education
Autonomous Bodies
UNIVERSITY AND HIGHER EDUCATION
University Grants Commission (UGC)
List of Central Universities
Central Universities under Ministry of HRD
Other Central University which are not under Ministry of HRD
Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU)
Schemes for Higher Education
Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA)
National Research Professorship (NRP)
Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission on Teachers and Teaching (PMMMNMTT)
Mission Strategies
ADULT EDUCATION
Saakshar Bharat
State Resource Centre
Scope of Work
Jan Shikshan Sansthan
Scope of Work
Categorisation of Jan Shikshan Sansthans (JSSs)
Assistance to Voluntary Agencies
Scope of Work
Number of Projects to be Assisted
TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Policy Framework
National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology
Major Components of the Mission
Literacy and Education
THE NEW EDUCATION POLICY CONSULTATION
EDUCATION FOR GIRLS
Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Abhiyan
Swachh Vidyalaya
UDAAN
Salient Features
Swami Vivekananda Single Girl Child Scholarship for Research in Social Sciences
PRAGATI
PERSONS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS
SAKSHAM
INITIATIVES FOR THE NORTH EAST
Ishan Uday
Ish–an Vik–as
ICT ENABLED ENHANCEMENT OF LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES
SWAYAM (Study Webs of Active—Learning for Young Aspiring Minds) PROGRAMME
National E-Library
AUGMENTING RESEARCH
Dr. S. Radhakrishnan Post Doctoral Fellows in Social Sciences
AICTE Scholarship for Ph.D Studies
Quality Improvement Program (QIP)
List of Schemes/Programmes—Education Related
Objectives
Schemes to Encourage Education Among SC Students and Other Schemes
List of Schemes/Programmes—Finance, Insurance and Social Welfare Related
Medical Health Care and Family Welfare
List of Schemes/Programmes—Health Related
Rural Drinking Water—National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP)
List of Schemes/Programmes—Housing/Infrastructure Related
List of Schemes/Programmes—Women and Children Related
List of Schemes/Programmes—Miscellaneous
Chapter 8 Other Social Protection Programmes
SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAMMES
UNIQUE IDENTIFICATION AUTHORITY Of INDIA (UIDAI)
Aadhaar’s Progress: Plumbing for Better Public Service Delivery
BHARAT NIRMAN
RURAL DRINKING WATER
RURAL SANITATION: TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN (TSC)
RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT
URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE, HOUSING AND SANITATION
Jawahar Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHIP)
Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
Urja Ganga Gas Pipeline Project
SKILL DEVELOPMENT
National Policy for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship 2015
Venture Capital Fund for Scheduled Caste Entrepreneurs
Credit Enhancement Guarantee for Young and start-up entrepreneurs, belonging to Scheduled Castes
Dr Ambedkar Central Sector Scheme of Interest Subsidy on Educational Loan for Overseas Studies for Other Backward Classes (OBCs)
National Fellowship for the OBC Students
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND GENDER
INEQUALITY
Gender Development Index (GDI)
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
SOCIAL DEFENCE SECTOR
National Policy on Older Persons (NPOP), 1999
Scheme of Integrated Programme for Older Persons (IPOP)
National Institute of Social Defence (NISD)
The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act 2007
Integrated Programme for Older Persons (IPOP)
Upliftment of Weaker Sections of Society
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
Scheduled Castes
Backward Classes
Senior Citizens
Victim of Substance Abuse
Transgender Persons
National Commission for Denotified and Nomadic Tribes (NCDNT)
Glossary
Important Terms Related to Indian Economy
Consumer Price for Industrial Workers
Volume IV Geography and Environmental Ecoogy
Cover
Copyright
Contents
Geography
Chapter 1 General Geography
INTRODUCTION
BRANCHES OF GEOGRAPHY
Systematic Geography
Physical Geography
Cultural Geography
Regional Geography
METHODS OF STUDYING GEOGRAPHY
Collecting Data
Mapping
BASIC KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE EARTH
SPHERES OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE
SHAPE OF THE EARTH
STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
The Crust
Discontinuities in Earth’s Structure
Mohorovicic Discontinuity
Gutenberg Discontinuity
Upper Mantle
Transition Zone
Lower Mantle
The Inner and Outer Core
COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH
Minerals
GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE EARTH
Geological Time
Relative Time Scale
EARTH’S MOVEMENTS
Rotation
Revolution
How Seasons Change?
Equinoxes and Solstices
Length of Day and Temperature
The Celestial Sphere
Movement of the Moon Along Its Orbit Around the Earth
ECLIPSES AND PHASES OF THE MOON
Eclipses
Phases of the Moon
UNDERSTANDING THE GLOBE
Location
Latitude
Longitude
Equator
Prime Meridian
Meridians
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Arctic Circle
Antarctic Circle
Continent
Hemisphere
Great Circle
Ecliptic System
Constellations of the Zodiac
Ascension, Declination, and Prime Meridian
EARTH AND MOON
The Moon
Astronomical Data on the Moon
Moon and Tides
TIME
Time Zones
Local Time
Standard Time
International Date Line
ATMOSPHERE
INTRODUCTION
Composition of the Atmosphere
Atmospheric Pressure
STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Atmospheric Layers
PLANETARY AND CELESTIAL ATMOSPHERE
Diff erence among Planets
Probability of Life on Other Planets
Atmospheric Extinction
IMPORTANT PHENOMENA OF ATMOSPHERE
Radiation Belts
Magnetic Storms
Aurora
Ozone Layer
Cosmic Rays
Greenhouse Eff ect
TEMPERATURE
Daily Cycles of Air Temperature
Temperature Patterns
Regional Distribution of Temperatureor Temperate Zones
Factors Controlling the Distributionof Temperature
Isotherms
AIR PRESSURE
Pressure Patterns
Isobars
WINDS
General Circulation
Global Wind Patterns
Wind Belts
Types of Wind
MONSOONS
HUMIDITY AND PRECIPITATION
Humidity
Condensation
Clouds
Precipitation
Rains
Formation of Rain
World Rainfall Distribution
Snowfall
Hail
AIR MASSES AND FRONTS
Air Masses
CYCLONES AND ANTICYCLONES
Cyclones
WEATHER AND CLIMATE
Causes of Weather
Cycles
Extremes
Introduction to Climate
Global Climate
Climate Change
PRINCIPAL CLIMATES OF THE WORLD
Climatic Divisions of the World
Hot Climatic Regions
Temperate Climatic Region
Cold Climatic Regions
Climate Change
Köppen Climate Classifi cation
Köppen-Geiger Climate Classifi cation
HYDROSPHERE
INTRODUCTION
The Hydrological Cycle
The Planetary Water Supply
INTERCEPTION, STEMFLOW, CANOPY DRIP, AND THROUGHFALL
Interception
Stemflow
Canopy Drip
Throughfall
Infiltration
Soil Water Storage
Throughflow and Groundwater Storage
Forms of Groundwater
Surface Run-off
Major Rivers of the World
OCEANOGRAPHY
The Grouping of the Oceans
Ocean Salinity
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Seawater
Chemical Characteristics of Seawater
Pattern in Variation of the Salinity
Salinity Table
Saline Lakes
Ocean Currents
Ocean Currents of Pacifi c
Ocean Currents of Atlantic
Ocean Currents of Indian Ocean
OCEAN TIDES
Introduction
Types of Tides
SHIPPING CANALS
LITHOSPHERE
INTRODUCTION
THE EARTH’S CRUST
PLATE TECTONICS
The Early Theories of Plate Tectonics
The Modern Theory of Plate Tectonics
IGNEOUS ACTIVITY AND THE CONTINENTS
Dyke
Sill
Batholith
Volcanic Pipe
OCEANIC CRUST
ROCKS
Introduction
Minerals
The Rock Cycle
Igneous Rocks
Igneous Rocks and the Bowen Reaction Series
Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks
Different Factors Affecting Metamorphism
Chemical Action of Fluids
MOUNTAINS
Introduction
Types of Mountains
Evolution of Mountains
Crustal Deformation Processes—Folding and Faulting
EARTHQUAKES
Introduction
Earthquake Waves
Earthquake Measurement
Earthquake Damage and Destruction
VOLC ANISM
Volcano
PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE EARTH’S TERRESTRIAL SURFACE
Cratons
Mountain Belts
Continental Margin
Chapter 2 World Geography
COUNTRIES
CONTINENTS
Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
Latin American Nations
Oceania
IMPORT ANT CITIES OF THE WORLD
IMPORT ANT CITIES SITUATED ON THE BANKS OF RIVERS
CHANGED NAMES OF SOME CITIES, STATES, AND COUNTRIES
DISTINCTIVE NAMES OF COUNTRIES/TOWNS—GEOGRAPHICAL EPITHETS
Major Crops
MAJOR NATURAL RESOURCES
Agricultural Crops
Minerals
Other Crops and their Primary Producers
Important Minerals and Principal Producing Countries
