Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Practice: Expert Consult: Online and Print

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Author(s): Jean Marc Canard MD, Jean-Christophe Letard MD, Laurent Palazzo MD, Ian Penman BSc MD FRCP Edin, Anne Marie Lennon MD MRCPI PhD
Publisher: Churchill Livingstone
Year: 2011

Language: English
Pages: 487
Tags: Медицинские дисциплины;Клинические методы диагностики, лабораторная диагностика;Эндоскопические методы диагностики и лечения;

Cover......Page 1
ISBNÑ 9780702031281......Page 2
Front Matter......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Photo of the Author......Page 9
Preface......Page 10
List of Contributors......Page 11
Dedications......Page 13
Acknowledgments......Page 14
1.1.2. Insufflation–cleaning......Page 15
2. Main insertion tube......Page 16
5. Generator connecting cable......Page 17
Conclusion......Page 18
1.1. Coupled charge device (CCD)......Page 19
1.4. Full frame read-out CCD (Fig. 6)......Page 20
2.1. Resolution......Page 21
Further Reading......Page 22
2. Injection......Page 23
5. Coagulation......Page 24
Further Reading......Page 25
1. Electrophysical basis of electrosurgery......Page 26
2.3. Consequences of using unsuitable settings for electrosurgical generators......Page 27
3.1. The Power Peak System and Endocut......Page 28
5.2. Bipolar current (Fig. 7)......Page 29
9.3. Polypectomy......Page 30
Conclusion......Page 31
Further Reading......Page 32
1.1.2. Endoscopy room equipment......Page 33
1.3. Cleaning room......Page 35
1.4. Endoscope storage room......Page 36
3.4. Endoscopy center administrator......Page 37
5. Quality assurance of endoscopy......Page 38
Further Reading......Page 39
1. Principles of certification and re-certification......Page 40
2.4. Erlangen active simulator for interventional endoscopy (EASIE)......Page 41
Further Reading......Page 43
1.2. Technical knowledge......Page 44
Further Reading......Page 45
Patient information......Page 46
Further Reading......Page 49
1. Specific medicolegal aspects of endoscopy practice......Page 50
3.3. Adults lacking capacity to give consent......Page 51
Further Reading......Page 52
1.5. Traceability......Page 53
2.4. Second cleaning (basin 1)......Page 54
3. Endoscope disinfection using AERs......Page 55
5.1. Endoscope cleaning room equipment and layout......Page 56
Further Reading......Page 57
2.1. Biopsies......Page 58
3.1.2. Barrett’s esophagus......Page 59
3.2.1. Helicobacter pylori infection......Page 60
3.4. Rectum, colon, and ileum......Page 62
3.4.2. Neoplastic polyps......Page 63
3.4.6. Solitary rectal ulcer......Page 64
Further Reading......Page 65
Introduction......Page 66
2.1. Antiplatelet drugs......Page 67
3.1.1. Indications associated with acute thromboembolic risk (Table 2)......Page 68
3.2.2. Indications associated with moderate thromboembolic risk......Page 69
6.2.1. High-risk procedures......Page 70
Conclusion......Page 71
Further Reading......Page 72
1. Antibiotics for the prevention of infective endocarditis......Page 73
3.1. ERCP......Page 74
3.3. PEG......Page 75
Further Reading......Page 76
1.1. Inpatient versus outpatient sedation......Page 77
2. Monitoring and equipment......Page 78
2.7. Supplemental oxygen......Page 79
3.1.1. Propofol......Page 80
Dose......Page 81
3.2. Opioid analgesics......Page 82
3.2.3. Reversal agent for opioids: naloxone......Page 83
4.3. Circulatory insufficiency......Page 84
Useful Facts websites......Page 85
1.1. Indications......Page 86
2.1. Indications......Page 87
3.3. Staining procedure......Page 88
5.2. Preparation......Page 89
Further Reading......Page 90
2.4. Polypectomy......Page 91
3.5. The image is too bright......Page 92
3.7. There is no image on the screen......Page 93
2. Clinical section......Page 94
3.2. Colonoscopy......Page 97
1.2. The stomach......Page 98
2. Indications......Page 99
2.1. Dyspepsia......Page 100
2.6. Investigation of chronic anemia and/or iron deficiency......Page 101
2.9.1. Gastroduodenal ulcers......Page 102
2.14.2. Post-gastric surgery......Page 103
4.1. Gastroscope......Page 104
5.1. Handling the endoscope......Page 105
5.1.1. Problems with intubating the esophagus (Table 3)......Page 106
