Garewal K.S.

Changelog
Preface
A Journey Through C++ Land
C++ Is Not A Web Programming Language
C Language Review
Declarations And Definitions
Statement Termination
Literals
Hexadecimal And Octal Literals
Literal Prefixes And Suffixes
Variable Scope In C And C++
C Language: Function Prototypes
Forward Declarations
The void Type
C Language: C Style Casts
Function-Style Casts
Implicit Type Conversion
C Language: Comma Operator
C Language: Pointers
Pointer Arithmetic
Multiple Indirection With Pointers: Pointer To Pointer (**ptr)
C Language: Arrays
Single Dimensional Arrays
Pointers To Arrays
Arrays And Double Indirection (** ptr)
Array Initializers
Passing Single-Dimension Arrays to Functions
Multi-Dimensional Arrays
C Language: Strings
C Language: Structs
Struct Initialization
Passing Structs to Functions
Arrow Operator
C Language: Files
Reading Text Files
EOF: End Of File
Reading Lines From A Text File
Formatted Input For A File
Writing To Files
Binary Files
C Language: Memory Allocation
C Language: Storage Class Specifiers
extern
Static Variables
Static Variables Inside Functions
Static Global Variables
Register Variables
C Language: const
const In Functions
C Language: Function Pointers
C Language: setjmp And longjmp
C Language: typedef
C Language: Enumerations
C Language: size_t And sizeof
The Compile Time Operator sizeof
C Language: Preprocessor
Preprocessor Syntax
The #define Directive
Defining Function-like Macros
The NULL Macro
#error
The #include Directive
Conditional Compilation Directives
#if, #elif, #else and #endif
#ifdef and #ifndef
Using defined
#undef
#line
#pragma
C Language: assert
C Language: Calling C Functions From C++
Header Files
Including A Non-System C Header File In C++ Code
Call A Non-System C function From C++ Code
C++ Classes
Accessing Public Members
The Scope Resolution Operator
Class Function Implementations
Static Class Members
Object Assignment
Local Classes
C++ Namespaces
The Global Namespace
Bringing An Identifier Into Scope
Importing Namespaces: The using Directive
The Dangers of using namespace
Unnamed Namespaces
Joining Namespaces
The std Namespace
Namespace Alias
C++ Structs And Unions
Unions And Classes
Anonymous Unions
C++ Friend Functions And Friend Classes
Forward Declarations Or Forward References
Friend Classes
C++ Inline Functions
Defining Inline Functions Within a Class
C++ Constructors And Destructors
Constructors With One Formal Parameter
Initializing An Object
Calling Constructors And Destructors
Private Destructors
Passing Objects To Functions
Returning Objects
C++ Memory Allocation
Initializing Allocated Memory
Allocating Memory For Arrays
Allocating Memory For Objects
C++ Arrays
Array Initialization With Single Parameter Constructors
Creating Initialized And Uninitialized Arrays
Constructing Arrays Dynamically
C++ Pointers
Incrementing Pointers
Pointers To Member Functions
Type Checking C++ Pointers
Pointers To Data Members In A Class
The this Pointer
C++ References
Function Reference Parameters
Passing References To Objects
Returning References
Independent References
Restrictions On References
Dangling References
Returning A Const Reference From A Class Member Function
C++ Function Overloading
Overloading Constructor Functions
Finding the Address of an Overloaded Function
Default Function Arguments
Function Overloading And Implicit Casts
C++ Const And Mutable Member Functions
const Member Functions
Overloading Functions With const Reference Parameters
Const Classes
Mutable Data Members
Why Using const Is Important
Volatile Variables
Volatile Member Functions
C++ Copy Constructors
C++ Operators
Creating An Operator Member Function
Overloading The Shorthand Operators
Operator Overloading Restrictions
Operator Inheritance
Operator Overloading Using a Friend Function
C++ Class Inheritance
Base Class Access Control