Countries Rich in Minerals
Major Exporters
INDUSTRIAL TOWNS
REGIONAL GROUPING OF COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
South Asia
South-East Asia
West Asia (Middle-East)
The Caribbean
Other Major Groupings
ECONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
Traditional Classifi cation
Political Classifi cation
On the Basis of Advancement
On the Basis of Gross National Income (World Bank Classifi cation)
On the Basis of Development (IMF Classification)
PEOPLE OF THE WORLD
World Population
Chapter 3 Indian Geography
INTRODUCTION
LOCATION, DIMENSIONS, AND FRONTIERS
Location
Coasts and Borders
Offshore Islands
GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF INDIA
Geological Systems of India
GEOLOGI CAL STRUCTURE OF INDIA
Geological Systems of India
THE ARCHEAN ROCK SYSTEM
THE PURANA ROCK SYSTEM
THE DRAVIDIAN SYSTEM
THE ARYAN ROCK SYSTEM
The Gondwana System
The Mesozoic Cover (Triasssic, Jurassic and Cretaceous Systems)
The Triassic System
The Jurassic System
The Cretaceous System
Recent Rock Systems (Tertiary-Quaternary Cover)
PHYSICAL FEATURES
GEOLOGICAL REGIONS
Indo-Gangetic Plain
Depositional Variation
Regional Sub-division
The Himalayas
Geology of Himalayas
The Making of the Himalayas
Tectonic Sub-divisions of the Himalayas
Glaciers of Himalayas
CLASSIFICATION OF THE HIMALAYAN SYSTEM
The Trans-Himalayas
REGIONAL DIVISION Of THE HIMALAYAS
THE PURVANCHAL (OR THE EASTERN HILLS)
THE PENINSULA
Central Highlands and Bundelkhand Regions
PENINSULAR PLATEAUS
The Coastal Plains
The Indian Islands
PHYSIOGRAPHIC SUB-UNITS
Regional Microunits
Geomorphological Sub-divisions
Socio-Economic Regionalisation
THE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS OF INDIA
Himalayan System
LAKES
CLIMATE
India’s Wide Range of Climatic Conditions
Climatic Factors in India
The Four Indian Seasons
Rainfall Distribution in India
CLIMATIC REGIONS OF INDIA
General Classification
Koppen’s Classification
Thornthwaite’s Classification
SOILS IN INDIA
ALLUVIAL SOIL
BLACK SOIL
RED AND YELLOW SOIL
LATERITE SOIL
SALINE AND ALKALINE SOILS
PEAT AND MARSHY SOIL
ARID SOIL (DESERT SOIL)
FOREST SOIL
AGRICULTURE
PERFORMANCE OF AGRICULT URE
CROP PATTERNS
Crop Seasons
PERFORMANCE OF FOODGRAIN CROPS
Rice
Wheat
Coarse Grains
Pulses
PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL CROPS
Oil-Seeds
Sugarcane
Cotton
Jute
PERFORMANCE OF PLANTATION CROPS
Tea
Coffee
Natural Rubber
FERTILIZERS
Production
ENERGY SCENARIO IN INDIA
POWER
Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPPs)
Development of National Grid
National Smart Grid Mission
High Capacity Power Transmission Corridors (HCPTC)
Green Energy Corridors
MULTI -PURPOSE PROJECTS IN INDIA
COAL
India’s Coal Reserves
State-wise Distribution of Indian Coal
India’s Coal Production
India’s Lignite Production
State-wise Distribution of Indian Lignite
PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GASES
Corporations
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
ATOMIC ENERGY
First Nuclear Explosion
First Nuclear Implosion
First Rice Straw Power Plant
Ocean Waves Energy Project
Pokhran Tests
NUCLEAR POWER PROJECTS IN INDIA
Nuclear Power in India
Table—Atomic Power Plants (Under Construction)
Table—Nuclear Power Projects for Starting of Work during XII Five-Year Plan
Nuclear Energy Parks
NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
India’s Power Capacities from Renewables Energy
RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAMMES
MINERAL RESOURCES OF INDIA
DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS
OTHER MINERALS
MISCELLANEOUS
IMPORTANT LINES ANDBOUNDARIES
Quiz
Important Passes in India
Environmental Ecology
Chapter 1 Ecology and Environment
ECOSYSTEM AND BIOSPHERE
ECOLOGY
Difference between Environmental Science and Environmentalism
ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS
Biotic and Abiotic Components
COMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS
Community Structure
Change in Communities over Time
Disturbance of a Community
Limiting Factor Principle
Ecosystems and Communities
Energy Flow in an Ecosystem
Ecological Pyramid
Unidirectional Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Ecological Balance of the Ecosystem
The Food Chain
Food Web
THE BIOSPHERE
Connectivity of the Spheres
Energy Flow in a Biosphere
Hydrological Cycles
Biogeochemical Cycles
IMPORTANT PHENOMENA IN BIOSPHERE
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
Carbon Sinks
THE OZONE LAYER
PARTICULATE MATTER (PM)
14 Indian Cities among World’s Worst 20 Cities
Punjab-Haryana Agricultural Fires and Air Pollution in Delhi
Climate Change in Millennium Silk Road Region
SMOG
Delhi Smog Situation
THERMAL INvERSIONS
WATER POLLUTION IS ALTERING THE HYDROSPHERE
Threat of Ocean Acidification
DEFORESTAtION, SOIL EROSION AND DESERTIFICATION
MASS EXTINCTION
ECOSYSTEMS AS ENVIRONMENTAL SUPPORT SYSTEMS
THE ECONOMICS OF ECOSYSTEM AND BODIVERSITY (TEEB)
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
POLLUTION
AIR, WATER, SOIL AND NOISE POLLUTION
Air Pollution
Consequences of Air Pollutants
Results of Air Pollution
Control of Air pollution
Water Pollution
Sources of Water Pollution
Effects of Water Pollution
Proper Treatment of Sewage and Industrial Effluents
Soil Pollution
Sources of Soil Pollution and Degradation
Control of soil pollution
CHEMICAL POLLUTION
Types of Chemicals
Noise Pollution
Sources of Noise Pollution
Effects of Noise Pollution
Control of Noise Pollution
SOME HARMFUL MAN-MADE CHEMICALS FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ECOSYSTEMS
Bisphenol A (BPA)
IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS IN INDIA
Noise Standards for Automobiles, Domestic Appliances and Construction Equipment
Code of Practice for Controlling Noisefrom Sources Other than Industries andAutomobiles Public Address System
Aircraft Operations
Railway Operations
Construction Activities
Burning of Crackers
Trade Related Analysis of Fauna and Flora in Commerce (Traffic)
Chapter 2 Climate Change and Related Issues
GLOBAL WARMING AND SUSTAINABILITY
SPECULATIVE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
RECENT HIGH TEMPERATURES
GREEN HOUSE PROTOCOL (GHG PROTOCOL)
THE PHENOMENON OF GLOBAL WARMING
Observed Impacts of Climate Change on Glaciers
RISING SEA LEVELS
Recent and Sea Level Rise
Predicting the Future
CARBON TRADING AND OFFSETTING
Carbon Credit
Carbon Offsetting
CARBON TAXATION
CARBON SEQUESTRATION
THE GLOB AL PERSPECTIVE
EL NINO
THE WORLD SUMMIT IN JOHANNESBURG
The Debt Burden
The Crucial Failure
THE STERN REPORT
THE MEGA ENVIRONMENTAL SUMMITS and CONFERENCES
The United Nations on Environment
Principal Environmental Bodies
MEA TREATY MONITORING BODIES
UN ENVIRONMENTAL TREATY MONITORING BODIES
CONFERENCE OF PARTIES (COP)
IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT: A BRIEFING
Un Framework Convention on ClimateChange (Un Fccc)
CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (CBD)
CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION (CCD
CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA (CITES)
THE CONVENTION ON WETLANDS OF INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE (RAMSAR CONVENTION)
LIST AND BRIEF SUMMARY OF THEIR INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONVENTIONS OF IMPORTANCE
THE PARIS AG REEMENT (CMA 1)
Ratification of the Paris Agreement
US Plans to Move Away from Paris Agreement
Long-term Finance
Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)
WORLD WATER RESOURCES
THE BACKGROUND
MAN’S NEED FOR WATER
THE EXHAUSTION OF CURRENT SUPPLIES
CONSEQUENCES OF WATER SHORTAGES
INTERNATIONAL WATER DISPUTES
IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
CLIMATE CHANGE: BACKGROUND AND APPROACH
GREENHOUSE GASES, RADIATIVE FORCING AND GLOBAL WARMING
IPCC–AR5
GLOBAL COOPERATION TO REDUCE GHG EMISSIONS
When China Changes, Everything Changes
GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (100-YEAR TIME HORIZON)
CARBON FOOTPRINT OF COUNTRIES
LOW-CARBON INCLUSIVE GROWTH
NATIONAL MISSION FOR GREEN INDIA (GIM)
SEQUESTRATION AND EMISSION NEUTRALIZATION
Mission Objectives
Mission Targets (Outputs)
Key Elements of Mission Strategy
Chapter 3 Biodiversity
INTRODUCTION
VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY
UNDERSTANDING BIODIVERSITY
Species Interactions
World’s Biodiversity Lost Faster than it Recovers
ESTIMATES OF BIODIVERSITY
WORLD’S HOTSPOTS [REGION-WISE DISTRIBUTION]
BIOGEOGRAPHICAL REALMS
BIOMES
BIOGEOGRAPHCIAL ZONES AND BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCES/REGIONS OF INDIA
BIODIVERSITY AND AGROBIODIVERSITY
NAGOYA PROTOCOL
Why is the Nagoya Protocol Important?