5.2.1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease......Page 107
5.2.2. Barrett’s esophagus......Page 109
6. Complications......Page 111
7.3. Indications......Page 113
Further Reading......Page 114
1. Anatomy......Page 115
1.1. Postoperative colonic anatomy......Page 116
2.4. Surveillance of patients after resection of one or more colonic polyps......Page 117
6. Handling the colonoscope......Page 118
7.1. Preparation of the colon......Page 119
7.2.1. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)......Page 121
7.4.1. Alpha loop......Page 122
7.4.2. Omega loop......Page 123
7.7. Locating the tip of the colonoscope......Page 126
7.9. The approach to the patient with a very difficult colon......Page 127
8.3. Differential diagnosis......Page 128
9.1. Perforation......Page 129
9.5. Missed adenomas......Page 130
9.7. Quality assurance in colonoscopy......Page 131
10.4. Technique......Page 132
11.2. Colon polyps......Page 133
11.3. Miscellaneous colonic images......Page 134
11.5. Crohn’s disease......Page 135
Further Reading......Page 136
1. Technical principles......Page 137
4.1. Chronic obscure gastrointestinal bleeding......Page 139
4.4. Celiac disease......Page 140
5.1. Children......Page 141
6. Technical aids to reading images obtained by VCE......Page 142
8.1. The esophagus (Fig. 14)......Page 143
8.2. The colon......Page 144
Further Reading......Page 145
1. Indications and contraindications......Page 146
3.3. Technique (Fig. 4)......Page 147
3.4. Complications of DBE......Page 150
4. Single balloon enteroscopy......Page 151
5.1. Technique......Page 152
Further Reading......Page 153
2. Equipment......Page 154
3. Contrast agents......Page 155
6.1. Learning......Page 156
Further Reading......Page 157
1.1. Principle of narrow band imaging (FICE or NBI system)......Page 158
1.3. Principles of optical coherence tomography......Page 161
1.4. Principle of autofluorescence imaging......Page 162
2.1. Clinical studies (FICE or NBI system)......Page 163
2.2. Clinical application of endoscopy with autofluorescence......Page 164
2.4. Clinical application of optical coherence tomography (OCT)......Page 166
Further Reading......Page 167
1.1. Esophageal strictures......Page 169
1.3. Ileocolonic and colonic strictures......Page 170
3.1.2. Dilation using balloons......Page 171
3.2. Esophageal strictures......Page 172
3.4. Gastric/pyloric strictures......Page 174
Further Reading......Page 175
1.1. Gastric volvulus......Page 176
1.2. Colonic volvulus......Page 177
2. Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction......Page 179
Further Reading......Page 181
1. General principles......Page 182
2.2.3. Z-stent......Page 183
2.3. Technique of stent placement......Page 184
2.5.1. Fistula formation......Page 186
3.1. General concepts......Page 187
3.3. Technique of stent placement......Page 188
4.1. General concepts......Page 189
4.3. Technique of stent placement (Figs 7, 8)......Page 190
4.4. Outcome data (efficacy) and complications......Page 191
Further Reading......Page 192
3. Technique......Page 193
4.2. Vascular lesions......Page 195
4.3. Treatment of remnant polypoid tissue after piecemeal resection of large colonic polyps......Page 196
5. Complications......Page 197
Further Reading......Page 199
2. Imaging......Page 200
4. Equipment......Page 201
5. Endoscopy technique......Page 202
5.4. Batteries......Page 203
7.1. Ingestion of caustic toxins......Page 204
7.6.5. Potassium permanganate......Page 205
Further Reading......Page 206
3. Postoperative endoscopy......Page 207
4. Gallstone disease and ERCP following bariatric surgery......Page 208
5.3. Contraindications......Page 209
5.6. Future developments......Page 210
Further Reading......Page 211
1. Optical enhancement techniques......Page 212
3.2. Cold biopsy forceps......Page 213
3.4. Cold snare......Page 214
4. Large pedunculated polyp removal......Page 215
5. Large sessile polyp removal......Page 216
6.1. Malignant polyps......Page 218
7.1. Hemorrhage......Page 219
7.2. Post-polypectomy syndrome and perforation......Page 220
Further reading......Page 222
2. Initial management......Page 223
4. Endoscopic technique......Page 224
5.1. Injection......Page 225
