GCC Hydrocarbon Economies and COVID: Old Trends, New Realities

Acknowledgments
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Challenges Facing the Gulf Petroleum Industry: Covid-19, New Technologies, Energy Transition
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Petroleum Industry & New Technologies: More Production…
2.3 .… but Less Demand!
2.4 Opportunity for Reforms
2.5 The Peak of Oil Is Inevitable, but Not Near
2.6 Keep Calm and Pump Oil
2.7 The Gulf Goes “Green”
2.8 It Is Not Going to Be That Simple
2.9 Road Ahead
Bibliography
Chapter 3 Qatar’s Energy Sector in the Post-COVID Era
3.1 The Emergence of Qatar as a Global LNG Power: A Brief History
3.2 Navigating Regional Political and Economic Stability
3.3 A New Era of Great Power Engagement: The Rise of China
3.4 The Context of Regional Relations: The Post-Blockade Era
3.5 Global Observations of the LNG Sector
3.6 Global Carbon–Neutral Goals and a Blue Ammonia Future
3.7 Concluding Observations
References
Chapter 4 GCC Renewable Energy Development Amid COVID-19 Pandemic
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Why Scaling up the Deployment of Renewable Energy Technologies
4.3 The State of Renewable Energy in the Six GCC States Pre-COVID-19 Pandemic
4.3.1 Bahrain
4.3.2 Kuwait
4.3.3 Oman
4.3.4 Qatar
4.3.5 Saudi Arabia
4.3.6 UAE
4.4 COVID-19 Pandemic and the Gulf Renewable Energy
4.5 Challenges Ahead
4.5.1 Institutional Barriers
4.5.2 Market Barriers
4.5.3 Technical Barriers
4.5.4 Cultural Barriers
4.5.5 Innovation and Domestic Technological Production
4.6 Conclusions and Policy Insights
References
Chapter 5 The Covid Response in the GCC: Making a Durable Economic Policy Agenda
5.1 The Economic Recovery Outlook
5.2 Economic Recovery Mechanisms—Some Orthodoxy and Discipline
5.3 The Saudi Economy: The Reopening and Recovery
5.4 After Covid, What Comes Next?
Bibliography
Chapter 6 Dealing with the Challenges: GCC Institutional Responses to the Covid-19 and Arab Spring
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The GCC Social Institutions and the Arab Spring
6.3 The GCC and the Covid-19 Pandemic Social Implications
6.4 The Impact of Covid-19 on the GCC Foreign Policies
6.5 Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter 7 Gulf’s Migrant Workers Amidst Covid-19 and Workforce Nationalization: A Focus on Qatar’s Social Protection Systems
7.1 Seven Phases of Migration to the Gulf
7.2 Covid-19 in the GCC: Patterns, Policies, Responses, and Health Care Policies
7.3 The Intensification of Workforce Nationalization Policies
7.4 Social Protection Systems—Where Do They Stand in Qatar?
7.5 A Fundamental Issue in Perception
7.6 Reconciling Rights of Migrants and Workforce Nationalization: What Can Be Done?
7.7 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 8 Climate Change and the GCC: Economic and Environmental Impact
8.1 The Impact of the Covid Pandemic on GCC Countries’ Adaptation to Climate Change
8.2 The Likely Direct Impacts of Climate Change on GCC Countries
8.3 Higher Temperatures and Humidity
8.4 Reduced and More Variable Precipitation, for Most of the GCC
8.5 Sea-Level Rise (SLR) and Storm Surges
8.6 Cyclones
8.7 Higher Sea-Surface Temperatures (SSTs) and More Dust-Storms and Sand-Storms
8.8 The Energy Transition, the Demand for Hydrocarbons and the Availability of Forex
8.9 The Possible Impact of Climate Change on Food Security in GCC Countries
8.10 How Can GCC Countries Adapt to the Effects of Climate Change?
8.11 Official Adaptation Strategies
8.12 How GCC States Can Adapt to Climate Change
8.13 Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter 9 Gulf Energy Security During the COVID-19: From the Security of Supply to the Security of Demand
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Energy Security Concept and the GCC Oil Producers
9.3 Global Oil Market and GCC Energy Security after the Abqaiq Incident
9.4 COVID-19 and the Issue of the GCC Energy Security
9.5 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 10 Energy Security and Diplomacy: A Double-Edged Sword. The Case Study of Saudi Arabia and Iran
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Understanding the Role of Energy Security on State Relationships: The Case Study of Iran and Saudi Arabia
10.3 Iran and Saudi Arabia: A Game of Tug-of-Wars
10.4 How Did Covid-19 Influence Iran and Saudi Arabia? The Effects of Covid-19 on Iran
10.5 Covid Impact on the Global Energy Market
10.6 Reimagining the Arabian Gulf
10.7 Is There a Future of Peace and Diplomacy Between the Two States?
10.8 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 11 Oil Market Recovery and the Future of OPEC+: Exit the Bear?
11.1 Introduction
11.2 OPEC and Non-OPEC Cooperation: From 2016 Till Present
11.2.1 The Covid-19 Pandemic: A New Era in OPEC and Non-OPEC Cooperation
11.2.2 The Russian-Saudi Dependency
11.3 Lagging OPEC+ Production
11.3.1 Mideast Producers Begin to Lag
11.3.2 Disruptive Producers
11.3.3 Wealthier Producers and More Spare Capacity
11.3.4 Challenges from Abu Dhabi
11.4 Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: Enter the Bear
11.4.1 OPEC+ Weighs In
11.4.2 Exodus
11.4.3 Russian Exports Plummet
11.5 Prospects for Future OPEC+ Cooperation
11.5.1 Underperformance
11.5.2 Exit the Bear?
11.5.3 Looking Ahead
11.6 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 12 China and the Gulf States: Economic Relationship, Challenges and Future
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Sino-GCC Relations: Growing Interdependency
12.3 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
12.4 Limitations: Can Pax Sinica Replace Pax Americana in the New Future?
12.5 Concerns over Possible Debt Trap
12.6 China and GCC—Free Trade Agreement
12.7 Factors Driving China–GCC Trade Relations
12.7.1 China–GCC (from China’s Perspective)
12.7.2 China–GCC (GCC Perspective)
12.7.3 US Interests and China–GCC
12.8 China–GCC Relations—A Critical Analysis
12.9 US Pressure and Sino-GCC Relations
12.10 Conclusion
Bibliography
Index