Understanding Class Inheritance
Inheritance And Protected Members
Protected Base-Class Inheritance
Pointers To Derived Classes
References To Derived Types
Inheriting From Multiple Base Classes
Constructors, Destructors And Inheritance
Passing Parameters to Base-Class Constructors
Virtual Base Classes
C++ Virtual Functions And Polymorphism
Virtual Functions
Calling a Virtual Function Through a Base Class Reference
The Virtual Attribute Is Inherited
Virtual Functions Are Hierarchical
Pure Virtual Functions
Abstract Classes
Using Virtual Functions
Implementing Class Interfaces In C++
Early And Late Binding
Calling Virtual Functions In Constructors And Destructors
Virtual Destructors
C++: Static Class Members
Static Class Members
Static Data Members
C++ Templates: Generic Functions
Generic Functions
A Function With Two Or More Generic Types
Explicitly Overloading a Generic Function
Overloading Function Templates
Using Ordinary Parameters With Function Templates
C++ Templates: Generic Classes
An Example With Multiple Generic Data Types
Using Non-Generic Arguments with class templates
Allowed Non-generic Template Parameters
Using Default Arguments With Class Templates
Explicit Class Specializations
The typename Keyword
C++ Exception Handling
Levels Of Exception Safety
Catching Exception Class Types
Standard Library Exceptions
Using Multiple Catch Statements
Handling Derived-Class Exceptions
Catch All Exception Handler
Rethrowing An Exception
Exceptions And Destructors
terminate() and unexpected()
Setting Terminate and Unexpected Handlers
The uncaught_exception Function
C++ Run-time Type Identification
typeid And References
Applying Typeid To Class Templates
C++ Type Cast Operators
dynamic_cast
Replacing dynamic_cast With typeid
dynamic_cast And Different Derived Types
dynamic_cast And References
static_cast
const_cast
reinterpret_cast
C++ And Assembler
C++ Linkage Specification
Summarizing the Differences Between C and C++
C++ Standard Template Library
Containers
Algorithms
Iterators
Other STL Elements
The Container Classes
General Theory Of Operation
Vector Containers
Accessing a Vector Through an Iterator
Understanding begin() And end()
Inserting and Deleting Elements in a Vector
Storing Class Objects in a Vector
List Containers
push_front vs push_back
Storing Class Objects in a List
Maps (std::map)
Inserting Elements Into A Map
Getting A Map Key And A Key Value
A Map Container Example
Algorithms
C++: Functors
C++ Strings
String Constructors
String Operators
String Concatenation
Convert A String Object To A C-Style String
STL Algorithms For Strings
Modern C++: Type_Traits (C++11)
Modern C++: Automatic Type Inference (C++11)
Modern C++: Type Deduction With decltype (C++11)
Type Attributes With auto And decltype
Modern C++: Trailing Return Types (C++11)
Simplification Of Code
Modern C++: Variable Initialization (C++11)
Copy Assignment
Direct Initialization
Brace Initialization
The Meaning Of return {}
std::initializer_list
Modern C++: explicit Keyword (C++11)
Modern C++: Range-Based For Loops (C++11)
Modern C++: Lambda Functions (C++11)
Lambda Specification
Lambda Parameters
Access To Variables In The Outer Scope
Mutable Lambdas
The Type Of A Lambda
Generic Lambda Expressions
Generalized Lambda Introducer
Modern C++: Constexpr (C++11)
constexpr Functions
Restrictions On Constexpr Functions
Arrays And constexpr Functions
Evaluating constexpr Objects at Compile-time
Modern C++: lvalue And rvalue References (C++11)
Understanding lvalues and rvalues
Functions Returning lvalues And rvalues
lvalue References
Modern C++: Move Semantics (C++11)
lvalues And rvalues
References
Moving Objects
Moving A lvalue To A rvalue
Throwing Exceptions
Modern C++: Smart Pointers (C++11)
The Stack
The Heap
Types Of Memory Errors
RAII
The Smart Pointer Types
std::unique_ptr
std::shared_ptr
Weak Pointers