5.3. Mechanical clips......Page 226
6. Helicobacter testing......Page 227
Further Reading......Page 228
3. Endoscopic technique......Page 229
4.1.2. Complications......Page 230
4.2.1. Method......Page 231
5. Endoscopic therapy for gastric varices......Page 232
5.2.1. Method......Page 233
Further Reading......Page 234
1.4. Angiodysplasia......Page 235
2.1. Diverticulosis......Page 236
Further Reading......Page 237
1. PEG equipment......Page 238
2.2. Push-type technique......Page 239
2.3. Introducer-type technique......Page 240
3. Indications......Page 241
4. Contraindications......Page 243
5. Complications......Page 244
6.2. Local aftercare......Page 245
Further Reading......Page 246
1.2. Cancers......Page 247
3.1. Appearance on endoscopy......Page 248
4. Equipment......Page 249
Band ligation......Page 250
5.3.4. Simplified aspirate and cut......Page 251
7. Results......Page 252
8. Future developments......Page 253
9.1. EMR of the esophagus: aspirate and cut in a single piece......Page 255
9.3. Semi-circumferential cancer of the esophagus resected in a single session......Page 256
9.4. EMR of the esophagus combining two techniques: aspirate and cut then pull and cut......Page 257
9.5. Resection of extensive superficial cancer of the esophagus......Page 258
9.6. EMR of the cardia......Page 259
9.8B. Gastric ESD......Page 260
9.10. EMR of a large duodenal polyp......Page 261
9.12. EMR of a serrated adenoma: the only situation where marking is necessary in the colon......Page 262
9.14. Perforation treated by clipping......Page 263
Further Reading......Page 264
3. Technique......Page 265
Further Reading......Page 267
1.2.2. Afamelanotide......Page 268
1.4.2. Light diffusing devices......Page 269
1.5. Technique of PDT......Page 271
1.7. Results, side-effects and complications......Page 272
2.2. Equipment......Page 273
2.3. Technique......Page 274
2.3.5. Aftercare......Page 275
2.6. Focal ablation with the Halo 90 RFA system......Page 276
Further Reading......Page 277
1.1. Infection complications......Page 278
1.2.1. Endoscopic management of perforations......Page 279
1.3. Bleeding......Page 280
2.1. Dilation and enteral stenting......Page 282
2.2.2. Endoscopic variceal hemostasis......Page 283
3.1.1. Perforation......Page 284
3.2.1. Infectious complications......Page 285
4.2. Capsule endoscopy......Page 286
Further Reading......Page 287
Introduction......Page 288
2.2.1. Radial imaging......Page 289
2.2.2. Curved linear array (Fig. 2)......Page 291
2.3. Sedation analgesia and general anesthesia......Page 292
2.4.4. Console position......Page 293
3.1. General technique......Page 295
4.1.2. Needles......Page 296
4.3. Antibiotic prophylaxis......Page 297
4.6. Lymph node biopsy......Page 298
4.9. Complications of EUS-FNA......Page 299
5.2. Special features of radial examination......Page 300
5.3.1. General points......Page 301
5.3.3. Examination of the posterior mediastinum with linear instruments......Page 302
6.1. Introduction......Page 303
6.3. Examination of the stomach with a linear instrument......Page 304
7.1. Essential anatomic knowledge for correctly performing a pancreaticobiliary examination......Page 305
7.2.1. Examination of the pancreatic head and the common bile duct......Page 307
7.2.2. Examination of the pancreatic neck and body......Page 314
7.3.2. Examination of the neck and body-tail segment of the pancreas......Page 317
7.3.3. Transduodenal examination of the pancreaticobiliary region......Page 320
8.1. Anatomy......Page 322
8.2. Anorectal examination......Page 323
9.1.3. Wall with nine layers......Page 324
9.3. T1 tumor......Page 325
9.5. T3 and T4 tumor......Page 326
9.7. EUS-FNA......Page 327
10.1. Introduction......Page 328
10.3.1. Performance......Page 329
10.3.3. Early Barrett’s cancer......Page 331
10.4.1. Junctional/cardia cancers......Page 335
10.4.2. Linitis plastica......Page 336
10.4.3. Gastric lymphomas (Figs 107, 108)......Page 337
10.5.3. In summary......Page 338
11.1. Introduction......Page 340
11.2.1. How does EUS perform in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancers?......Page 341
Definition......Page 342
In summary......Page 343
11.2.3. Indications and results of EUS-FNA of solid pancreatic masses......Page 344
