Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts Third Edition

Gateways to Art, 3E
Title Page
Copyright Information
Contents
Preface
Organization and How to Use this Book
New in this Edition
Resources for Instructors
Resources for Students
The Authors
Acknowledgments
How to Use Gateway to Art and Other Features
Introduction
What Is Art?
Fine Art, Craft, and the Commercial Arts
The Visual World
Where Is Art?
Art and Creativity
Who Makes Art?
The Power and Value of Art
Protest and Censorship of Art
Studying Art
FEATURES
Gertrude Stein as an Art Patron
Loongkoonan: The Value of Art to Keep Alive Knowledge and Culture
Tracy Chevalier: Art Inspires a Novel and a Movie
Part 1. Fundamentals
Chapter 1.1 Line, Shape, and the Principle of Contrast
Line
Shape
Contrast
FEATURES
Gateway to Art: Kahlo, The Two Fridas: Using Line to Guide and Direct a Viewer’s Attention
Gateway to Art: Weems, Kitchen Table Series: The Principle of Contrast and Dramatic Effect
Chapter 1.2 Form, Volume, Mass, and Texture
Form
Form in Relief and in the Round
Volume
Mass
FEATURES
The Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao
Brancusi and Rodin: Using Mass to Describe Love
Texture
Chapter 1.3 Implied Depth: Value and Space
Value
Space
FEATURE
Gateway to Art: Raphael, The School of Athens: Perspective and the Illusion of Depth
Chapter 1.4 Color
Color and Light
Color and Pigment
Additive and Subtractive Color
Color Wheels
Key Characteristics of Color
The Sensation of Color
Interpreting Color Symbolism
The Psychology of Color
Chapter 1.5 Motion and Time
Motion
Time
FEATURE
Gateway to Art: Ai Weiwei, Dropping a Han Dynasty Urn: Motion and Reproduction as a Metaphor for Time
Chapter 1.6 Unity, Variety, and Balance
Unity
Variety
Balance
FEATURES
Gateway to Art: Hokusai, “The Great Wave off Shore at Kanagawa”: A Masterpiece of Unity and Harmony
Gateway to Art: The Taj Mahal: Love and Perfection
Chapter 1.7 Scale and Proportion
Scale
Proportion
FEATURE
Gateway to Art: Raphael, The School of Athens: Scale and Proportion in a Renaissance Masterpiece
Chapter 1.8 Focal Point and Emphasis
Focal Point
Emphasis
Subordination
Focal Point and Emphasis in Action
FEATURE
Gateway to Art: Gentileschi, Judith Decapitating Holofernes: Using Focal Point for Dramatic Emphasis
Chapter 1.9 Pattern and Rhythm
Pattern
Rhythm
FEATURE
Gateway to Art: Maya Lintel Showing Shield Jaguar and Lady Xoc: Pattern Used to Emphasize Royal Power and Hierarchy
Chapter 1.10 Engaging with Form and Content
Formal Analysis
Stylistic Analysis
Iconographic Analysis
Contextual Analysis
Analysis, Critique, and Interpretation
Combined Analysis in Historical and Contemporary Art
FEATURES
Types of Analysis and Critique
Research and Interpretation
Part 2. Media And Processes
Chapter 2.1 Drawing
Functions of Drawing
The Materials of Drawing: Dry Media
The Materials of Drawing: Wet Media
Paper
Life Drawing
FEATURES
Gateway to Art: Raphael, The School of Athens: Drawing in the Design Process
Gateway to Art: Kahlo, The Two Fridas: Artist Sketchbooks
Chapter 2.2 Painting
The First Paintings
Encaustic
Fresco
Tempera
Oil
Ink Painting
Watercolor and Gouache
Acrylic
Mixed-Media Painting
Mural Art and Spray Paint
FEATURES
José Clemente Orozco: Fresco Painting Inspired by the Mexican Revolution
Gateway to Art: Gentileschi, Judith Decapitating Holofernes: The Artist in the Act of Painting
Chapter 2.3 Printmaking
Context of Printmaking
Relief Printmaking
Intaglio Printmaking
Collagraphy
Lithography
Serigraphy (Silkscreen Printing)
Editions
Monotypes and Monoprints
Print Shops and Digital Reproduction Services
Contemporary Directions in Printmaking
FEATURE
Gateway to Art: Hokusai, “The Great Wave off Shore at Kanagawa”: Using the Woodblock Printing Method
Chapter 2.4 Sculpture
Approaches to Three Dimensions in Sculpture
Bas-Relief and High Relief
Methods of Sculpture
Pushing beyond Traditional Methods
FEATURES
Gateway to Art: Maya Lintel Showing Shield Jaguar and Lady Xoc: Varying Degrees of Relief for Emphasis
Michelangelo
Antony Gormley: Asian Field
Chapter 2.5 Architecture
Structure, Function, and Form
Ancient Construction
Classical Architectural Styles
The Emergence of the Methods and Materials of the Modern World
The Postmodern Reaction to Modernism
Currents in Architecture
FEATURES
Abbot Suger and the Dynamics of Gothic Architecture
Gateway to Art: The Taj Mahal: Engineering Eternity
Contrasting Ideas in Modern Architecture: Le Corbusier’s Villa Savoye and Frank Lloyd Wright’s Fallingwater
Zaha Hadid: A Building for Exciting Events
Chapter 2.6 The Tradition of Craft
Ceramics
Glass
Metalwork
Fiber
Wood
FEATURES
Hyo-In Kim: Art or Craft: What’s the Difference?