What does Nagoya Protocol Cover?
What are the core obligations of the Nagoya Protocol with respect to genetic resources?
Access obligations
Benefit-sharing obligations
Compliance obligations
How does the Nagoya Protocol address traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources and genetic resources held by indigenous and local communities?
CARTAGENA PROTOCOL
Important Terms and Concepts
Why do we need an international biosafety agreement?
What does the Protocol cover?
ENDANGERED SPECIES
VULNERABLE SPECIES
CAUSES OF EXTINCTION
HABITAT LO SS, DEGRADATION OR ALTERATION
OVEREXPLOITATION
THE ENDANGERED SPECIES CONVENTION (CITES)
THE OPTIONS FOR RARE SPECIES CONSERVATION
EX SITU CONSERVATIONS
IN SITU CONSERVATION
WELFARE PROBLEMS IN CAPTIVITY
HABITATS IN DANGER
WHY ARE HABITATS DIFFERENT?
THREATS TO HABITATS
Tropical Rainforests
Savannas
Deserts
Temperate Grasslands
Temperate Deciduous Forests
Effects of Acid Rain
Coral Reefs
Wetlands
SHORT NOTES ON INDIA’S BIODIVERSITY
INDIA AND LIKE-MINDED MEGA DIVERSE COUNTRIES (LMMCs)
INDIA AND CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (CBD)
NATIONAL POLICY AND MACROLEVEL ACTION STRATEGY ON BIODIVERSITY
THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT POLICY (NEP), 2006
THE NATIONAL FOREST POLICY, 1988
FORMULATION OF NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN (NBAP)
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN INDIA
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE (MOEFCC)
NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NBSAP)
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK AND CAPACITY BUILDING
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
HABITAT DESTRUCTION—MAIN THREAT TO BIODIVERSITY
CONSERVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN INDIA
UNSUSTAINABLE EXPLOITATION OF BIODIVERSITY RESOURCES
THE UNDERGROUND BIODIVERSITY
ECONOMIC VALUATION AND NATURAL RESOURCE ACCOUNTING
UN-REDD PROGRAMME
REDD+ (Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation)
What’s the Difference between REDD+ and the UN-REDD Programme
Chapter 4 India’s Natural Vegetation and Biodiversity
NATURAL VEGETATION AND BIODIVERSITY
FORESTS
Tropical Evergreen Forests
Tropical Dry Deciduous and Evergreen Forests
Semi-desert Forests and Desert Vegetation
Wetlands
Montane Vegetation
The Grasses
MARINE ENVIRONMENTS
CARBON STOCK
MANGROVES
CORALS
SEAGRASSES
INDIA’S BIODIVERSITY
STATE TREES IN INDIA
Not designated for Delhi, Daman and Die, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli
BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS IN INDIA
Species Diversity
LIST OF STATE BIRDS
LIST OF STATE ANIMALS
Endemic Species
Endangered Plants in India
Floral and Faunal Commonality of India’s Two Hot Spots
UNDERSTANDING VALUE OF BIODIVERSITYAND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
PLANT GENETIC DIVERSITY
DOMESTICATED BIODIVERSITY
LIVESTOCK DIVERSITY
FISH DIVERSITY
MARINE BIODIVERSITY
PROTECTED AREAS NETWORK
Development and History
NATIONAL PARKS
WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES
CONSERVATION RESERVES AND COMMUNITY RESERVES
OTHER CONSERVATION AREAS
MARINE PROTECTED AREA (MPA) NETWORK IN INDIA
CORRIDORS AND CONNECTIVITY
ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREAS (ESAs)
IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS (IBAs)
KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS (KBAs)
ALLIANCE FOR ZERO EXTINCTION (AZE)
COMMUNITY CONSERVATION AREAS (CCAs)
MEDICINAL PLANT CONSERVATIONAREAS (MPCAs)
International Programmes and Conventions
CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONALTRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES (CITES)
CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (CBD)
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
CONSERVATION OF MIGRATORY SPEICES OF WILD ANIMALS (CMS)
UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION (UNCCD)
RAMSAR (WETLANDS) CONVENTION
CONVENTION CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE
Cultural World Heritage Sites in India (as on January, 2018)
Natural World Heritage Sites in India(As on July 2016)
THREATS TO INDIAN BIODIVERSITY
THREAT ASSESSMENT IN BIOGEOGRAPHIC ZONES OF INDIA
Endangered Species Recovery Programme
Biodiversity Conservation and Ganga Rejuvenation
Protected Areas along Ganga
Priority Species on Ganga
POLICY DOCUMENTS BY INDIAN GOVENRMENTS IN REGARD TO WILDLIFE, ENVIRONMENT AND ITS CONSERVATION
Chapter 5 Other Global-issues Related to Environment
TRENDS IN WORLD POPULATION
CONCERNS OVER POPULATION GROWTH
DISEASES AND POOR HEALTH
EU POPULATION PROJECTIONS
Shifts in Country Population Rankings
Large Movements of Refugeesand Other Migrants
Most of the Global Increase is Attributable to a Small Number of Countries
THE TREND TO URBANIZATION
GLOBAL OCEAN RESOURCES
MARINE FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE
MAXIMUM SUSTAINABLE YIELD
EXPLOITATION AND OVER-EXPLOITATION
AQUACULTURE
MARINE BIODIVERSITY
MARINE HABITATS
MARINE MINERAL WEALTH
POWER FROM THE OCEANS
THERMAL POWER
WIND POWER
TIDAL POWER
THE HUNGRY PLANET
THE CONCEPTS OF HUNGER
Hunger
World Hunger
Undernutrition
Malnutrition
THE DISTRI BUTION OF HUNGER
CAUSES OF WORLD HUNGER
GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX
STATISTICS ON HUNGER
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
GLOBAL HUMAN MIGRATION
INTRODUCTION
REFUGEES AND THE GLOBAL DISPLACEMENT CRISIS
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TARGETS-2015
Goal 1. End Poverty in All its Forms Everywhere
Goal 2. End Hunger, Achieve Food Security and Improved Nutrition, and Promote Sustainable Agriculture
Goal 3. Ensure Healthy Lives and Promote Well-being for All at All Ages
Goal 4. Ensure Inclusive and Equitable Quality Education and Promote Life-long Learning Opportunities for All
Goal 5. Achieve Gender Equality and Empower All Women and Girls
Goal 6. Ensure Availability andSustainable Management of Waterand Sanitation for All
Goal 7. Ensure Access to Affordable, Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for All
Goal 8. Promote Sustained, Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth, Full and Productive Employment and Decent Work for All
Goal 9. Build Resilient Infrastructure, Promote Inclusive and Sustainable Industrialisation and Foster Innovation
Goal 10. Reduce Inequality Within and Among the Countries
Goal 11. Make Cities and Human Settlements Inclusive, Safe, Resilient and Sustainable
Goal 12. Ensure Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns
Goal 13. Take Urgent Action to Combat Climate Change and its Impacts*
Goal 14. Conserve and Sustainably Use the Oceans, Seas and Marine Resources for Sustainable Development