11.3. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors......Page 349
11.4. Cystic pancreatic tumors......Page 353
11.5. Chronic pancreatitis (alcoholic or hereditary)......Page 358
11.6.3. Acute pancreatitis of tumoral origin......Page 362
11.8. Embryological anomalies......Page 363
12.3.1. Common bile duct stones (Tables 4–6; Fig. 190)......Page 364
12.3.3. Tumor obstructing the common bile duct......Page 366
13.1. Introduction......Page 367
14.6. Endometriosis......Page 376
15.1. Introduction......Page 377
15.3. Superior hypogastric plexus block......Page 378
16.1.2. Pseudocysts secondary to acute pancreatitis......Page 379
16.3. Technique......Page 380
16.3.1. Drainage of abscesses or walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN)......Page 381
Further Reading......Page 383
Introduction......Page 384
Further Reading......Page 385
Reversal agent......Page 386
2.3. Balloon catheters......Page 387
2.6. Snare......Page 388
2.7.1. Short wire system......Page 389
Further Reading......Page 390
3. Patient positioning......Page 391
2.1. Problems identifying the major papilla......Page 392
3. Cannulating the major papilla......Page 394
4. Failure to cannulate the desired duct......Page 395
6. Cannulating a stricture......Page 396
8.2. Which endoscope to use?......Page 398
8.7. Gastrojejunal anastomosis (Billroth II)......Page 399
8.10. Cannulating the bile duct and pancreatic duct in patients with Billroth II or Whipple’s procedure......Page 401
Alternative techniques......Page 402
10. ERCP in children......Page 404
4.1. Collection of bile juice......Page 405
4.2. Collection of pancreatic juice......Page 406
1. Normal and variant biliary anatomy......Page 407
1.1. Normal pancreas and its variants......Page 410
1.2. Congenital anomalies of the pancreatic ducts......Page 411
2. Post-surgical anatomy......Page 412
4.1. Stones or bubbles?......Page 414
2. Cholangiocarcinoma......Page 417
2.1. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma......Page 419
6. Intrahepatic cholestasis......Page 420
7.1.1 Crémer’s classification......Page 421
8. Pancreatic tumors......Page 422
Further Reading......Page 423
3. Pancreatic sphincterotomy technique......Page 424
3.1. Problems with sphincterotomy......Page 425
4.2. Sphincterotomy in children......Page 428
5.3. Needle knife infundibulotomy......Page 429
Technique (Figs 13, 14)......Page 430
Further Reading......Page 432
1. Bile duct stones......Page 433
4.1.1. Balloon technique......Page 434
4.2.2. Problems with the Dormia basket......Page 436
4.3. Reasons for failure to clear the bile duct of stones......Page 437
5.1.3. Mechanical lithotripsy technique with removal of the duodenoscope......Page 438
5.2. Electrohydraulic lithotripsy......Page 440
Further Reading......Page 443
1.1. Biliary stent insertion......Page 444
1.2. Indications for pancreatic duct stent insertion (Fig. 4)......Page 445
2.1. Plastic biliary stents......Page 446
3.1. Biliary plastic stent insertion technique......Page 447
3.2. Biliary SEMS insertion technique......Page 448
3.3.1. Plastic stent insertion......Page 449
4.1. Problems with plastic stent insertion......Page 451
5.6. Hilar stenosis......Page 453
5.6.2. Techniques for SEMS insertion......Page 454
6. Outcome of stenting......Page 455
Further Reading......Page 456
2.2. Dilation of a pancreatic duct stricture......Page 457
1.1.2. Pancreaticoduodenectomy......Page 458
5. Complications......Page 460
2. Technique......Page 461
Further Reading......Page 462
1. Indications......Page 463
2.2. Percutaneous cholangioscopy......Page 465
2.4. Spyglass accessories......Page 466
3.3. Per-oral cholangioscopy......Page 467
3.4.2. Technique......Page 468
Further Reading......Page 469
1. Indications......Page 470
2. Technique......Page 471
Further Reading......Page 472
3. Technique......Page 473
Further Reading......Page 474
2. Bleeding......Page 475
4. Perforation......Page 476
6.1. Plastic biliary stent complications......Page 477
Further Reading......Page 479
B......Page 480
C......Page 481
E......Page 482
N......Page 484
P......Page 485
T......Page 486
Z......Page 487
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