Gastrointestinal Cancer: A Comprehensive Guide to Diagnosis and Management

Contents
Part I: Gastric Cancer
Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Manifestations
Introduction
Epidemiology
Geographic and Population-Based Differences
Histological Differences
Anatomical Differences
Risk Factors
H. Pylori Infection
Dietary or Social Factors
Epstein–Barr Virus Infection
Genetic and Molecular Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Symptoms
Physical Examination
Conclusion
References
Screening of Gastric Cancer
Introduction
Screening Tests for Gastric Cancer
Upper Gastrointestinal Imaging Series
Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Other Tests
Benefits and Harms of Gastric Cancer Screening
Effectiveness
Test Performance
Harms of Gastric Cancer Screening
Strategies for the Detection of Gastric Cancer
Conclusion
References
Pathologic and Molecular Characteristics
Introduction
Histopathology
Unusual Histologic Variants
Molecular Classification of Gastric Cancer
ERBB2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 [HER2])
Epstein-Barr Virus
Cancer Immunotherapy
Conclusion
References
Diagnosis, Staging, and Prognosis
Introduction
Diagnosis
Staging
Prognosis
Conclusions
References
Overview of Treatment
Introduction
Endoscopic Resection
Surgery
Minimally Invasive Surgery
Systemic Therapy
Chemotherapy
Target Therapy
Immunotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Supportive Care
Conclusion
References
Endoscopic Treatment
Introduction
Indications for Endoscopic Treatment
Preprocedural Considerations for Successful Outcomes
Techniques of Endoscopic Treatment
Efficacy of Endoscopic Treatment
Complications of ESD
Post-procedural Management for non-Curative Resection
Long-Term Clinical Outcomes
Surveillance
Conclusions
References
Surgical Treatment
Introduction
Components in Surgical Treatment of Gastric Cancer
Resection of the Primary Tumor
Dissection of Regional Lymph Nodes
Reconstruction of Gastrointestinal Integrity
Surgical Treatment According to Disease Status
Surgical Treatment for Advanced Gastric Cancer
Surgical Treatment for Early Gastric Cancer
Complications Associated with Surgery
Morbidity and Mortality Rates in Recent Studies
Surgery-Related Major Complications
Bleeding
Anastomotic Leakage
Intraabdominal Abscess
Pancreatic Leakage and Fistula Formation
Conclusion
References
Untitled
Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Introduction
Postoperative Chemotherapy
Perioperative Chemotherapy
Postoperative Chemoradiotherapy
Conclusion
References
Palliative Chemotherapy in Advanced or Metastatic Gastric Cancer. IX-1. Overview and Cytotoxic Agents
Introduction
First-Line Treatment
Doublet or Triplet Platinum/Fluoropyrimidine Combination
Trastuzumab + Cytotoxic Agents
Comparison of Treatment Outcomes between Regimens
Second Line and beyond
Taxane-Based Chemotherapy
Ramucirumab + Paclitaxel
Other Regimens
Conclusion
References
Palliative Chemotherapy in Advanced or Metastatic Gastric Cancer. IX-2. Target Agents and Immunotherapy
Introduction
Targeted Agents
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Conclusion
References
Primary Gastric Lymphoma: Extranodal Marginal B-Cell Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) Type
Introduction
Etiology and Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Endoscopic Biopsy
Medical Imaging
Histopathology
Staging
Treatment and Prognostic Factors
Initial Antibiotic Therapy in Gastric MALT Lymphoma
Surgical Treatment
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Response Evaluation and Follow-Up
Conclusion
References
Part II: Gastroesophageal Junction and Esophageal Cancer
Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Manifestation
Introduction
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Conclusion
References
Diagnosis, Staging, and Prognosis
Introduction
Diagnosis
Staging and Prognosis
Conclusion
References
Overview of Treatment
Introduction
Treatment of Superficial Esophageal Cancer
Endoscopic Resection
Ablation Therapy with/without Endoscopic Resection
Esophagectomy
Treatment of Locally Advanced Esophageal Cancer
Clinical T2N0 Esophageal Cancer
Locally Advanced Resectable Esophageal Cancer