Goal 15. Protect, Restore and Promote Sustainable Use of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Sustainably Manage Forests, Combat Desertification, and Halt and Reverse Land Degradation and Halt Biodiversity Loss
Goal 16. Promote Peaceful and Inclusive Societies for Sustainable Development, Provide Access to Justice for All and Build Effective, Accountable and Inclusive Institutions at All Levels
Goal 17. Strengthen the Means of Implementation and Revitalise the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development
Technology
Capacity building
Trade
Systemic issues
Chapter 6 Agrobiodiversity
AGROBIODIVERSITY IN INDIA
INDIGENOUS CROPS
CROPS INTRODUCED AND NATURALISED
DIVERSITY IN CROPS
DIVERSITY IN OTHER ECONOMIC PLANTS
Arid Ecosystem
Semi-Arid Ecosystem
Sub-Humid Ecosystem
Humid Perhumid Ecosystem
Coastal Ecosystem
Island Ecosystem
SUSTAINABLE USE OF AGROBIODIVERISTY
CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF AGROBIODIVERSITY/PLANT GENETIC RESOURCE (PGR)
CONSERVATION APPROACHES
EX SITU CONSERVATION
Gene bank
EX SITU Holdings in Gene banks
Community Gene banks
IN SITU ON FARM CONSERVATION
THE INDIAN NATIONAL GENE BANK
NATIONAL BUREAU OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES (NBPGR)
Regional Stations of NBPGR
AGRICULTURE HERITAGE
Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS)
Goal and objectives of GIAHS
Some Important Terms
GIAHS—Selection Criteria
GIAHS—Action Plan for Sustainabilityof the System
Chapter 7 India’s Environmental Efforts
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE (MOEFCC)
ROLE OF THE MINISTRY
ALLOCATION OF BUSINESS—MOEF
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT POLICY, 2006
OBJECTIVES OF THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT POLICY
GOVERNING PRINCIPLES FOR NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
GOV ERNING PRINCIPLES FOR NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
SHORT NOTES ON OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORITIES AND RELATED PROGRAMMES
NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE (NAPCC)
NATIONAL MISSIONS
GREEN INDIA MISSION (GIM)
MISSION OBJECTIVES
ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION (PREVENTION CONTROL) AUTHORITY FOR THE NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (CPCB)
NATIONAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING (NWQM)
NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION PLAN (NRCP)
GENETIC ENGINEERING APPROVAL COMMITTEE
NATIONAL AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME (NAMP)
ECOMARK SCHEME
NATIONAL WETLAND CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME (NWCMP)
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
GENETIC ENGINEERING CLEARANCES
WATER POLLUTION RULES AND REGULATIONS
AIR POLLUTION RULES AND REGULATIONS
PUBLIC LIABILITY INSURANCE
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT APPELLATE AUTHORITY (NEAA)
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT TRIBUNAL
NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL (NGT)
ANIMAL WELFARE
WILDLIFE
FOREST CONSERVATION
BIODIVERSITY
THE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING) RULES, 2000
NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN (NBAP)
FOREST CERTIFICATION
CARBON NEUTRALITY
Validation
Verification
EX-ANTE VERSUS EX-POST CREDITS
GOLD STANDARD (GS)
VOLUNTARY CARBON STANDARD 2007 (VCS)
THE CLIMATE, COMMUNITY AND BIODIVERSITY STANDARDS (CCBS)
SOCIAL CARBON
NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY MISSION
ISO 14000
Food Safety and Standards (Packaging and Labeling) Regulations, 2011
FOOD SAFETY AND STANDARDS (PACKAGING AND LABELLING) AMENDMENT REGULATIONS 2015
PLASTIC WASTE
Plastic and Waste Management Issues
RECYCLED PLASTICS MANUFACTURE AND USAGE RULES, 1999 (AS AMENDED, 2003)
E-WASTE
The Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2003
Composition of e-waste
Indian Scenario
Appendix A – Data Tables
INDIA’S BIODIVERSITY
Appendix B – Short Notes
BASICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
THE EARTH—OUR ISLAND
EARTH’S ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
CHEMISTRY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
ENERGY FUNDAMENTALS
ECOSYSTEMS
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
THE NATURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND OUR WORLD’S FUTURE
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY: AN OVERVIEW
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY PROCESS
APPROACHES TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
EVOLUTION, BIODIVERSITY AND POPULATION ECOLOGY
EVOLUTION AS THE WELLSPRING OF EARTH’S BIODIVERSITY
LEVELS OF ECOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
POPULATION ECOLOGY
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
OUR DYNAMIC CLIMATE
CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS AND IMPACTS
RESPONDING TO CLIMATE CHANGE
CHRONOLOGY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT
GLOSSARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL TERMS
IMPORTANT ABBREVIATIONS
Volume V General Science
Cover
Copyright
Contents
Chapter 1 Biology
THE SCIENCE OF LIFE
ORIGIN OF LIFE
LIVING AND NON-LIVING OR GANISMS
FOUR GROUPS OF BIOLOGICAL ENTITIES
CLASSIFICATION
LINNAEUS SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
MODERN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
OTHER IMPORTANT TYPES OF CLASSIFICATIONS
THE FIVE KINGDOMS
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Bacteria
EUBACTERIA AND ARCHAEA
Cyanobacteria
VIRUSES
Life Cycle of a Virus
The AIDS Virus
KINGDOM PROTISTA
Structure of Protists
KINGDOM FUNGI
KINGDOM PLANTAE (PLANT KINGDOM)
Classification of Plant Kingdom
A. Pteridophytes (Lower Seedless Vascular Plant)
B. Spermatophytes
Other Classifications
KINGDOM ANIMALIA (ANIMAL KINGDOM)
Protozoa
Metazoa
Mammals: Evolutions
Characteristics of Primates
Families in the Order Primates
Family Hominidae
Homo sapiens—Humans
BASIC CELL BIOLOGY
THE CELL
SIZE AND SHAPE OF CELLS
CELL STRUCTURE
Generalised Structure of a Cell
Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells
CELL FUNCTIONS
Movement
Nutrition
Producing Proteins
Producing Energy
CELL DIVISION: THE CONTINUITY OF LIFE
Mitosis
Meiosis
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Zika Virus Infection (Zika fever) in Pregnant Women
Stem Cells
GENETICS
GENETIC DIVERSITY AND CROSSING OVER
Mendelian Genetics and Dihybrid Crossing
Mendel’s First Law
Incomplete Dominance
Multiple Alleles
Summary of Mendelian Genetics
X AND Y CHROMOSOMES AND SEX DETERMINATION
Sex Determination
Chromosomes X and Y
INTRODUCTION TO DNA
Structure of DNA and Nucleotides
Deletion of a Gene
Duplication of Genes
The Human Genome
TYPES OF GENETIC MUTATIONS
Inversion of Genes
DNA Replication
Translocation of Genes
Deletion
DNA Fingerprinting
How DNA Fingerprinting is Done
Uses of DNA Fingerprinting