San Ildefonso-Style Pottery
Faith Ringgold, Tar Beach
Chapter 2.7 Visual Communication Design
The Visual Character of Text
The Communicative Image
Layout Design
Web Design
FEATURES
Influence of the Bauhaus on Visual Design
April Greiman: Does It Make Sense? Greiman’s Design Quarterly #133, 1986
Color in Visual Communication Design
Chapter 2.8 Photography
Recording the Image: Film to Digital
The Dawn of Photography
Negative/Positive Process in Black and White
In Living Color
Photojournalism
Photocollage and Photomontage
Postmodern Return to Historic Processes
The Art of Photography
FEATURES
Traditional and Alternative Darkroom Methods
Steve McCurry
Gateway to Art: Weems, Kitchen Table Series: Story Telling and Sto-re-telling
Chapter 2.9 Film/Video and Digital Art
Moving Images before Film
Silent and Black-and-White Film
Sound and Color
Animation and Special Effects
Film Genres
Film as Art
FEATURE
Bill Viola: How Did Video Become Art?
Chapter 2.10 Alternative Media and Processes
Context of Alternative Media
Conceptual Art
Performance Art
Installation and Environments
Out of the Shadows and into the Light: Enlivened Gallery Space
FEATURES
Gateway to Art: Ai Weiwei, Dropping a Han Dynasty Urn and Colored Vases: Art that Resists Categories: Interactions with the Individual
Molly Gochman: Bringing Light to the Scars
Part 3. History And Context
Timeline
Chapter 3.1 The Prehistoric and Ancient Mediterranean
Prehistoric Art in Europe and the Mediterranean
Mesopotamia: The Cradle of Civilization
Ancient Egypt
Art of Ancient Greece
Etruscan Art
Roman Art
FEATURES
Hieroglyphs
Zahi Hawass: The Golden Mask of Tutankhamun
Classical Architectural Orders
Controversy about the Parthenon Marbles
Stylistic Changes in the Sculpture of Ancient Greece
Chapter 3.2 Art of the Middle Ages
Art of Late Antiquity and Early Christianity
Byzantine Art
Manuscripts and the Middle Ages
Pilgrimage in the Middle Ages
The Rise of the Gothic
From the Gothic to Early Renaissance in Italy
FEATURES
Three Religions of the Middle Ages
Iconoclasm: Destruction of Religious Images
Chapter 3.3 Art of India, China, Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia
India
China
Japan
Korea
Southeast Asia
FEATURES
Philosophical and Religious Traditions in Asia
Gateway to Art: The Taj Mahal: The Gardens of Paradise in the Taj Mahal
The Spread of the Image of Buddha along the Silk Road
Gateway to Art: Ai Weiwei, Dropping a Han Dynasty Urn: The Value of Art: Questions of History and Authenticity
The Three Perfections: Calligraphy, Painting, Poetry
Sonoko Sasaki: Arts and Tradition in Japan
Gateway to Art: Hokusai, “The Great Wave off Shore at Kanagawa”: Mount Fuji: The Sacred Mountain of Japan
Chapter 3.4 Art of the Americas
When’s the Beginning?
South America
Mesoamerica
North America
FEATURES
Gateway to Art: Maya Lintel Showing Shield Jaguar and Lady Xoc: Invoking Ancestors through Bloodletting
“We Are the Mirrors”: Legislation and Activism to Protect Native Rights and Land
Chapter 3.5 Art of Africa and the Pacific Islands
Art of Africa
African Architecture
Art of the Pacific Islands
FEATURE
Paul Tacon: Australian Rock Art
Chapter 3.6 Art of Renaissance and Baroque Europe (1400–1750)
The Early Renaissance in Italy
The Renaissance in Northern Europe
The High Renaissance in Italy
Late Renaissance and Mannerism
Italian Baroque
Northern Baroque
FEATURES
Van Eyck, Panofsky, and Iconographic Analysis
Gateway to Art: Raphael, The School of Athens: Past and Present in the Painting
Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation: A Comparison through Last Suppers
Gateway to Art: Gentileschi, Judith Decapitating Holofernes: The Influence of Caravaggio
Depictions of David
Chapter 3.7 Art of Europe andAmerica (1700–1865): Rococo to Romanticism
Rococo
Rejecting the Rococo: Sentimentality in Painting
Neoclassicism
Romanticism
FEATURES
The French Academy of Painting and Sculpture: Making a Living as an Artist
Slavery and Colonialism in Eighteenth-Century Art
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
Art Academies and Modernism
Realism
A Revolutionary Invention: Photography and Art in the Nineteenth Century
Impressionism
Post-Impressionism
Symbolism
Fin de Siècle and Art Nouveau
Expressionism
FEATURES
Influences on the Impressionists: Japanese Woodcuts and Photography
Gateway to Art: Gentileschi, Judith Decapitating Holofernes: Variations on a Theme
Chapter 3.9 Late Modern and Early Contemporary Art in the Twentieth Century
The Revolution of Color and Form
Dada
Surrealism
The Influence of Cubism
Early Twentieth-Century Art in America
Abstract Expressionism
Pop Art
Minimalism
FEATURES
Gateway to Art: Kahlo, The Two Fridas: Was She a Surrealist?