Cervical Esophageal Cancer
Unresectable Locally Advanced Esophageal Cancer
Treatment of Metastatic Esophageal Cancer
Conclusion
References
Endoscopic Treatment
Introduction
Indications of Endoscopic Resection
Methods of Endoscopic Resection
Outcomes of Endoscopic Resection
Conclusions
References
Surgical Resection and Perioperative Chemotherapy
Introduction
Preoperative Chemotherapy and Chemoradiotherapy
Outcome of Preoperative Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
Outcome of Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy
Pathological Response of Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy
Ideal Timing for Surgery
Perioperative Chemotherapy/Chemoradiotherapy
Surgical Approach
Postoperative Management
Conclusion
References
Definitive Chemoradiotherapy
Introduction
Combination of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
Definitive Chemoradiotherapy Versus Primary Surgery for Resectable Disease
Radiation Dose Escalation in Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy
Altered Fractionation in Chemoradiation
Need for Surgery on Chemoradiotherapy: dCRT vs. Trimodality Therapy
Induction Chemotherapy Ahead of CRT
Targeting Agents
Conclusion
References
Palliative Chemotherapy: CTx Regimen (First-Line, Second-Line, Targeted Therapies, and Immunotherapy)
Introduction
First-Line Chemotherapy
Second-Line Chemotherapy
Targeted Therapy
Targeting HER2
Targeting VEGF
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy Trials
Immunotherapy with Chemotherapy Combination
Summary and Conclusions
References
Part III: Small Bowel Cancer
Epidemiology and Prevention. I-1. Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Introduction
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Dietary and Lifestyle Factors
Hereditary Cancer Syndromes
Chronic Inflammation
Cystic Fibrosis
Conclusion
References
Epidemiology and Prevention. I-2. Pathological and Molecular Characteristics
Introduction
Non-ampullary Adenocarcinoma
Definition
Histopathology
Molecular Pathology
Ampullary Adenocarcinoma
Definition
Histopathology
Intestinal-Type Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatobiliary-Type or Gastric-Type Adenocarcinoma
Mucinous Adenocarcinoma
Poorly Cohesive Cell Carcinoma
Medullary Carcinoma
Adenosquamous Carcinoma
High-Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma and Mixed Carcinomas
Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Molecular Pathology
Small Intestinal and Ampullary Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Definition
Histopathology
Grading
Molecular Pathology
Conclusion
References
Staging and Treatment. II-1. Staging and Prognosis
Introduction
Diagnostic Evaluation
Radiographic Imaging
Computed Tomography Scanning and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography
Endoscopy
Staging and Prognosis
Conclusion
References
Staging and Treatment. II-2. Overview of Treatment
Introduction
Stage I–III. Adenocarcinoma
Stage IV. Adenocarcinoma
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor and Sarcomas
Neuroendocrine Tumor
Conclusion
References
Staging and Treatment. II-3. Surgical Resection and Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Introduction
Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma
Surgical Treatment
Adjuvant Therapy
Chemotherapy
Chemoradiation Therapy
Neuroendocrine Carcinoma in the Small Intestine
Surgical Treatment
Gastrointestinal Stroma Tumor in the Small Intestine
Surgical Treatment
Conclusion
References
Staging and Treatment. II-4. Palliative Chemotherapy
Introduction
First-Line Therapy
Second-Line Therapy
Conclusion
References
Part IV: Appendiceal Tumors
Epidemiology and Prevention
Introduction
Mucinous Neoplasms
Non-mucinous Neoplasms
Goblet Cell Carcinoma
Neuroendocrine Tumor
Risk Factors
Conclusion
References
Pathological and Molecular Characteristics
Introduction
Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasm
Definition
Histopathology
Molecular Characteristics
Appendiceal Adenocarcinoma
Definition
Histopathology
Molecular Characteristics
Appendiceal Goblet Cell Adenocarcinoma
Definition
Histopathology
Molecular Characteristics