Modern C++: Variadic Templates (C++11)
Variadic Function Templates
Parameter Pack Expansion
The sizeof… Operator
Modern C++: nullpointer (C++11)
Modern C++: Raw Strings (C++11)
Raw Strings
Encoding String Literals
Modern C++: noexcept Attribute (C++11)
Modern C++: Override And Final (C++11)
The override Attribute
Using override Can Prevent A Dangerous Bug
Override And Trailing Return Types
Final Member Functions
Final Member Classes
Modern C++: Constructor Delegation (C++11)
Modern C++: Static Assertions (C++11)
Modern C++: Deleted And Default Functions (C++11)
default Keyword
Deleted Functions And The Delete Keyword
Modern C++: Typed Enums (C++ 11)
C and C++ Enums
Typed Enums
Data Types For An Enum
Enum Type Safety
Forward References For Enums
Well-defined Enum Sizes:
Modern C++: Type Alias (C++11)
Typedef
Type Alias Declarations With The using Keyword (using =)
using And Templates
Modern C++: User Defined Literals (C++11)
Restrictions On User Defined Types
Naming Rules For User Defined Literals
Modern C++: Template Constants (C++14)
Modern C++: Return Type Deduction (C++14)
Return type deduction for functions
Modern C++: Generic Lambdas (C++14)
Extended Capture In Lambdas
Modern C++: Constexpr Template Constants (C++14)
Modern C++: Constexpr Functions (C++14)
Modern C++: Digit Separator (C++14)
Modern C++: [[deprecated]] Attribute (C++14)
Modern C++: Template Type Deduction (C++17)
Template Argument Type Deduction For Functions
Template Type Deduction For Classes
Template Argument Deduction Guides
Modern C++: Non-Template Type Parameters (C++17)
Summary Of Non Template-Type Parameters
Auto Non-Template Parameters
Modern C++: Nested Namespaces (C++17)
Modern C++: Constexpr If Statements (C++17)
Modern C++: Initialization Of Auto Types (C++17)
Modern C++: Structured Bindings (C++17)
Using Structured Bindings
Structured Binding For Arrays
Inheritance And Structured Bindings
Modern C++: Initialization In If And Switch Statements (C++17)
Switch Statement With Initialization
Modern C++: Inline Variables (C++17)
Using Inline Variables
Modern C++: Lambda Extensions (C++17)
constexpr Lambdas
Accessing The This Pointer In A Lambda
Modern C++: Type Includes The Exception Spec (C++17)
Modern C++: Empty Enum Initialization (C++17)
Modern C++: Fold Expressions (C++17)
Using Fold Expressions
Handling Empty Parameter Packs
Modern C++: string_view (C++17)
string_view And Scope
A string_view Anti-Pattern
Modern C++: Initialization Of Aggregates (C++17)
Zero Initialization Of Aggregates
Modern C++: [[nodiscard]] Attribute (C++17)
Modern C++: [[maybe_unused]] Attribute (C++17)
Modern C++: __has_include Preprocessor Directive (C++17)
Modern C++: The Spaceship Operator (C++20)
Modern C++: consteval And constinit (C++20)
constinit Variables
constexpr try-catch Blocks
Modern C++: Initializers In Range-Based Loops (C++20)
Modern C++: Functions With auto Parameters (C++20)
Modern C++: Non-Parameter Types In Templates (C++20)
Modern C++: Virtual Constexpr Functions (C++20)
Modern C++: Concepts (C++20)
The Four Ways To Specify A Concept
The Requires Clause
Applying Concepts To The Return Type Of A Function
Using More Than One Concept
Writing A Custom Concept
Constrain auto With Concepts
Modern C++: Modules (C++20)
The Structure Of A Module File
Ways To Export Module Symbols
Using Exported Module Symbols
Module Interface Units And Module Implementation Units
Sub-modules
Module Partitions
A Note On Templates
Linkage
Header Units
Modern C++: Lambda Improvements (C++20)
Allow lambda-capture [=, this]
Modern C++: Designated Initialization (C++20)
Modern C++: Using enum (C++20)
Modern C++: Conversion From ptr To bool (C++20)
Modern C++: boolalpha (C++20)
Modern C++: [[no_unique_address]] (C++20)
Modern C++: [[likely]] and [[unlikely]] (C++20)
Modern C++: Coroutines (C++20)
Introduction
Why Is co_return Used Instead Of return?