GENETIC ENGINEERING: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
GENETIC CONTROL AND MELANIN
Utilisation of Genetic Information
Switched On and Switched Off
Skin Colour
Eye Colour
BIOINFORMATICS
TISSUE CLASSIFICATION AND HISTOLOGY
TISSUE CLASSIFICATION AND HISTOLOGY IN ANIMALS
Classification of Animal Tissues
Connectomics
TISSUE CLASSIFICATION AND MORPHOLOGY IN PLANTS
Classification of Plant Tissues
Morphology of a Flowering Plant
Classification of Root Plants
NUTRITION
CLASSIFICATION BY SOURCE OF ENERGY AND CARBON
Energy Source
Carbon source
PLANT NUTRITION
The Intake of Nutrients by Plants
Chlorophyll
Stages of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
ANIMAL NUTRITION
Classification of Animals on Nutrition Basis
Food as Fuel
Food for Biosynthesis
Essential Nutrients
HUMAN DIET
Food Nutrients
A Balanced Diet
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Digestive Organs
Digestive Secretions
Glands of the Human Body
RESPIRATION
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL RESPIRATION
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN PLANTS
Respiratory Organs
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN INSECTS
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS
Organisation of the Respiratory System
Ventilation of the Lungs
Normal Breathing and Deep Breathing
Gas Exchange in the Alveoli
Emphysema
Functions of the Respiratory System
Automatic Control of Breathing (in Humans)
Anoxia
THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN ORGANISMS
TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN A CELL
TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS
Movement of Water Through Flowering Plant
Photosynthesis–Transpiration Compromise
TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN ANIMALS
BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM
Blood
Heart
Component Parts
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Distribution
Lymph Glands (Lymphoglandulae)
Progestrone
Insulin
Endocrine Glands
SKELETAL AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS
BONE AND SKELETON SYSTEM (OSTEOLOGY)
Structure and Physical Properties
Development of the Skeleton
LIGAMENTS (SYNDESMOLOGY)
Bones and Joints
Tendons
MUSCULAR SYSTEM (MYOLOGY)
Introduction
VERTEBRATES
Ligaments
Longest Bone
Shortest Bone
REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
Vegetative Propagation
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
The Life Cycle of Plants
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS
External Fertilisation
Internal Fertilisation
Reproductive Systems in Animals
Review of Sexual Reproduction in Vertebrates
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS
Gonads
Gametogenesis
Fertilisation
Embryonic Development
Childbirth
Embryonic Environment
EXCRETION, OSMOREGULATION AND THERMOREGULATION
EXCRETORY PRODUCTS
EXCRETION IN PLANTS
EXCRETION IN ANIMALS
OSMOREGULATION, ADH AND FORMATION OF URINE IN ANIMALS
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIOURAL ADJUSTMENTS
Torpor
NEUROLOGY
STRUCTURE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
ORIGINS OF NERVES
SENSE ORGANS
SENSE OF TOUCH
SENSE OF TASTE
SENSE OF SMELL
SENSE OF SIGHT
Eye
SENSE OF HEARING
Maintenance of Balance
HEALTH AND DISEASES
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
CANCER
IMMUNISATION
Active Immunisation
Passive Immunisation
DISEASES OF THE HUMAN BODY
Types of Diseases
Infectious, Contagious Diseases and their Carriers
Agents of Diseases
Defence Against Infection
AIDS
COMMON DISEASES
Dementia: Definition and Specific Types
Some Blood Diseases
Eye Diseases
Common Body Disorders
Diseases and the Affected Body Parts
COMMON DRUGS
MEDICAL AIDS (EQUIPMENT)
MEDICAL TREATMENT
MARVELS OF MEDICAL SCIENCE
Organ Transplantation
Test Tube Baby
MISCELLANEOUS
QUIZ
APPENDIX A
GLOSSARY OF MEDICAL TERMS
APPENDIX B
Chapter 2 Chemistry
INTRODUCTION
STATES OF MATTER
SOME IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF MATTER
PHASES OF MATTER
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Crystal Structure
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES IN MATTER
Physical Changes
Chemical Changes
MIXTURES, SOLUTIONS AND SOLUBILITY
MIXTURES
Types of Mixtures
Colloids
SOLUTIONS
Polar and Non-Polar Molecules
Saturation Point
Solution Concentration and Stoichiometry
Aqueous Solution and Precipitation Reactions
SOLUBILITY
Physical Properties
Osmosis
MOLE CONCEPT AND AVOGADRO’S HYPOTHESIS
Avogadro’s Law
The Application of Mole Concept
Molarity
Molality
Normality
ALLOYS
DISTILLATION
THE ATOM
DEFINITION OF THE ATOM
STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
PROPERTIES OF THE ATOM
PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
ELEMENTS
COMPOUNDS
Air
Water
METALS AND NON-METALS
Metals
Heat Treatment of Steel
Non-Metals
THE PERIODIC TABLE
THE PERIODIC TABLE
CHEMICAL BONDS
CHEMICAL BONDING
HYDROGEN BONDS
Dipole Moment
CHEMICAL FORMULAS
CHEMICAL SYMBOLS
CHEMICAL FORMULAS
Naming Inorganic Compounds
STRUCTURAL FORMULAS
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
BALANCED EQUATIONS
IONIC EQUATIONS
ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS
WEIGHT RELATIONS
GAS VOLUMES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Reaction Stoichiometry
Equation for Aqueous Reactions
CHEMICAl REACTIONS
CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND MOLECULES
Molecules Versus Mixtures
CHEMICAl ENERGETICS
CHEMICAL RATES AND MECHANISMS
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
TYPES OF REACTIONS
Ionic Reactions
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Electron-Sharing Reactions
Substitution Reactions
Hydrolysis Reactions
Enthalpy of a Reaction
Calorimetry
CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS
CARBON AND ORGANIC CHEMICALS
CARBON
Allotropic Forms of Carbon
HYDROCARBON
Functional Groups of Organic Chemicals
Isomerism
Biomass as a Fuel—Biogas
Antiseptics and Disinfectants
WATER AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
WATER
Structure of Water
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Petroleum
Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Compressed Natural Gas
Coal
Lipids
Amino Acids and Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Humic Substances
Lignins
CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE
ACIDS AND BASES, PH SCA LE
SALTS
DRUGS
Classification of Drugs
Kinds of Drugs
Drugs that Affect the blood
Cosmetics
Types of Creams and Lotions
Sources of Perfumes
DYES
How Dyes Work
Kinds of Dyes
Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes
Chemical Classification of Dyes
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Forms of Biotechnology
Application of Biotechnology
PLASTICS AND POLYMERS
Important Types of Plastics
Rubber
FOOD CHEMISTRY
Introduction