Appendiceal Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
Definition
Histopathology
Molecular Characteristics
Conclusion
References
Staging and Treatment. II-1. Staging and Prognosis
Introduction
Mucinous Neoplasm
Staging
Prognosis
Goblet Cell Tumor
Staging
Prognosis
Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
Staging
Prognosis
Conclusion
References
Staging and Treatment. II-2. Overview of Treatment According to Stage
Introduction
Appendiceal Colonic-Type Adenocarcinoma
Appendiceal Goblet Cell Carcinoma
Mucinous Neoplasm of the Appendix
Localized Mucinous Neoplasm of the Appendix
Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasm with Peritoneal Metastasis
Palliative Systemic Chemotherapy
Neuroendocrine Tumor of the Appendix
Conclusion
References
Staging and Treatment. II-3. Surgical Resection for Appendiceal Neoplasms
Introduction
Surgical Treatments for Appendiceal Neoplasms
Appendiceal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Appendiceal Adenocarcinoma
Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasms and Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Conclusion
References
Staging and Treatment. II-4. Palliative Chemotherapy: First-Line and Second-Line Chemotherapy Regimens
Introduction
Peritoneal Metastasis: Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy
Distant Metastasis: Palliative Systemic Chemotherapy
Appendiceal Epithelial Cancer
Appendiceal Neuroendocrine Tumor
Conclusion
References
Part V: Colorectal Cancer
Epidemiology and Prevention. I-1. Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Introduction
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Age
Male Sex
Ethnicity
Family History of Colorectal Cancer
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Genetics
Diabetes Mellitus
Diet High in Red and Processed Meat
Diet Low in Fruits and Vegetables
Obesity
Physical Inactivity
Cigarette Smoking
Alcohol Consumption
Conclusion
References
Epidemiology and Prevention. I-2. Prevention: Risk Reduction (Primary Prevention) and Screening (Secondary Prevention)
Introduction
Risk Reduction (Primary Prevention)
Healthy Dietary Patterns
Control Obesity and Physical Inactivity
Reducing Alcohol Consumption and Smoking Cessation
Chemoprevention
Screening (Secondary Prevention)
Stool-Based Tests
Direct Visualization Tests
The Korean Guideline for CRC Screening
Special Consideration for Individuals with an Increased Risk of CRC
Conclusion
References
Epidemiology and Prevention. I-3. Pathologic and Molecular Characteristics of Colorectal Cancer
Introduction
Molecular Characteristics
Genomic Classification
Transcriptomic Profiling
Pathological Characteristics
Conclusion
References
Staging and Treatment. II-1. Staging and Prognosis
Introduction
Diagnosis for Colon Cancer
Staging and Prognosis
Conclusion
References
Staging and Treatment. II-2. Overview of Treatment of CRC
Introduction
Management of Malignant Polyps
Surgical Resection for Localized Colon Cancer
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy or Chemoradiotherapy of Colon Cancer
Adjuvant Chemotherapy of Colon Cancer
Treatment for Metastatic Disease of Colon Cancer
Limited Metastatic Disease, Predominantly in the Liver and Lung
Palliative Chemotherapy
Treatment of Rectal Cancer
Conclusion
References
Staging and Treatment. II-3. Endoscopic Treatment: Indication, Outcome
Introduction
The Risks of Lymph Node Metastasis
Tumor Size and Morphology
Preoperative Evaluation of Lesions
Endoscopic Resection Techniques
Endoscopic Mucosal Resection
Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection
Conclusion
References
Staging and Treatment. II-4. Surgical Treatment
Introduction
Preoperative Planning: Tumor Localization
Oncologic Principles of Colorectal Cancer Surgery
Surgical Approach to Colon Cancers
Right Colon Cancers
Transverse Colon Cancers
Left Colon Cancers
Surgical Approach to Rectal Cancers
Local Excision
Low Anterior Resection
Transanal TME
Intersphincteric Resection and Coloanal Anastomosis
Abdominoperineal Resection
Minimally Invasive Colorectal Cancer Surgery
Minimally Invasive Surgery in Colon Cancer
Minimally Invasive Surgery in Rectal Cancer
Conclusion
References
