This book provides a new approach by examining gender and the transition to parenthood by using the actor partner interdependence model. Unlike other books which focus on the individual perspective of becoming a parent (especially for mothers), this book examines how couples and individuals successfully navigate this important life passage. This book covers a mix of psychological and sociological studies on the transition to parenthood. Readers will learn about the affective, behavioral, and cognitive aspects of this transition in early 21st century America and how it has changed in the past three decades. The book is aimed at graduate students, researchers and professionals who are interested in an interdisciplinary approach to this most formative passage in adult life. By bringing together past and current research, this book tells the story of becoming parents in 21st century America from his, her, and their points of view.
- Actor-partner interdependence model approach
- Affective, behavioral and cognitive processes
- Broad review of gender and the transition
Author(s): Kristin D. Mickelson, Kristen Marcussen
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 260
City: Cham
Preface
References
Acknowledgments
Kristin D. Mickelson
Kristen Marcussen
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Transition to Parenthood in the Twenty-First Century
1.1 Transition to Parenthood in the United States
1.2 Our Approach to Understanding Gender and the Transition to Parenthood
1.3 Criteria for Review Inclusion
1.4 Baby Transitions in Marital Exchanges (Baby TIME) Study
1.4.1 Procedure
1.4.2 Attrition Analyses
1.4.3 Measures
1.5 Conclusion
References
Part I: A, B, C’s of the Transition to Parenthood
Chapter 2: Affective Transition to Parenthood
2.1 Peripartum Well-Being
2.2 Hers: Transition to Parenthood and Peripartum Well-Being in Mothers
2.2.1 Depression
2.2.2 Anxiety
2.2.3 Positive Affect
2.3 His: Transition to Parenthood and Peripartum Well-Being in Fathers
2.3.1 Depression
2.3.2 Anxiety
2.3.3 Positive Affect
2.4 Theirs: Transition to Parenthood and Peripartum Well-Being in Couples
2.5 An APIM Approach to Understanding Peripartum Well-Being in First-Time Parents
2.5.1 Baby TIME Study Analyses
2.5.2 Measures
2.5.3 Overview of Analyses
2.5.4 Descriptive Statistics
2.5.5 Multi-level Modeling Results
2.5.6 Discussion
2.5.7 Limitations
2.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Behavioral Transition to Parenthood
3.1 Division of Household Labor and Childcare
3.2 Work-Family Conflict
3.3 Sexual Intimacy
3.4 Hers: Transition to Parenthood and Parenting Behaviors in Mothers
3.4.1 Division of Household Labor
3.4.2 Work-Family Conflict
3.4.3 Sexual Intimacy
3.5 His: Transition to Parenthood and Parenting Behaviors in Fathers
3.5.1 Division of Household Labor
3.5.2 Work-Family Conflict
3.5.3 Sexual Intimacy
3.6 Theirs: Transition to Parenthood and Parenting Behaviors in Couples
3.6.1 Division of Household Labor
3.6.2 Work-Family Conflict
3.6.3 Sexual Intimacy
3.7 An APIM Approach to Understanding Behavioral Transition in First-Time Parents
3.7.1 Baby TIME Study Analyses
3.7.2 Measures
3.7.3 Overview of Analyses
3.7.4 Descriptive Statistics
3.7.5 APIM Serial Mediation Model: Work-Family Conflict
3.7.6 APIM Serial Mediation Model: Childcare Division
3.7.7 Discussion
3.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Cognitive Transition to Parenthood
4.1 Social Cognition and Parenthood
4.1.1 Efficacy
4.1.2 Identity
4.1.3 Stigma
4.2 Hers: Transition to Parenthood and Social Cognition
4.2.1 Efficacy
4.2.2 Identity
4.2.3 Stigma
4.3 To Work or Not to Work: Gender Role Stigma and Relationship Satisfaction Among First-Time Mothers
4.3.1 Baby TIME Study Analyses
4.3.2 Measures
4.3.3 Overview of Analyses
4.3.4 Descriptive Statistics
4.3.5 Gender Role Stigma and Relationship Satisfaction
4.3.6 Dual-Pathway Model of Gender Role Stigma
4.3.7 Discussion
4.3.8 Limitations
4.4 His: Transition to Parenthood and Social Cognition
4.4.1 Efficacy
4.4.2 Identity
4.4.3 Stigma
4.5 Theirs: Transition to Parenthood and Social Cognition
4.5.1 Efficacy
4.5.2 Identity
4.5.3 Stigma
4.6 Conclusion
References
Part II: Limitations and Suggested Directions
Chapter 5: Underrepresented Transitions to Parenthood
5.1 Transition to Parenthood for Same-Sex Parents
5.1.1 Affective Transition to Parenthood for Same-Sex Couples
5.1.2 Behavioral Transition to Parenthood for Same-Sex Couples
5.1.3 Cognitive Transitions to Parenthood for Same-Sex Couples
5.2 Transition to Parenthood for Adoptive Parents
5.2.1 Affective Transition to Parenthood for Adoptive Parents
5.2.2 Behavioral Transition to Parenthood for Adoptive Parents
5.2.3 Cognitive Transition to Parenthood for Adoptive Parents
5.3 Transition to Parenthood for Single Parents
5.3.1 Affective Transition to Single Parenthood
