In contrast to traditional combustion, gasification technologies offer the potential for converting coal and low or negative-value feedstocks, such as petroleum coke and various waste materials into usable energy sources or chemicals. With a growing number of companies operating and marketing systems based on gasification concepts worldwide, this book combines the latest information and real-world experience in developing gasification technologies.
Gasification Technologies: A Primer for Engineers and Scientists discusses gasification techniques and the benefits of each technology, including gas clean-up technologies and those used in hybrid systems and fuel cells. It also accounts for the primary products that are recovered and explains how these products are purified and can be used as fuel or for applications in petrochemical processes. The book describes the conditions in which optimal value intermediate products can be recovered, focusing on key factors such as oxygen or air blown reactor, operating temperature, internal and external heating, and reactor design. The authors also establish how gasification can help meet renewable energy targets, address concerns about global warming, and contribute to a better carbon management or achieving Kyoto Protocol commitments.
Gasification Technologies provide a multidimensional and well-rounded examination of current technology, research, applications, and development challenges for the commercialization of this increasingly popular technology.
Author(s): John Rezaiyan, Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff
Series: Chemical Industries
Edition: 1
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2005
Language: English
Pages: 338
Table of Contents......Page 0
Gasification Technologies: A Primer for Engineers and Scientists......Page 1
Table of Contents......Page 3
Preface......Page 7
About the Authors......Page 10
INTRODUCTION......Page 12
Historical Perspectives......Page 13
Renewed Interest and the Incentives for Commercialization......Page 14
Commercialization Growth and Today’s Applications......Page 15
Overview......Page 16
Stoichiometric Considerations......Page 18
Environmental Controls......Page 21
Solid Byproducts......Page 24
Advantages of Gasification over Combustion......Page 25
STOICHIOMETRIES AND THERMODYNAMICS......Page 27
Gasification......Page 28
Combustion......Page 29
GASIFICATION KINETICS......Page 31
Overview......Page 34
Types of Biomass Gasifiers......Page 35
Biomass Characteristics......Page 36
PETROLEUM COKE GASIFICATION......Page 38
REFERENCES......Page 41
RECOMMENDED RESOURCES......Page 43
INTRODUCTION......Page 45
Types of Coal......Page 46
Composition and Structure......Page 48
Characteristics......Page 49
Gasifier Classification......Page 50
ENTRAINED FLOW TECHNOLOGIES......Page 51
FLUIDIZED-BED TECHNOLOGIES......Page 64
MOVING-BED TECHNOLOGIES......Page 72
SYNGAS CHARACTERISTICS......Page 74
GAS CLEANUP SYSTEMS......Page 75
Sulfur Removal......Page 77
SYNGAS APPLICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY SELECTION CRITERIA......Page 78
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle......Page 91
Operational Feedback......Page 95
GUIDE TO COMMERCIAL EXPERIENCE......Page 96
OVERVIEW......Page 128
TECHNOLOGY ADVANTAGES......Page 129
COMMERCIAL SYSTEMS......Page 130
CONTAMINANTS......Page 136
FORMATION OF TARS......Page 139
AMMONIA FORMATION......Page 140
SULFUR......Page 141
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM BIOMASS......Page 142
RECOMMENDED RESOURCES......Page 149
ENDNOTES......Page 152
INTRODUCTION......Page 154
General......Page 156
Effect of Heating Rate......Page 158
Effect of Temperature......Page 159
Large-scale Commercial Processes for Mixed Solid Waste......Page 161
Application to Contaminated Soil Remediation......Page 166
Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)......Page 167
Treatment of Medical Waste......Page 168
Plasma Torches and Plasma Pyrolysis......Page 169
ENDNOTES......Page 173
OVERVIEW OF PARTICULATE REMOVAL TECHNOLOGIES......Page 174
Gravity Settling Chambers......Page 179
Cyclone Separators......Page 186
Fabric Filter Pulse Jet-Cleaned Type......Page 194
Dry Electrostatic Precipitator Wire-Pipe Type (ESP)......Page 202
Wet Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP): Wire-Pipe Type and Others......Page 209
Venturi Scrubbers......Page 217
Orifice Scrubber......Page 223
Condensation Scrubbers......Page 228
GAS CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGIES......Page 230
Packed Tower and Absorption......Page 231
Impingement-Plate/Tray Tower Scrubbers......Page 240
Fiber-Bed Scrubbers......Page 245
ACTIVATED CARBON AND OTHER ADSORBER SYSTEMS......Page 248
THERMAL DESTRUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES......Page 256
RECOMMENDED RESOURCES......Page 274
ROLE OF COAL GASIFICATION......Page 279
GAS TURBINE TECHNOLOGIES......Page 290
FUEL REQUIREMENTS......Page 294
Use of Coal-Derived Liquid Fuel......Page 295
MARKET TRENDS......Page 297
Improved Efficiencies......Page 302
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT STATUS......Page 306
Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell Power Systems Requirements......Page 313
Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems Requirements AIR......Page 315
System Configurations and Costs......Page 317
TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION WITH COAL GASIFICATION......Page 321
HYBRID SYSTEMS......Page 323
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY AND SYSTEM INTEGRATION ISSUES......Page 325
Areas for Technical Development......Page 326
LARGE-SCALE DISTRIBUTED POWER, INDUSTRIAL COGENERATION, AND CENTRAL GENERATION......Page 327
GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND SYSTEM INTEGRATION ISSUES......Page 328
RECOMMENDED RESOURCES......Page 336
REFERENCES......Page 338