Food Additives
Genetic Engineering
METALLURGY
Extraction of Metal from Ores
SOAPS, GLASS, CEMENT AND COAL
Soaps
Cleansing Action of Soap
Special Varieties of Soap
Glass
Saponification
Alkyl Sulphates (Anionic)
Cement
Coal
RADIOACTIVITY
Discovery of Radioactivity
Radioactive Emissions
NUCLEAR REACTION AND ATOMIC ENERGY
Types of Nuclear Fission
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Voltaic Cell: A Chemical Battery
Electroplating
Chloralkali Electrolysis
MISCELLANEOUS
IMPORTANT GENERAL CHEMICAL TESTS
IMPORTANT LAWS OF CHEMISTRY
IMPORTANT CHEMICAL PROCESSES
Radiochemistry
Carbon-14
Coulometry
Potentiometry
Chronopotentiometry
Amperometry
Polarography
Chronoamperometry
Electrolysis
COMMON SUBSTANCES AND THEIR CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS
QUIZ
APPENDIX
GLOSSARY OF CHEMICAL TERMS
Chapter 3 Physics
INTRODUCTION
Physical Constants
Quantisation
BROAD CATEGORIES OF PHYSICS
UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
International System
MECHANICS
KINEMATICS
Distance vs Displacement
Acceleration
FREELY FALLING BODIES
Velocity–Time Graphs
TYPES OF MOTION
Motion with Uniform Velocity
Motion with Changing Velocity
PROJECTILE MOTION
CIRCULAR MOTION
Angular Velocity (ω)
DYNAMICS
Mass
Centre of Mass
Motion of the Centre of Mass
Moment of Inertia
Force
Torque
Equilibrium
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
Newton’s First Law
Newton’s Second Law
Newton’s Third Law
Friction and Newton’s Laws of Motion
Mass and Weight
WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
WORK
ENERGY
Understanding the Difference in Energy, Power and Work Done
Efficiency
Potential and Kinetic Energy
POWER
Defining Power
Calculating Power
MACHINES
Types of Machines
GRAVITATION
KEPLER’S LAWS
NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION
EARTH’S GRAVITATION
Acceleration Due to Gravity
GRAVITATIONAL FIELD
Energy of Satellite in Orbit
MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE
IMPULSE
MOMENTUM
Calculating Momentum
Canon Firing–Important Example of Law of Momentum Conservation
ANGULAR MOMENTUM
Significance of Angular Momentum
Pulsars
COLLISIONS
Types of Collisions
PRESSURE AND DENSITY
Density
Pressure
Vapour Pressure
BUOYANCY AND WEIGHT
Buoyant Forces
FLUID MECHANICS
Application of Fluid Mechanics
FLUID STATICS
Pascal’s Law
Archimedes’ Principle
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
Lift on an Aircraft Wing
Pump
HYDRAULICS
MOLECULAR PROPERTIES
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
ADHESION AND COHESION
Mechanisms of Adhesion
DIFFUSION
Gaseous–Diffusion Process
SURFACE TENSION
CAPILLARITY
VISCOSITY
Viscous Drag and Thermal Velocity
ELASTICITY
Stress and Strain
Elastic Moduli
The Young’s Modulus
Hooke’s Law
VIBRATIONS AND WAVES
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
Oscillations
Types of Oscillations
WAVE MOTION
Introduction
Types of Waves
Travelling and Standing (or Stationary) Waves
WAVE BEHAVIOUR
REFLECTION AND REFRACTION
DIFFRACTION
INTERFERENCE
LIGHT
THE NATURE OF LIGHT
Light Emission
Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic Radiations
Ultraviolet Radiation
Infrared Radiation
X-rays
Microwaves
Radio Waves
Electromagnetic Spectrum
SOURCES OF LIGHT
Incandescence
Luminescence
DETECTION OF LIGHT
Photoelectric Effect
BEHAVIOUR OF LIGHT
Interaction with Material
Scattering
MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT
Brightness
The Speed of Light
OPTICS
GEOMETRIC OPTICS
Reflection
Refraction
Dispersion
Critical Angle
Spherical and Aspherical Surfaces
Aberration
PHYSICAL OPTICS
Polarization of Light
Interference
Important
DIFFRACTION GRATING
Stimulated Emission
HOLOGRAM
FIBRE OPTICS
RADAR
VISION
THE EYE
Structure of Eye
Protective Structures
Focusing the Eye
Mechanism of Vision
Prism
Anisotropic Substances
Birefringent
Diffraction
Fourier Analysis
Application of Fibre Optics in Communication
How Radar Works?
SOUND
WAVELENGTH
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND WAVE
Pitch
Frequency
Amplitude
Intensity
SPEED OF SOUND
ACOUSTICS
Architectural Acoustics
Environmental Acoustics
SENSATION OF TONE
SPEECH, MUSIC AND NOISE—THREE IMPORTANT TYPES OF ORDINARY SOUND
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
TELEPHONE
COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE
FREQUENCY MODULATION
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
Indian GPS System—IRNSS
SONAR
SONIC BOOM
DOPPLER’S EFFECT
Red Shift
HEAT
CALORIC THEORY OF HEAT
TEMPERATURE SCALES
HEAT UNITS
Calorie
Btu (British Thermal Units)
Heat and the Law of Conservation of Energy
LATENT HEAT
SPECIFIC HEAT
Specific Heats of Some Common Substances
ENTHALPY AND HEAT OF REACTION
COMBUSTION
Energy Release
Solid Fuels
Liquid and Gaseous Fuels
HEAT TRANSFER
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Absorption of Heat
PUTTING HEAT TO WORK—CHANGING HEAT INTO MOTION
Refrigeration
Thermometer
THERMODYNAMICS
Heat Engines and the Carnot Cycle
Refrigerators, Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps
BOILER
INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE
TURBINES
ROCKETS
TURBOJET ENGINES
MAGNETISM
THE MAGNETIC FIELD
KINDS OF MAGNETIC MATERIAL
ELECTRICITY
STATIC ELECTRICITY
Charging by Contact
COULOMB’S LAW
ELECTRIC CURRENT
Measuring Electric Current
Voltage
Resistance
Heat and Power
SOURCES OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
Generators
Electrolytic Cells
Other Sources
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
Magnetic Effects of Electricity
Electric Effects of Magnetism
ALTERNATING CURRENT
Amperage and Voltage
Impedance
Solar Battery (Photovoltaic Cells)
ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS
COMPONENTS OF AN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
Power Station
Transformers
Transmission Lines
Supplementary Equipment
POWER FAILURES
VOLTAGE REGULATION
NUCLEAR PHYSICS
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Fission and Fusion Processes
NUCLEAR FUELS AND WASTES
The Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Nuclear Safety
Radiological Hazards
Reactor Safety Systems
BIOPHYSICS AND PLASMA PHYSICS
BIOPHYSICS
PLASMA PHYSICS
Historical Development
Occurrence of Plasma
Properties of Plasma
MISCELLANEOUS
QUIZ
Chapter 4 The Universe and Space Sciences
INTRODUCTION
ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ASTRONOMY AND ASTROLOGY
THE UNIVERSE
A GALAXY AND THE LOCAL GROUP
NEW WINDOWS ON THE UNIVERSE
RADIO ASTRONOMY
THREE THEORIES OF HOW THE UNIVERSE BEGAN
INFRARED ASTRONOMY
ULTRAVIOLET, X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY
THE SOLAR SYSTEM
AGE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
CHARACTERISTICS OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
THE SUN
THE PLANETS
SATELLITES
THE MOON
ASTEROIDS
What is a Potentially Hazardous Asteroid?