5.3.2 Behavioral Transition to Single Parenthood
5.3.3 Cognitive Transition to Single Parenthood
5.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Gaps and Future Directions
6.1 Affective Transition to Parenthood
6.1.1 Communal Coping and Postpartum Thriving
6.1.2 Baby TIME Study Analyses
6.1.3 Measures
6.1.4 Overview of Analyses
6.1.5 Descriptive Statistics
6.1.6 Cross-Sectional Mediation Model
6.1.7 Longitudinal Mediation Model
6.1.8 Discussion
6.2 Behavioral Transition to Parenthood
6.2.1 Parental Guilt
6.2.2 Remote Work
6.2.3 Parental Soothing
6.3 Cognitive Transition to Parenthood
6.3.1 Parent Identity
6.3.2 Transitional Identities
6.3.3 Multiple Identities
6.3.4 Integrating Identity and Efficacy
6.3.5 Integrating Identity and Stigma
6.4 Underrepresented Parent Populations
6.4.1 Transition to Parenthood for Cohabiting Couples
6.4.2 Planned vs. Unplanned Transition to Parenthood
6.4.3 Transition to Parenthood in Younger, Normed, and Older Couples
6.5 Conclusion
References
Appendices
1.1 Appendix A: Selected Works
1.1.1 Introduction
References
“To Thine Own Self Be True”: Impact of Gender Role and Attitude Mismatch on New Mothers’ Mental Health
Gender Roles
Gender Role Attitudes
Gender Role Attitudes and Social Roles
Discordance Between Gender Role Attitudes and Social Roles
Methods
Participants
Procedure
Measures
Gender Role Attitudes
Mental Health
Analysis Procedures
Results
Gender Role Attitudes and Social Roles
Adjusting of Gender Role Attitudes to Match Social Roles
Discordance of Gender Role Attitudes and Social Roles on New Mothers’ Mental Health
Discussion
Gender Role Attitudes and Social Roles
Mismatch of Gender Attitudes and Social Roles on Health
Limitations and Conclusion
References
Couple-Level Predictors of Perceived Fairness During Pregnancy in First-Time Parents
Introduction
Equity Theory as a Guiding Framework
Perceived Fairness and the Division of Household Labor
Gender Role Ideology and Perceived Fairness
Spousal Support and Perceived Fairness
Spousal Conflict and Perceived Fairness
The Present Study
Method
Measures
Predictors of Perceived Fairness
Overview of Analyses
Results
Household Labor Predictors of Perceived Fairness
Ideologies About Housework Predicting Perceived Fairness
Spousal Support Predictors of Perceived Fairness
Discussion
Couple-Level Predictors of Perceived Fairness
Gender Differences and Perceptions of Fairness for the Spouse
Limitations and Future Directions
Conclusion
References
Personal and Co-parent Predictors of Parenting Efficacy Across the Transition to Parenthood
Parenting Efficacy
The Impact of the Co-parent in Parenting Efficacy
Present Study
Method
Participants
Procedure
Materials
Predictors of Parenting Efficacy
Performance Accomplishment
Emotional Arousal
Verbal Persuasion
Overview of Analyses
Results
Descriptive Statistics
Correlates of Parenting Efficacy
Personal Predictors of Postpartum Parenting Efficacy Development
Co-parent Predictors of Postpartum Parenting Efficacy
Discussion
Personal Predictors of Parenting Efficacy
Co-parent Predictors of Parenting Efficacy
Limitations and Applied Implications
Conclusion
References
1.2 Appendix B: Baby TIME Study Measures
1.2.1 Introduction
Chapter 2
Pregnancy Risk Questions
Baby’s Health Questions
Prenatal Depression (Center for Epidemiologic-Depression Inventory; Radloff, 1977)
Postpartum Depression (Modified Version Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS); Beck & Gable, 2000)
Anxiety (Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90r); Derogatis, 1993)
Positive Affect (Profile of Mood States (POMS); McNair et al., 1971)
Parenting Self-Efficacy (Self-Efficacy for Parenting Tasks; Coleman & Karraker, 2003)
Daily Stressors (Adapted from Bolger et al., 1989)
Housework and Childcare Hours
Perceived Fairness of Housework and Childcare
Emotional Spousal Support (Adapted from National Comorbidity Survey; Kessler et al., 1994)
Negative Spousal Interactions (UCLA Social Support Inventory; Dunkel-Schetter et al., 1986)
Relationship Satisfaction (Relationship Assessment Scale; Hendrick et al., 1998)
Chapter 3
B.3.1 Spousal Social Allergies (Modified from Romantic Relationship Act Inventory (RRAI); Cunningham et al., 2005)
Work-Family Conflict (Modified from Rice et al. 1992; Voydanoff, 1988)
Sexual Intimacy Satisfaction
Relationship Satisfaction
Chapter 4
Perceived Gender Role Stigma (Adapted from Mickelson, 2001)
Bad Mothering Perception (Osgood et al., 1957)
B.4.3 Perceived Success in Family Life (1 = not at all successful; 5 = very successful)
Relationship Satisfaction
Negative Spousal Interactions
Chapter 6
Communal Parenting
Self-Esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; Rosenberg, 1965)
Parenting Self-Efficacy
Relationship Satisfaction
Postpartum Depression
Emotional Spousal Support
Negative Spousal Interactions
References
Index