Staging and Treatment. II-5. Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Introduction
Adjuvant Therapy for Stage III (Node-Positive) Resected Colon Cancer
Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Resected Stage II Colon Cancer
Conclusion
References
Staging and Treatment. II-6. Palliative Chemotherapy
Introduction
Selection of Palliative Chemotherapeutic Regimens as First-Line Treatment
Second-Line Treatment
Third-Line or Beyond Treatment
Conclusion
References
Staging and Treatment. II-7. Overview of Treatment of Rectal Cancer
Introduction
Postoperative Radiation Therapy and Chemoradiation Therapy
Preoperative Radiation Therapy and Chemoradiation Therapy
Preoperative Vs. Postoperative Treatment
Radiation Dose and Fractionation
Long-Course Chemoradiotherapy Vs. Short-Course Radiotherapy
Interval Between Surgeries After Neoadjuvant Therapy
Nonoperative Management (NOM)
Radiation Therapy Technique
Radiation Treatment Volume
Positioning of Patient
Various Techniques of Radiotherapy
Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy (3D-CRT)
Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT)
Image-Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT)
Intraoperative Radiation Therapy (IORT)
Complications of Radiation Therapy
Conclusion
References
Part VI: Anal Cancer
Epidemiology and Prevention. I-1. Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Introduction
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Sexual Activity
Human Papillomavirus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Chronic Immunosuppression
Smoking
Prevention
Screening for Premalignant Lesions
HPV Immunization
Conclusion
References
Epidemiology and Prevention. I-2. Pathologic and Molecular Characteristics of Anal Cancer
Introduction
Human Papillomavirus Infection
Anal Squamous Dysplasia
Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Molecular Pathology of Anal SCC
Anal Adenocarcinoma
Molecular Pathology of Anal Adenocarcinoma
Other Tumors in the Anal Canal
Melanoma
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Mesenchymal Tumors
Conclusion
References
Staging and Treatment. II-1. Staging and Prognosis
Introduction
Staging and Workup of Anal Cancer
Prognosis of Anal Cancer
Conclusion
References
Staging and Treatment. II-2. Overview of Treatment: According to the Tumor Stage
Introduction
Management of Local/Locoregional Disease
Initial Management of Local and Locoregional Diseases
Chemoradiotherapy
Role of the Surgeon in Locoregional Anal Canal Cancer
Postoperative CRT
Management of Advanced/Metastatic Disease
Conclusion
References
Staging and Treatment. II-3. Definitive Chemoradiotherapy for Anal Cancer
Introduction
Chemoradiotherapy Versus Radiation Therapy Alone: ACT I and EORTC
Omission of Mitomycin C: RTOG 87-04/ECOG 1289
Replacing Mitomycin with Cisplatin: RTOG 98-11 and ACT II
Principle of Radiation Therapy
Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy: RTOG 05-29
Side Effects
Timing to Assess Clinical Response
Summary and Conclusion
References
Staging and Treatment. II-4. Surgical Treatment
Introduction
Wide Local Excision
Abdominoperineal Resection
Others
Conclusion
References
Staging and Treatment. II-5. Adjuvant/Palliative Chemotherapy
Introduction
Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Palliative Chemotherapy for Metastatic Anal Cancer
Paclitaxel plus Carboplatin
Cisplatin plus Fluorouracil
Docetaxel, Cisplatin, and Fluorouracil
Immunotherapy
Conclusion
References
Part VII: Pancreatic Cancer
Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention
Introduction
Epidemiology
Incidence
Survival
Risk Factors and Prevention
Modifiable Risk Factors
Smoking
Alcohol Intake
Obesity
Dietary Factors
Environmental and Occupational Exposures
Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
Ethnicity
Diabetes Mellitus
Chronic Pancreatitis
Family History
Microbiota
Inherited Genetic Factors
Prevention
Conclusion
References
Pathology, Pathogenesis, and Molecular Characteristics
Introduction
Pathology
Pathogenesis
KRAS Mutation
Inactivation of Tumor Suppressor Genes
Alterations in Genes of Pancreas Development
Molecular Characteristics
Conclusion
References
Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Staging