WISE Mission
METEORS
Comets
Difference Between Asteroid, Comet, Meteoroid, Meteor and Meteorite
GEOPHYSICS
SOLID EARTH GEOPHYSICS
SEISMOLOGY
Chapter 5 Next Generation Technologies
INTRODUCTION
IN THE FIELD OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY/CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY
THE WORLD WIDE WEB
Websites
Servers
Routers
Wireless Access
Bluetooth
Viruses
Ransomware
Social Networking
NEXT GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES
3G/4G/B4G/LTE
Internet of Things (IoT)
IN THE FIELD OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL ROBOTS
Closed Ecological System
Cultured Meat
Precision Agriculture
Variable Rate Technology (VRT)
Vertical Farming
IN THE FIELD OF AVIATION
MICRO AIR VEHICLES
IN THE FIELD OF CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECTURE
CLAYTRONICS
IN THE FIELD OF DISPLAY/OMAGERY
IN THE FIELD OF TEXTILES/FABRICS/POLYMERS
E-TEXTILES
IN THE FIELD OF ENERGY
ARTIFICIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS
IN THE FIELD OF MEDICAL SCIENCE
ARTIFICIAL UTERUS
IN THE FIELD OF MILITARY/DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY
CASELESS AMMUNITION
IN THE FIELD OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY
ASTEROID MINING
IN THE FIELD OF ROBOTICS
ROBOTICS
IN THE FIELD OF TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY
AIRLESS TIRE
Volume VI History and Culture
Cover
Copyright
Contents
Chapter 1 Ancient History
THE PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD
THE PALAEOLITHIC MAN (APROXIMATELY 500000–8000 BC)
Punjab Plains and the Kashmir Valley
Peninsular India
THE MESOLITHIC MAN (APPROXIMATELY 8000–4000 BC)
THE NEOLITHIC MAN OR NEW STONE AGE (4000–1800 BC)
THE METAL AGE (1800 BC ONWARDS)
Important Observations about Metal Agein India
Important Observations about Chalcolithic Culture
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION (2500–1700 BC)
HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION
Estimated Periods by Different Historians
AREA AND JURISDICTION
DISCOVERY OF THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
MAJOR CENTRES
Mohenjodaro
Harappa
Kalibangan
Dholavira
Lothal
Rakhigarhi
Ganeriwala
Daimabad
Chanudarho
Sutkagendor
Art and Crafts
ASPECTS OF INDUS CULTURE
Agricultural
Political
Socio-Economic
Social
Religious
Town Planning
Animals in Daily Life
Pottery
Tools and Ornamental Objects
Sculptures and Carvings
Terracotta Objects
Transport Vehicles
Trade
DECAY OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
THE SUCCESSORS
Continuing Traditions
Kot Diji
Amri
THE VEDIC PERIOD: THE ARYANS
EARLY VEDIC AGE (1500–1000 BC)
The Aryans
Important Observations about Vedic Literature
SIX SYSTEMS OF THE INDIAN PHILOSOPHY
Nyaya
Vaisheshika
Samkhya
Yoga
Purva Mimamsa
Uttara Mimamsa
LATER VEDIC PERIOD (1000–600 BC)
Region
Characteristics
VARNA SYSTEM
Emergence of Varna System
The Epic Age
THE EMERGENCE OF KINGDOMS OR MAHAJANAPADAS
MAHAJANAPADAS
Political Unrest
GROWTH OF JAINISM AND BUDDHISM
JAINISM
The Founder
Influences of Jainism
Branches of Jainism
Spread of Jainism
Decline of Jainism
BUDDHISM
Founder
The Schism (or Split) in Buddhism
Infl uence of Buddhism
Decline of Buddhism
Shramanas and Parivaajakas
BODHISATTVA
Maitreya Buddha
Attributes of Maitreya Buddha
MAGADHA EMPIRE (SIXTH CENTURYTO FOURTH CENTURY BC)
Extent of the Empire
Features
Notable Rulers of Magadha
PERSIAN AND MACEDONIAN INVASIONS
PERSIAN INVASION
MACEDONIAN INVASION
Alexander the Great
THE MAURYAN EMPIRE (321–289 BC)
CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA (320–300 BC)
Importance of Chandragupta’s Rule
Political Administration
BINDUSARA (296–273 BC)
ASHOKA THE GREAT (269–232 BC)
Ashoka as a Ruler
Extent of the Empire
The Kalinga War
Ashoka’s Policy of Dhamma
Successors of Ashoka
Languages and Scripts of Ashoka’s Inscriptions
Mauryan Administration
Mauryan Culture
CAUSES OF DECLINE OF THEMAURYAN EMPIRE
POST-MAURYAN PERIOD
THE KUSHANS
Kushana Rulers
THE DECCAN AND THE SOUTH
RELIGIOUS SECTS OF POST-MAURYAN AND THE GUPTA PERIOD
Bhagavatism
Vaishnavism and Vaishnava Cults
Saivism and Saive Cults
Tantrism
THE GUPTA DYNASTY (AD 320–550)
IMPORT ANT GUPTA RULERS
LATER GUPTAS
Gupta Administration
Gupta Literature
RISE OF FEUDALISM IN INDIA
THE VARDHANAS (AD 550–647)
HARSHAVARDHANA (AD 606–646)
THE RAJPUTS (AD 650–1200)
SALIENT FEATURES OF THE RAJPUT KINGDOMS
THE SOUTHERN DYNASTIES
THE SHATHAVAHANAS (230 BC TO AD 225)
THE PALLAVAS (AD 330–796)
Agraharas and Ghatikas
THE CHALUKYAS (AD 535–1190)
THE PANDYAS OF MADURAI (AD 590–1323)
THE CHOLA DYNAST Y (AD 850–1310)
RASHTRAKUTAS (AD 753–973)
VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE
OTHER FEATURES OF SOUTHERN DYNASTIES
Social
Religion
Art and Literature
ART AND CULTURE
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
Arts and Crafts
Sculpture in Metal
Sculpture in Stone
Seal
Pottery and Painting
Script
Dress Styles
MAURYAN PERIOD
SHUNGA DYNASTY
ANDHRA (SATAVA HANA) DYNASTY
The Dravidian Style
The Vijayanagara Style
KUSHANA DYNASTY
Gandhara School
Mathura School
GUPTA DYNASTY
CHALUKYA DYNASTY
RASHTRAKUTA EMPIRE
PALAVA DYNASTY
PALA EMPIRE
GURJARA–PRATIHARA DYNASTY
CHANDELA DYNASTY
EASTERN GANGA DYNASTY
The Jain Temple at Dilwara, Rajasthan
Five Temples of Dilwara
THE CHOLA DYNASTY
VIJAYNAGAR EMPIRE
Chapter 2 Medieval History
THE COMING OF ISLAM
THE ARAB INVASION (711–715)
Muhammad Bin Qasim
THE TURKISH INVASION (986–1206)
Subuktgin (986–997)
Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni (997–1030)
Muhammad Ghori (1175–1206)
THE SLAVE DYNASTY (1206–1290)
Qutub-ud-din Aibak (1206–1210)
Shams-ud-din Iltutmish (1211–1236)
Rukn-ud-din (1236)
Razia Sultana (1236–1239)
Bahram Shah (1240–1242)
Masud Shah (1242–1246)
Nasir-ud-din Muhammad (1246–1266)
Ghiyas-ud-din Balban (1266–1287)
Kaiqubad (1287–1290)
The Khilji Dynasty (1290–1320)
Jalal-ud-din Firoz Khilji (1290–1296)
Ala-ud-din Khilji (1296–1316)
Malik Kafur (1315)
Mubarak Khan (1316–1320)
KHUSRAU KHAN (1320)
THE TUGHLAQ DYNASTY (1320–1414)
Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq (1320–1325)
Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq (1325–1351)
Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388)
Nasir-ud-din Tughlaq (1388–1414)
THE SAYYID DYNASTY (1414–1450)
Khizr Khan (1414–1421)
Mubarak Shah (1421–1434)
Muhammad Shah (1434–1443)
Alam Shah (1443–1451)
THE LODHI DYNASTY (1451–1526)
Bahlul Lodhi (1451–1488)
Sikander Lodhi (1489–1517)
Ibrahim Lodhi (1517–1526)
MEDIEVAL PERIOD AND ADMINISTRATION
Central Administration
Local Administration
DECLINE OF DELHI SULTANATE
RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS IN MEDIVIAL INDIA
Sufi Movement
Bhakti Movement
The Caste Reform Movements in India
British Response to Indian Caste System
SOUTHERN DYNASTIES
The Bahmani Sultanate (1347–1527)
The Vijaynagar Kingdom (1336–1646)
INDO-ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
THE MUGHAL DYNASTY (1526–1540 AND 1555–1857)
THE EARLY MUGHALS (1526–1556)
Babur (1526–1530)
Humayun (1530–1540 and 1555–1556)
GOLDEN PERIOD OF THE MUGHALS (1556–1707)
Akbar (1556–1605)
Jahangir (1605–1627)
Shahjahan (1628–1658)
Aurangzeb (1659–1707)
LATER MUGHALS (1707–1862)
Invasion of Nadir Shah
MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION
Administrative Set-up
Fiscal System
Socio-economic System
Caste System during the Mughal Period
Zamindari System
MUGHAL ART, ARCHITECTURE AND LITERATURE
Painting
Architecture
Literature
REGIONAL POWERS DURING MUGHAL PERIOD
THE MARATHAS (1649–1748)
Shivaji Bhonsle (1627–1680)
Zenith of Maratha Power
Marathas of Thanjavur
THE SIKHS
Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708)
Ranjit Singh (1780–1839)
THE JATS
Chapter 3 Modern History
THE COMING OF THE EUROPEANS
THE PORTUGUESE
THE DUTCH
THE ENGLISH
THE FRENCH
THE DANISH AND THE AUSTRIANS
BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY AND THE BRITISH RULE
The English Conquest of Bengal
The First Carnatic War (1746)
Second Carnatic War (1748–1754)
Black-Hole Tragedy (1756)
Battle of Plassey (1757)