Modern and Postmodern Architecture
Chapter 3.10 The Late Twentieth Century and Art of the Present Day
Conceptual Art
Performance and Body Art
Earthworks
Postmodernism, Identity, and Multiculturalism
Narratives of Fact and Fiction
Installation
Socially Engaged Art
FEATURES
Borrowing an Image
Gateway to Art: Weems, Kitchen Table Series: Personal and Cultural Narrative
Inside, Outside, Upside Down: Ideas Recontextualized
Gabriel Dawe: Materializing Light, Inverting Constructs
Part 4. Themes
Chapter 4.1 Art and Community
Places to Gather
Art by and for the Community
Man-Made Mountains
Rituals and Art of Healing and Community Solidarity
Art in the Public Sphere
FEATURES
Art, Super-Sized
Richard Serra: A Sculptor Defends His Work
Chapter 4.2 Spirituality and Art
Gods, Deities, and Enlightened Beings
Spirits and Ancestors
Connecting with the Gods
Sacred Places
Personal Paths to Spirituality
FEATURE
Judgment and the Afterlife
Chapter 4.3 Art and the Cycle of Life
Life’s Beginnings and Endings
Marking Time
Lineage and Ancestors
Mortality and Immortality
FEATURES
Gateway to Art: The Taj Mahal: Mumtaz Mahal: A Life Remembered
Christian Marclay, The Clock: “Glue” by Darian Leader
Vanitas: Reminders of Transience
Chapter 4.4 Art and Science
Art Celebrating Science
Astronomy and Space Exploration in Art
Using Science and Mathematics to Create Art
Perception, Senses, and Psychology
Science as a Tool to Understand and Care for Art
Chapter 4.5 Art, Illusion, and Transformation
Art as an Illusionistic Window
Illusionism as Trickery
Illusion and the Transformation of Ideas
FEATURES
Gateway to Art: Raphael, The School of Athens: Architectural Illusion
Satirizing Illusionism: Hogarth’s False Perspective
Art and Spiritual Transformation
Chapter 4.6 Art of Political Leaders and Rulers
Iconic Portraiture of Leaders
Female Rulers
Art Used by Rulers to Regulate Society
FEATURE
Gateway to Art: Maya Lintel Showing Shield Jaguar and Lady Xoc: Queens in Support of Their Husbands
Chapter 4.7 Art, War, and Revolution
Documenting the Tragedies of War
Warriors and Battle Scenes
The Artist’s Response to War
Remembrance and Memorials
FEATURE
Wafaa Bilal: Domestic Tension: An Artist’s Protest against War
Chapter 4.8 Art of Protestand Social Conscience
Art as Protest and Activism
Art as the Victim of Protest: Censorship and Destruction
Art that Raises Social Awareness
FEATURES
Gateway to Art: Ai Weiwei, Dropping a Han Dynasty Urn and Colored Vases: The Art of Activism: Speaking out at all Costs
Censorship of Art: The Nazi Campaign against Modern Art
Gateway to Art: Hokusai, “The Great Wave off Shore at Kanagawa”: Using Famous Art to Make a Social Difference
Chapter 4.9 The Body in Art
Archetypal Images of the Body
Ideal Proportion
Notions of Beauty
Performance Art: The Body Becomes the Artwork
The Body in Pieces
The Body Reframed
FEATURES
Reclining Nudes
Spencer Tunick: Human Bodies as Installations
Henri Matisse: The Blue Nude: Cutouts and the Essence of Form
Gateway to Art: Kahlo, The Two Fridas: A Body in Pain
Chapter 4.10 Identity, Race, and Gender in Art
Self-Portraits
Challenging the Status Quo
Culture on Display
Identity and Ambiguity
FEATURES
Gateway to Art: Gentileschi, Judith Decapitating Holofernes: Self-Expression in the Judith Paintings
Cindy Sherman: The Artist and Her Identity
Gateway to Art: Weems, Kitchen Table Series: Cultural Diplomacy
Glossary
Further Reading
Sources of Quotations
Illustration Credits
Index