Introduction
Clinical Characteristics
Pain
Jaundice
Physical Signs
Diagnosis
Imaging
Ultrasound and Computed Tomography
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
Endoscopic Ultrasonography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PET-CT
Serum Tumor Markers
Staging
Conclusion
References
Treatment
Introduction
Resectable/Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer
Neoadjuvant Therapy
Surgery
Adjuvant Therapy
Treatments for Locally Advanced/Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer
Novel Therapies for Pancreatic Cancer
Conclusion
References
Part VIII: Intrahepatic/Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Epidemiology and Etiology
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiology
Conclusion
References
Pathology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, and Diagnosis
Introduction
Genetic and Epigenetic Aberrations
Genetic and Epigenetic Aberrations According to Tumor Location
Common Mutations and Related Molecular Pathways
Fluke-Related Cholangiocarcinoma
Non-fluke-Related Cholangiocarcinoma
Fluke Pathophysiology
Molecular Biology of Progression and Invasion
Pathology, Inflammation, and Tumor Microenvironment
Clinical Features and Diagnosis
Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma and Distal Cholangiocarcinoma
Conclusion
References
Staging and Treatment
Introduction
Staging
Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma
Distal Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Treatment
Surgery
Liver Transplant
Adjuvant Therapy
Palliative Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Targeted Drug Therapy
Immunotherapy
Conclusion
References
Part IX: Gallbladder Cancer
Epidemiology and Etiology
Introduction
Epidemiology
Incidence and Mortality
Age and Sex
Geographical Location
Etiology
Demographic Factors
Genetics
Gallbladder Pathology
Gallstone
Gallbladder Polyp
Porcelain Gallbladder
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Infection
Salmonella
Helicobacter (H. pylori and H. bilis)
Environmental Exposure
Anatomical Abnormalities
Anomalous Pancreaticobiliary Duct Junction
Congenital Biliary Cyst
Conclusion
References
Pathology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, and Diagnosis
Introduction
Pathology
Premalignant Lesion
Malignant Lesion
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Biomarkers
Diagnostic Imaging
Conclusion
References
Staging and Treatment
Introduction
Staging
Treatment
Staging Laparoscopy
Incidentally Diagnosed Gallbladder Cancer
Surgical Treatment to Preoperatively Detected Gallbladder Cancer
Adjuvant Chemotherapy or Chemoradiotherapy in Resected Gallbladder Cancer
Chemotherapy or Chemoradiotherapy in Unresectable Gallbladder Cancer
Targeted Therapeutic Agents in Gallbladder Cancer
Palliative Therapy
Conclusion
References
Part X: Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
Classification, Pathology, and Tumor Biology
Introduction
Classification of GEP-NETs
Pathology of GEP-NETs
Histology
Immunohistochemistry
Tumor Biology of GEP-NETs
Conclusion
References
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia and Other Inherited Syndromes (MEN-1, VHL, NF-1, Tuberous Sclerosis)
Introduction
MEN-1
Clinical Characteristics
Genetic and Molecular Characteristics
Management and Prognosis
VHL
NF-1
Tuberous Sclerosis
Clinical Characteristics
Conclusion
References
Gastric NEN. III-1. Epidemiology (Including Risk Factor)/Pathologic and Molecular Characteristics
Introduction
Epidemiology of G-NEN
Risk Factor for G-NEN
Clinicopathologic Characteristics of G-NEN
Grade
Subtypes
Molecular and Immunohistochemical Characteristics of G-NEN
Conclusion
References
Gastric NEN. III-2. Staging and Treatment
Introduction
Staging/Treatment/Prognosis
Staging
Treatment
Prognosis
Conclusion
References
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract NEN (Small Bowel and Colorectum). IV-1. Epidemiology, Pathology, and Molecular Characteristics
Introduction
Epidemiology
Characteristics
Small Intestinal NENs
Colorectal NENs
Conclusion
References
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract NEN (Small Bowel and Colorectum). IV-2. Staging and Treatment