Third Carnatic War (1756–1763)
Battle of Buxar (1764)
Dual Government of Bengal (1765–1772)
The Regulating Act of 1773
First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782)
Salbai Treaty (1782)
The Second Anglo-Maratha War (1802–1806)
The Third Maratha War (1817–1819)
The First Mysore War (1767–1769)
The Second Mysore War (1780–1782)
The Pitt’s India Act of 1784
The Third Mysore War (1790–1792)
The Fourth Mysore War (1799)
The Charter Act of 1813 (the Lease Act)
The Charter Act of 1833
The First Anglo-Afghan War (1839)
The Charter Act of 1853
The Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878)
The Third Anglo-Afghan War
BRITISH GOVERNORS UNDER COMPANY RULE (1758–1857)
Robert Clive
Warren Hastings (1772–1785)
Sir John Macpherson (1775–1786)
Lord Cornwallis (1786–1793)
Sir John Shore (1793–1798)
Lord Wellesley (1798–1805)
Lord Francis Hastings (1813–1823)
Lord Amherst (1823–1828)
Lord William Bentinck (1828–1835)
Lord Dalhousie (1848–1856)
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE BRITISH RULE
Drain of Wealth
Commercialization of Agriculture
Deindustrialization
SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
INTRODUCTION
Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Brahmo Samaj
Ramakrishna, Vivekananda and the Ramakrishna Mission
Swami Dayananda Saraswati and the Arya Samaj
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and the Muslim Movements
Indian National Social Conference
Dayal Das and the Sikh Movement
VICEROYS OF INDIA
Lord Canning (1856–1862)
Lord Elgin I (1862–1863)
Sir John Lawrence (1864–1869)
Lord Mayo (1869–1872)
Lord North Brooke (1872–1876)
Lord Lytton (1876–1880)
Lord Ripon (1880–1884)
Lord Dufferin (1884–1888)
Lord Lansdown (1888–1894)
Lord Elgin II (1894–1899)
Lord Curzon (1899–1905)
Lord Minto II (1905–1910)
Lord Harding II (1910–1916)
Lord Chelmsford (1916–1922)
Lord Reading (1922–1926)
Lord Irwin (1926–1931)
Lord Willingdon (1931–1936)
Lord Linlithgow (1936–1943)
Lord Wavell (1944–1947)
Lord Mountbatten (March 1947–August 1947)
INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE
FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
The Beginning of the Revolt
Spread of the Revolt
Significance of the Revolt
SUBALTERN MOVEMENTS OF NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES
BRITISH RULE AFTER THE 1857 REVOLT
POST-REBELLION DEVELOPMENTS
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT, 1858
Salient Features of the Proclamation
Awakening of Masses due to Economic Exploitation by the British
Growth of Education
Socio-Religious Reform Movements
ADMINISTRATIVE, SOCIAL AND JUDICIAL SYSTEMS AFTER 1858
ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS
City Improvement Acts
Mayo’s Resolution (1870)
Ripon’s Resolution (1882)
Recommendations of Decentralization Commission (1907)
Harding Resolution (1915)
REFORMS IN EDUCATION
The Hunter Commission (1882)
The Raleigh Commission (1902)
The Saddler Commission (1917)
Other Important Reforms in Education
THE JUDICIARY REFORMS
The Ilbert Bill Controversy (1883–1884)
SOCIAL REFORMS
Important Social Reforms under the British
Chapter 4 Indian National Movement
RISE OF NATIONALISM
AWAKENING OF NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS
EMERGENCE OF NATIONALIST MOVEMENT
National Awakening by Socio-religious Reformists
English Language and Western Education
Freedom of the Indian Press
Administrative Unification
INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (INC)
ORIGIN OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
Congress Ideology at its Inception
Theories Behind the Birth of Congress
A. O. Hume
The Founding Members of the INC
The Poona Meeting
First Session
Moderate Period (1885–1905)
INC before World War I
INC during World War I
INC during World War II
TERRORIST AND REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS
REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT
THE REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT
The Gadar Movement
The All-India Mutiny that Failed (1915)
Other Revolutionary Events
REASONS FOR FAILURE
THE EARLY PHASE OF THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE (1900–1915)
THE PARTITION OF BENGAL (1905)
Lord Curzon, the New Viceroy
Partition of Bengal
Reasons for the Partition of Bengal
Reaction of the People
Reversal of the Partition
SWADESHI MOVEMENT (1905)
Beginning
Banaras Session of the Congress
Spread of the Swadeshi Movement
ORIGIN OF THE MUSLIM LEAGUE (1906)
Fear of Minority Status
Loyalty to the British
Simla Conference
Founding of the Muslim League
Recognition by the British
The Freedom Movement
RESOLUTION OF SWARAJ (1906)
The Extremist Viewpoint
The Moderate Viewpoint
SURAT SESSION: SPLIT IN CONGRESS (1907)
Confrontation at the Session
Suppression of the Extremists
Influence of the Extremists on the National Movement before 1916
MORLEY–MINTO REFORMS (1909)
Initiatives of Lord Morley and Lord Minto
MIDDLE PHASE OF THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE (1915–1930)
WORLD WAR I–REFORMS AND AGITATION
HOME RULE MOVEMENT (1915–1916)
LUCKNOW PACT (1916)
Change in the Attitude of the Muslim League
Joint Sessions of the Congress and the Muslim League
The Lucknow Pact
AUGUST DECLARATION OF 1917
BEGINNING OF THE GANDHIAN ERA
Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms
THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT (1919)
ROWLATT ACT (1919)
JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE (13 APRIL 1919)
Public Response to the Massacre
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT (1920)
The Khilafat (The Caliphate)
Response of the Indian Muslims
Origin of the Khilafat Movement
British Response to the Khilafat Movement
The Moplah Uprising
Decline of the Khilafat Movement
Significance of the Khilafat Movement
NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT (1920–1922)
Launching of the Non-Cooperation Movement
Significance of the Movement
Phases of the Movement
CHAURI-CHAURA INCIDENT (1922)
TRADE UNION MOVEMENT
COMMUNIST MOVEMENT IN INDIA
SWARAJ PARTY (1922)
Origin and Purpose
Rise and Decline
MUDDIMAN COMMITTEE (1924)
SIMON COMMISSION (1927)
Appointment of the Commission
Boycott of the Commission
BUTLER COMMITTEE (1927)
DELHI MUSLIM PROPOSAL (1927)
NEHRU REPORT (1928)
Muslim League’s Reaction to Nehru Report
ALL PARTIES MUSLIM CONFERENCE (1929)
JINNAH’S FOURTEEN POINTS (1929)
LAHORE SESSION (1929)
ALLAHABAD ADDRESS (1930)
CLOSER TO FREEDOM (1930–1947)
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT (1930)
Dandi March (12 March–6 April 1930)
Imposition of Martial Law
THE FIRST ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE (12 NOVEMBER 1930)
Events Leading to the Conference
The Conference
GANDHI–IRWIN PACT (5 MARCH 1931)
SECOND ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE (12 SEPTEMBER 1931)
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT (SECOND PHASE)
THIRD ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE (17 NOVEMBER 1932)
THE COMMUNAL AWARD (1932)
POONA PACT (1932)
THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT (1935)
Main Features of the Act
WORLD WAR II AND THE INDIAN POLITICAL SITUATION
RESIGNATION OF CONGRESS MINISTERS (1939)
POONA RESOLUTION AND CONDITIONAL SUPPORT TO BRITAIN (1941)
AUGUST OFFER OF 1940
THE INDIVIDUAL CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
TWO-NATION THEORY
The Lahore Resolution
Reaction to the Two-Nation Theory
DEMAND FOR PAKISTAN (1942)
CRIPPS MISSION (MARCH 1942)
QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT (1942–1945)
Origin and Objective
Spread of Violence
Gandhi’s Fast
THE CR FORMULA (1944)
GANDHI–JINNAH TALKS (1944)
DESAI–LIAQAT PACT (1945)
WAVELL PLAN AND SIMLA CONFERENCE (1945)
PROVINCIAL AND GENERAL ELECTIONS OF 1945
CABINET MISSION PLAN (1946)
AZAD HIND FAUJ (INDIAN NATIONAL ARMY)
Origin and Purpose
Rise and Decline
DIRECT ACTION CAMPAIGN (1946)
INTERIM GOVERNMENT (1946)
MOUNTBATTEN PLAN (1947)
June 3rd Plan
INDIA WINS FREEDOM
INDIAN INDEPENDENCE ACT (1947)
PARTITION OF INDIA
Appendix – Facts and Figures