Coroutine Return Objects
Instantiating A Coroutine
Returning From A Coroutine
Returning A Value From A Coroutine
Suspending A Coroutine
Resuming A Suspended Coroutine
Passing Intermediate Values From A Suspended Coroutine
Destroying A Coroutine
Coroutine Restrictions
Modern C++: #pragma once
Header Management And Include Guards
Why Does C And C++ Require Header Files
Effective Header Management
Forward Declarations
Include Guards
pragma once directive
__has_include Preprocessor Directive
C++ Standard Library: std::any
C++ Standard Library: std::async, std::future
std::async Launch Types
Using std::promise
C++ Standard Library: std::atomic
C++ Standard Library: std::bind
C++ Standard Library: std::chrono
Clocks
The std::ratio Class Template
Durations
Time Points
System Time Computations
Elapsed Time Calculation
Put The Current Thread To Sleep
Time In Seconds Since Unix Epoch
C++ Standard Library: std::copy
C++ Standard Library: std::format
C++ Standard Library: std::function
C++ Standard Library: std::initializer_list
C++ Standard Library: std::map
Insert A Key-Value
Remove A Key-Value
Test That A Map Has A Key
Test That Map Has A Value
C++ Standard Library: std::move
C++ Standard Library: std::optional
C++ Standard Library: std::reference_wrapper
C++ Standard Library: std::sample
C++ Standard Library: std::string
C++20 String Interpolation
C++17 String Interpolation
erase
find
front
Numeric To String
replace
starts_with and ends_with
String To Integer
Integer To String
Substrings
C++ Standard Library: std::swap
C++ Standard Library: std::thread
Basic Thread Creation
Executing A Lamda Function In A Thread
Executing A Non-Static Public Member Function In A Thread
Executing A Static Member Function In A Thread
Thread Joins
Detaching A Thread From It’s Parent Thread
Mutexes
Locking Multiple Mutexes With std::lock()
try_lock()
Locking Multiple Mutexes With std::try_lock(m1, m2, ... mn)
Timed Mutex
Recursive Mutex
Using std::lock_guard
std::unique_lock
Condition Variables
Thread Local Storage
C++ Standard Library: std::tuple
Tuple Assignment
Get Tuple Elements
Tuple Concatenation
Setting The Value Of A Tuple Element
Tuple Type Traits
std::pair
C++ Standard Library: std::tie
Memory Layout Of C And C++ Programs
C++ GNU C++ Compiler
Check The GNU C++ Compiler Version
The Difference Between gcc and g++
g++ Semantics
gcc and g++ Options
The Compilation Process
Creating Static And Shared Libraries
Static And Shared Libraries
Header File And Library Location
Compiling And Linking A Static Library
Creating A Static Library
GCC Environment Variables
Finding A Shared Library
Setting The Shared Library Location With rpath
Updating The Loader Config
List The Shared Libraries Used By A Program
C++ GDB Debugger
Basic Debugging
Command Completion
Debugging An Already Running Process
Setting A Breakpoint
Saving Breakpoints Between Debugging Sessions
Stepping Through A Program
Stepping Out Of A Function
Listing Program Statements
Continuing The Debugging Session
Restarting A Debugging Session
Examining And Setting Variables
Watching Variables
Quit A Debugging Session
The .gdbinit File
Tracing Program Execution
Debugging Core Dumps
Debugging A Segmentation Fault
SIGSEGV Signals
GDB Errors
C++ Sanitizers
The Address Sanitizer (Asan)
Undefined Behavior Sanitizer (UBSan)
SonarLint
C++ main Function
Misc: How To Call A Function Before main
Misc: Hide The Address Of An Object
Misc: Inheritance And Composition
C++ Glossary