Introduction
Treatment
Surgical and Endoscopic Management
Medical Management
Somatostatin Analogs
Management of Patients with Negative Somatostatin Receptor Imaging
Role of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Inhibitors
Role of Interferon-ɑ
Choice of Embolization and Peptide Receptor Radiotherapy (PRRT) Therapy
Management of Refractory Carcinoid Syndrome and Role of Telotristat Ethyl
Prognosis and Staging
Conclusion
References
Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. V-1. Epidemiology and Clinical Features
Introduction
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Functional Tumors
Insulinoma
Gastrinoma
Glucagonoma
VIPoma
Somatostatinoma
Nonfunctional PNENs
Conclusion
References
Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. V-2. Staging and Treatment
Introduction
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of Functional PNEN
Diagnosis of Nonfunctional PNEN
Imaging Studies
Staging
Management
Surgical Consideration
Systemic Therapies: Well-Differentiated Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (G1 and G2 PNETs)
Somatostatin Analogs
Interferon Alpha
Molecular Target Therapy
Cytotoxic Chemotherapy
Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy
Systemic Therapies: Poorly Differentiated Neuroendocrine Carcinomas
Other Treatments
Prognosis
Conclusion
References
Part XI: GIST (Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor)
Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis, Staging, Treatment, and Prognosis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Staging
Treatment and Prognosis
Conclusion
References
Part XII: Special Clinical Considerations for Gastrointestinal Cancer
Palliative Care for Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancer. I-1. Palliative Care for Cancer-Related Problems
Introduction
Malignant Bowel Obstruction
Palliation of MBO
Nausea and Vomiting
Palliation of NV
Ascites and Jaundice
Palliation of Ascites and Jaundice
Fatigue and Anorexia-Cachexia Syndrome
Palliation of Fatigue and ACS
Conclusion
References
Palliative Care for Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients. I-2. Management of Treatment-Related Adverse Events
Introduction
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
Febrile Neutropenia
Cancer-Related Anemia
Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia
Conclusion
References
Mental Health Care for Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients. II-1. Distress and Sleep Disorder Management
Introduction
Prevalence and Risk Factors
Screening
Management
Conclusion
References
Mental Health Care for Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients. II-2-1. Advance Care Planning
Introduction
Definition and Background
Challenges of Incorporating ACP and Solutions
Conclusion
References
Mental Health Care for Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients. II-2-2. Hospice Care
Introduction
Definition and Background
Hospice and Palliative Care for Cancer Patients
Interdisciplinary Team
Models of Hospice and Palliative Care
Benefits of Hospice Use
Barriers to Hospice Use and Future Directions
Conclusion
References
Nutritional Support for Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients. III-1. Management of Anorexia and Weight Loss
Introduction
Patient Approach and General Aspects of Treatment
Nutritional Intervention
Pharmacologic Treatment
Progesterone Analogs
Corticosteroids
Other Agents
Other Interventions
Conclusion
References
Nutritional Support for Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients. III-2. Food and Nutritional Treatment
Introduction
Esophageal Cancer
Stomach Cancer
Colorectal Cancer
Pancreatobiliary Cancer
Conclusions
References
Survivorship Care for Gastrointestinal Cancer. IV-1. Daily Life After Cancer Treatment
Introduction
Activities of Daily Living
Physical Activity
Sexual Activity
Work Life
Conclusion
References
Survivorship Care for Gastrointestinal Cancer. IV-2. Diseases Other Than Cancer
Introduction
Major Cardiovascular Complication
Hypertension
Diabetes
Stroke
Secondary Primary Malignancy
Vaccination in Cancer Survivors
Cancer Survivorship in Gastrointestinal Malignancy
Conclusion
References